考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷1（共200题）

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷1（共9套）（共200题）考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷第1套一、阅读（补全短文）(本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。)Whenwecomparemenwithanimals,wemustrememberthatamanisalsoananimal.Butinmakingthiscomparison,itissometimesmoreconvenienttorefertotherestoftheanimalkingdomas"animals".【R1】______Manyanimalsareintelligentinthesensethattheycanexploretheirsurroundingsoracquirenewskillsbylearningfromtheirparents.Animalorganismshaveorganswhosephysicalpowerexceedsthepowerofmen.Thebodiesofmenhavenowingsandcannotfly.Mencannotimitatefishandspendlongperiodsunderwaterunlesstheycarrybreathingapparatuswiththem.【R2】______Butitisveryuncommonforanimalstogomadordestroytheirownkind.Animals,lefttothemselves,donotdisturbthebalanceofnature.Theydonotturngrasslandintodesertormakewaterundrinkablebyfillingwholelakesandriverswithwastematerials.Comparedwithmostotherorganisms—ifweseehimasapartofnature—maniswastefulanddestructive.Thoughheismoreintelligentthananimals,heoftenuseshisintelligenceforstrangepurposes.【R3】______ThispowerispossessedbytherichbusinessmaninChicagoandthepoor,primitiveBushmanoftheKalahariDesertinAfrica.ItmayindeedshowitselfmoreobviouslyintheBushman,whoseenvironmentdoesnotprovidehimwithsecurityandwhoseentirefoodsupplyisacquiredbyfacingnewsituations.Itisapowerwhichcanbewastedormisusedorbeweakenedthroughneglect.Butitisapowerwhichbelongstoeveryhumanbeing.【R4】______Languagegivesdepthtohumancommunitiesintime.Itenablesonegenerationtohandonitsexperiencetoanother,bymeansofstories,whicharetheoriginofhumanhistory.Itisonlyhumanbeingswhorecognizeapastandfuture,andwhofeelthattheystandatacertainpointinthedevelopmentoftheircommunity.【R5】______Thisbringsustoanotheraspectofhumanintelligence.Manismoreadaptablethananimals,butintheagesofcivilizationhehasusedthispowerinaspecialway.Afewcommunities,liketheAfricanBushman,stillmanagetosurviveinaprimitiveway.Butothermenwishtomaketheirfuturemoresecureandtrytofindawayofdoingthis,whichistypicalofcivilizedcommunities.[A]Wecallthiscapacityintelligence.Itschiefinstrumentorweaponishumanlanguage,asystemofsymbols(spokenorwritten)whichenablesmentocommunicateinformationandpurpose,andseeonesituationintermsofanother.Theabilitytousesymbolsisnotpossessedbyanimals,anditisamajoraspectofhumanintelligence.[B]Likeanimals,menareadaptedtoacertainenvironment.Theyrequirefoodandwater;theycandigestonlycertainkindsoffood.Theyrequirewarmth;theycansurviveonlywithincertainlimitsoftemperature.[C]Man'ssenseoffutureleadshimtoprovideforthefuture.Heaccumulatesfood,clothes,usefulobjects,rawmaterials,buildings,informationandinmoderntimesheaccumulatesmoney—themeansofexchangeandthereforeanimportantmeansofpoweroverothermen.[D]Differentfromananimal,manisabletoconvertanaturalenvironmentintoahuman,socialenvironment—anenvironmentwhichrepresentstheaccumulatedlaborofmanygenerations.[E]Wecannotsaythatmenaresuperiortoanimals.Buttheydifferfromanimalsinseveralimportantways.Andallthesedifferencesarereallyaspectsofoneandthesamedifference.Thiscentraldifferenceisman'sunusualmentalflexibility,hisabilitytomeetanewsituationinanewwayandhiscapacitytolearnfromhisexperienceandtheexperienceofothers.[F]Itisverydoubtfulwhethermenare"superior"toanimals.Itistruethattheirresponsesaremorecomplex.[G]Manisconcernedabouthislivingenvironment.Thediscoveriesofscienceandtheinventionsoftechnologyhaveproducedanenvironmentwhichisalmostequivalenttoasecond,outershellofbodyandisadaptednotonlytolocalconditionsbutalsotoaverywiderangeofvariationsinclimate,altitudeandotherfeaturesofthegeographicalsurroundings.1、【R1】标准答案：B知识点解析：第一段作者谈到，人也是动物，但为方便起见把人以外的动物称作“动物”。B项“Likeanimals，menareadaptedtoacertainenvironment．Theyrequirefoodandwater；theyCandigestonlycertainkindsoffood．Theyrequirewarmth；theycansurviveonlywithincertainlimitsoftemperature．”与上文在逻辑上连贯、一致。D项为强干扰项，它谈的是人与动物的不同之处，故与上文意思相悖。2、【R2】标准答案：F知识点解析：本段空格前一段中作者谈到，许多动物很聪明，而且有些器官的生理能力超过人的生理能力。可见，无法确定人是否比动物“更好”。F项“Itisverydoubtfulwhethermenare‘superior’toanimals．Itistruethattheirresponsesaremorecomplex．”正好符合这个意思。此外，空格后谈到动物在某些方面比人“更强”：动物不会破坏自然的生态平衡等等。因此在逻辑上与F项保持连贯、一致。3、【R3】标准答案：E知识点解析：本段空格前一段最后一句说，“Thoughheismoreintelligentthananimals，heoftenuseshisintelligenceforstrangepurposes．”这一句与E项的第1句“Wecannotsaythatmenaresuperiortoanimals．”在逻辑上是连贯的。E项中第2句通过But的转折，接着谈到人和动物的区别，即人有思维能力。空格后通过thispower与上文相连，接着对这种power进行阐述。最后指出，这是一种属于每一个人的能力，即人与动物的差别。4、【R4】标准答案：A知识点解析：空格前一段最后一句说，“Butitisapowerwhichbelongstoeveryhumanbeing．”A项第1句“Wecallthiscapacityintelligence．”中的thiscapacity正好与上文中的apower在逻辑上前后呼应。然后谈智力表现的工具——语言，与下一段对语言功能的阐述相接，前后逻辑连贯。5、【R5】标准答案：C知识点解析：空格前一段最后一句说，“Itisonlyhumanbeingswhorecognizeapastandfuture，andwhofeelthattheystandatacertainpointinthedevelopmentoftheircommunity”，句中谈到，只有人能认识过去和未来，能从社会的发展来看自己所处的阶段。C项一开头就说，“Man’ssenseoffutureleadshimtoprovideforthefuture”正好与上文在逻辑上相吻合。接着阐述这种“未来感”的具体表现。最后一段中，作者谈到人类智力的另一个方面，即对周围环境的改变的适应能力，这一点是文明社会所特有的。实际上，这说明了人与动物不同的又一方面。Rainforeststructureisdistinctfrommostotherforesttypesbecauseofitsmanylayersofvegetation,referredtoasstrata.Theloweststratumistheunderstory,composedofpalms,herbaceousplants(suchaswildginger),andtreeseedlingsandsaplings.【R1】______Manyhavedeepredcoloringontheundersideoftheirleavestocapturesomeofthescarcelightthatdoesmanagetoreachtheforestunderstory.Thisredcoloringenablesunderstoryplantstoabsorblightofdifferentwavelengthsthandotheplantswithrich,green-foliagedcanopy,theumbrella-shapedupperstructureoftrees.Abovetheforestfloorbutbelowthecanopyareoneormoremidstorystrata,madeupofwoodyplants,suchaslargeshrubsandmidsizedtrees.Theoverstoryisthecanopy,inwhichthetreecrownsformacontinuouslayerthatcapturesthemajorpartoftherainwaterandsunlighthittingtheforest.Theheightofthecanopyvariesfromregiontoregionandforesttoforest,rangingfrom20to50m(65to165ft).【R2】______Researchersusehotairballoons,cables,catwalks,towers,sophisticatedtree-climbinggear,andevenrobotstostudythemillionsofplantsandanimalsthatmaketheirhomehighupintheforestcanopy.Canopyresearchersalsousehugecranesthataredroppedintotheheartoftheforestbyhelicopters.Suspendedfromthecrane'slong,movablearmisalargecabinthatfunctionsasamobiletreetoplaboratory.Movingfromtreetotree,forestresearcherscollectspecimens,conductexperiments,andobservelifeinthecanopyfrontier.Thehigheststratumoftherainforestismadeupoftheemergenttrees,thoseindividualsthatstickupabovetheforestcanopy.Emergents,whichdonotformacontinuouslayer,areusuallythegiantsoftheforest,reachingheightsof35to70m(115to230ft)ormore,andtrunksizesofover2m(6.6ft)indiameter.【R3】______However,thesetreestendtobesolargethattheycollectivelyaccountforthevastmajorityofthewoodymass,orbiomass,oftheforest.Thenicelyorderedstrataoftherainforest,includingthecontinuouslayerofthecanopy,areregularlydisturbedbynaturallyoccurringevents,suchasfallingtrees.Treesinarainforestcanopyareofteninterconnectedbyvines,andafallingtreemaypullaswellaspushothertreesdownwithit,producingadominoeffectoffallingtrees.Theresultingopeningintheforestcanopyenableslighttopourontotheforestfloor.【R4】______Othernaturaldisturbancescreateevenlargeropeningsintheforestcanopies.Forexample,alongthehurricanebeltintheCaribbeanandthetyphoonbeltalongthewesternPacific,someforestsaresubstantiallyalteredwhenhighwindsandstormsblowdownhundredsoftreeseveryfewdecades.【R5】______Scientistshavefoundthatthesenaturaldisturbancesandthesubsequentforestregenerationareavitalprocessthatleadstohealthyanddiverseforests.[A]Newplantsandanimalsthenmoveintotheareaandbegintogrow.[B]Just2percentofthesunlightgoesthroughthemanylayersofleavesandbranchesabove,sounderstoryplantspecieshavedevelopedspecialtraitstocopewithlowlightlevels.[C]Onasmallerscale,largemammals,suchaselephants,regularlydestroyrainforestvegetationintheCongoRiverBasininAfrica.[D]Anunderstoryofshortertreesandalaceworkofwoodyvines,orlianas,produceaforestofsuchcomplexinternalarchitecturethatmanyanimals,includingsomesizableones,rarelyorneverdescendtotheground[E]Lessthanonepercentofthetreesintheforestresideinthecanopyandemergentlayers.[F]Becausemorelightpenetratesthecanopy,however,thevegetationoftheunderstoryandforestfloorisbetterdevelopedthaninthetropics.[G]Therich,greencanopyisteemingwithlife,andforestresearchershavedevelopedingeniousmethodsforaccessingthismysteriousecosystem.6、【R1】标准答案：B知识点解析：本题空格出现在第一段中。上文提到热带雨林结构中的最低层是下层植被。下文提到，下层植被的植物叶子呈深红色，从而能够获取到达下层植被的少量的光。由此可见，上下文都围绕“下层植被”展开论述。出现关键词“understory”的选项有B、D和F。但是，D项出现了上下文没有的新信息“藤蔓植物(vines)”。F项中出现了“冠层(canopy)”，但从下文即第一段倒数第二句对canopy一词的定义可知，它应在下文中第一次出现。由此排除D项和F项。B项强调下层植被适应低光强的特性，其中“低光强”与下文“获取少量的光”“吸收不同波长的光”等内容相呼应，因此B项为正确答案。7、【R2】标准答案：G知识点解析：本题空格出现在第二段中。上文介绍了冠层的功能与高度。下文的内容可概括为：研究人员使用各种各样的手段对冠层进行研究。由此可见，上下文都围绕“冠层”展开论述。出现了关键词“canopy(冠层)”的选项是E、F和G。E项中出现了上下文没有的新信息“新生树木层”，破坏了段落的一致性，该信息实际上到第三段第二句才首次出现。F项中出现了逻辑词however，但从内容上看，上文与F项并不构成转折关系。而且F项强调的是冠层与下层植被和森林地表植被的关系，与下文也无法衔接。G项只涉及“冠层”和“研究者”的内容，与上下文都实现了很好的衔接，因此G项为正确答案。8、【R3】标准答案：E知识点解析：本题空格出现在第三段中。上文介绍了在热带雨林最上层的新生树木的特点。下文只有一句话，其中出现了表转折的逻辑词However和代词thesetrees。从文章结构看，第一至三段已经依次介绍了热带雨林的下层、中层、冠层和最上层，因此本题空格处不应该再回过去只谈论下层或冠层。与上文内容能很好衔接的只有E项，它直接提到了“新生树木层”；而且它的内容与下文也能构成转折，即虽然树较少，但是都很粗壮。9、【R4】标准答案：A知识点解析：本题空格出现在第四段末。上文介绍了雨林中连续的树层可能遭到的破坏及影响。下文即第五段首句提到．其他的自然干扰会造成冠层更大的空隙。由此可知，上下文论述的是自然干扰对树层的影响。根据段落一致原则，空格处应延续上文的内容。A项中thearea指代上文中theforestfloor，故A项能和上文衔接，为正确答案。C项有一定的干扰性，其中destroy一词与上文disturb呼应，但是从内容看，“非洲刚果河盆地的热带雨林植被”无法与上文“连续的树冠层”衔接。D项虽然重现了上文的词语vines，但其内容与上下文毫无关联。F项干扰性最大，其中从句“由于更多的阳光穿透森林冠层”与上文衔接非常紧密，但是主句内容与上下文都无法衔接，而且出现了新信息“inthetropics”。因此，可以排除C、D、F项。10、【R5】标准答案：C知识点解析：本题空格出现在第五段中。上文提到对森林造成影响的自然干扰因素并举例说明。下文指出科学家发现自然干扰因素对森林的形成很关键。由此可知，整个第五段围绕“自然干扰因素对森林的影响”展开论述。符合这一主题的只有C项，它衔接上文，继续举例说明自然干扰因素对森林的影响，因此C项是本题的正确答案。Severalmonthsago,planningtovisitafriendhospitalizedwithAIDS,IaskedadoctorwhetherIshouldtakeanyprecautions."You'remoreofarisktohimthanheistoyou,"saidthedoctor,FredValentine,anassociateprofessorofmedicineatNewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter."Youmighthaveacoldorsomeminorinfectionthatwouldbeveryseriousforhimifhecaughtitbecausehehasnoresistance."Therisktome,thedoctorsaid,wasalmostnonexistent.【R1】______Doctorsnowthinktheyunderstandhowitinfects,cantestwhethersomeonehasbeenexposedtothevirus,andknowhowtopreventitsspreadtoothers.【R2】______AIDSisasilentepidemic.AccordingtorecentfiguresfromtheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),since1979,15,172peopleintheUnitedStateshavebeendiagnosedashavingAIDS,and7,111ofthemhavedied.Thesenumbersaredoublingevery10to12months.Another60,000to120,000peoplehaveAIDS-related-complex(ARC),amilderformofthediseasewhichwillturnintoAIDSin5to20percentofthecases.【R3】______Dr.HaroldJaffe,chiefepidemiologistoftheAIDStaskforceattheCDC,saysthatoverfiveyearsperhaps10percentofthepeoplecarryingtheviruswillgetAIDS.Another25percentwilldevelopARC.SinceinamajorityofcasesAIDSisfatal—atleastsofar—thedeathtollcouldbeenormous.ThoughthemedicalcommunityisoverwhelminglyconvincedthatAIDScan'tbecaughtbycausalcontact,thatiswhatmostpeopleworryabout.Partoftheproblemissemantic.Doctorsaretaughtnevertosay"never"becausethere'snosuchthingas100-percentcertaintyinscience.【R4】______ButthefactsdospeakstronglyagainsttransmissionofAIDSthroughcasualcontact.Tobeginwith,noresearcherhasfoundasinglecasecontractedthatway.OfalltheAIDScasesreportedinthepastfiveyears,notoneresultedfromsharingaresidence,aschool-roomoranofficewithanotherAIDSpatient,saysDr.Jaffe.【R5】______Theoretically,thereisasmallriskfromabarbershopshavewithastraightedgedrazor(whichmayproduceaminuteamountofbleeding)iftherazorhasbeencontaminatedwithAIDS-carryingbloodandleftuncleaned.Asimilarsituationholdsifbleedingoccursduringamanicureandtheinstrumentsarecontaminatedandnotdisinfectedbetweencustomers.[A]Forexample,dentalpatientsaren'tthoughttobeatrisk.Instrumentsaresterilizedbyboiling,orautoclaving—theuseofsuperheatedsteamunderpressure.EitherwouldkilltheAIDSvirusifitwerepresent.Furthermore,mostdentistsusedisposableneedlesforinjections.[B]AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)wasidentifiedonlyfouryearsagoandisstillasmystifyingtothepublicasitisfrightening.Thoughagreatdealremainstobelearnedaboutthedisease,thestoreofinformationisincreasingquickly.[C]NorhaveanyfriendsorfamilymemberswhohavetendedAIDSvictimscomedownwiththedisease,unlesstheyhadsexualcontactwiththevictim."Motherswho'vetakencareofsonsthroughtheirterminalillness,handlingblood,bodysecretions,vomit—noneofthemhascaughtAIDS."saysDr.Valentine.[D]Because392AIDSvictimscontractedAIDSfromcontaminatedbloodgiveninatransfusionorfrombloodproductsusedtotreathemophilia,manypeopleworryaboutgivingorreceivingblood.Tobeginwith,itisimpossibletogetAIDSbygivingblood.Anew,sterilizedneedleisusedforeachdonorandisdisposedofafterward.[E]Moredisturbingisthatasmanyas1.2millionAmericansmayhaveantibodiestothevirus,andamajorityofthesemaybecarryingit,eventhoughtheyhavenosymptoms.Someofthemcanspreadthedisease.[F]Thoughthepublic'sattentionhasbeenfocusedonfearsofcasualcontactwithAIDSvictims,medicalauthoritiesagreethatthediseaseisnoteasytocatch.Indeed,thekeytocontainingAIDSliesintwoareasofcontactthatareanythingbutcasual:sexandsharingintravenousdrugneedles.Butsexanddrugabusearethingsthatpeoplecancontrol.Researchindicatesthatworriesofthissortareunfounded.[G]Soresearcherssaythingslike"There'snoevidenceofcasualspreadofAIDS".Thepublic,notrecognizingtheunderlyingprinciple,issuspiciousandtendstooverestimatetheuncertainty.11、【R1】标准答案：B知识点解析：空格前第一段是全文的铺垫，即背景。B项接着介绍了艾滋病及人们对它的认识。选项的最后一句写道：Thoughagreatdealremainstobelearnedaboutthedisease，thestoreofinformationisincreasingquickly．由于“关于艾滋病的知识增加得很快”，所以“Doctorsnowthinktheyunderstandhowitinfects，cantestwhethersomeonehasbeenexposedtothevirus，andknowhowtopreventitsspreadtoothers．”可见此处是因果关系。12、【R2】标准答案：F知识点解析：上一段讲到医生们对艾滋病的了解越来越深入。F项则进一步谈到医学界对艾滋病传播途径的认识。显然，F项与上文在逻辑上是层递关系。13、【R3】标准答案：E知识点解析：空格前一段介绍了美国患艾滋病的人数、死亡数以及患与艾滋病有关的综合症的人数，说明艾滋病是一种无声的流行病。E项进一步谈到令人担心的事实：美国有多达120万人有这种病毒的抗体，其中大多数人现在虽然没有症状，但可能传染给别人。因此，E项与上文的关系是递进关系(moredisturbing)。空白线后引证了贾菲医生的话来说明上述病毒携带者未来五年病况发展的趋势。可见，与E项是层递关系。关键信息词连接：haveantibodiestothevirus—carryingthevirus。14、【R4】标准答案：G知识点解析：空格前谈到：虽然医学界绝大多数人相信，艾滋病不会由于偶然的接触而被传染上……但医生们所受的教育让他们从来不会说“绝不”。G项与上文在逻辑上是因果关系，注意过渡词“So”。15、【R5】标准答案：C知识点解析：空格前谈到，“可是，事实有力地否定艾滋病可能因为偶然的接触而传染”。这是本段的论点，接着作者通过论据来阐述这一论点。C项与上文是承接关系，也就是进一步来阐明论点。关键信息词连接：Nor—not。Life,atleastforaseed,isbetteroutintheworld.【R1】______Seedsknowhowtogetaround.【R2】______Buttheyallhavethesamegoal:totakerootandgiverisetothenextgeneration.Scientistscanunderstandwhattypeofdispersalstrategyaplantemploysbylookingatitsenvironment.Forexample,dispersalbyseacurrentsisimportantforplantsthatgrowonseashores,andwindisimportantinopengrasslands.Andforeachtypeofdispersal,thereisatypeofdesign.【R3】______"Amongspecieswithseedsdispersedinternallybyanimals,thesizeoftheseedorfruit,itscolor,andthepresenceofprotectivehuskswillreflecttheswallowing,visual,andprocessingabilitiesoftheseeddisperser,"Birkinshawsaid.Forexample,seedsspreadbysmallbirdswillbesmallinsize,coveredwithplantflesh(togivethebirdsarewardforeatingit),huskless(sincemostbirdsareillequippedtoremovesuchanoutershell),andbrightlycolored(sincebirdshavegoodcolorvision).Someseedshavenospecificdispersalstrategy,likethecoco-de-mer,apalmtreethatonlygrowsintheSeychelles,anislandchainintheIndianOcean.Thesepalmshavethelargestseedsofanyplantandlackanyseeddispersalmethodotherthangravity,Birkinshawsaid.Inothercases,aswiththerareMada-gascanpalmsSatranaladecussilvaeandVoanioalagerardii,theseedscollectinpilesbeneaththeirparenttrees.【R4】______AccordingtoJohnDransfield,anexpertonMadagascanpalmswiththeUnitedKingdom'sRoyalBotanicGarden,Kew,bothofthesepalmshaveverylargeseedsthatanimalsalivetodayareincapableofmoving."Youstartdreamingupstoriesthatitcouldhavebeendistributedbyanowextinctanimal",hesaid.PossibleextinctdispersersofthepalmsarelargelemursthatonceroamedMadagascarorflightlesselephantbirds,whichwerethelargestbirdsknowntohavelivedinMadagascar.ThereareonlyafewoftheseMadagascanpalmsleftstanding.【R5】______DonaldDrakeisabotanistwiththeUniversityofHawaiiinHonoluluwhostudieshowplantandanimalinteractionaffectsreproductionofnativeplantsandfoodfornativeanimalsinthePacificOceanislands.Hesaidlossofanimalstodisperseseedscertainlyimpactsaplant'sviability,but"hard,conclusivedataaredifficulttocomeby".HeandcolleagueKimMcConkeyarecurrentlyengagedinresearchthatsuggestsanimalsmaystopperformingecologicalfunctionssuchasseeddispersallongbeforetheygoextinct."Wefoundthistobethecasewithflyingfoxes",Drakesaid.FlyingfoxesareamongthefewremaininglargeanimalsthatdisperseseedsonislandsinthePacificandIndianOceans."Manyflyingfoxesareeitherrareorextinct",Drakesaid,"Iftheyceasetobeeffectivedisperserslongbeforereachingthatstage,thereisapossibilitythattheresultswefoundareofwideapplicability".[A]Wind-dispersedseedsaregenerallylightweightandhaveadaptationssuchaswingsandparachutessotheycancatcharideonthebreeze.Water-dispersedseeds,suchascoconuts,arebuoyant.Seedsdispersedbyanimalsusuallyofferanutritionalrewardsothattheyareeaten,ortheyarestickyorbarbedsotheycanlatchontopassingbodies.[B]Ifresearcherscanconfirmthatindeedtheanimaldisperserofthepalms,seedsareextinct,thentheonlywaytopreventthetreesthemselvesfrombecomingextinctmaybetoreintroduceseedlingsintotheforestwithacontrolledprogramofreplanting,Dransfieldsaid.[C]Inordertomaintaineffectiveseed-dispersingpopulations,theresearcherssayitisimportanttotakeconservationactionsbeforeseed-dispersinganimalspeciesdropbelowthisthreshold.[D]Someflywiththewind,othersgowiththeflow.Manyhitcharidewithunsuspectinganimals.[E]Someanimalsceasebeingeffectiveseeddisperserswhentheirpopulationdensitiesfallbelowapointthatinducesthemtocompeteoverfoodresources—theystopbotheringtoscatterandhidetheirfoodstores.[F]Ingeneral,seeddispersalawayfromtheparentplantincreasesthechancesthataseedwillreachmaturity.[G]Researchersbelievethatperhapstheiranimaldispersersarelongextinct.16、【R1】标准答案：F知识点解析：本题要求根据上下文来推测本段的大意。本段虽然有两处空白，但仍可以借助上下文推断出本段的主要意思。本题空白处的下一句谈到种子知道如何传播，以达到生根发芽和成长为新植物的目的，根据常识可以推断本段的中心意思肯定与种子的传播有关。再联系上文“Life，atleastforaseed，isbetteroutintheworld”，可以判断出空白处应承上启下，引出后文“生根发芽和繁殖下一代(totakerootandgiverisetothenextgeneration)”，因此本题可采用代入排除法。显然前6个选项都提到了具体的种子传播途径，与后文展开介绍的种子传播途径相契合，但符合本题要求的只有F项，“Ingeneral”有总揽全文之意。17、【R2】标准答案：D知识点解析：由上道题的分析得知，本段主要概括地讲种子的传播。空白处的上一句提到“Seedsknowhowtogetaround”，下一句则说“Buttheyallhavethesamegoal：totakerootandgiverisetothenextgeneration”。空白处上一句的“how”提示了该题与种子的传播方式有关，而下一句的“But”一词则表明无论种子如何传播，它们都有一个共同目的：totakerootandgiverisetothenextgeneration。所以综合上下文可知，空白处应该填入有关种子传播方式的内容。A项、D项似乎都与此有关，但A项重在介绍种子进行风传播(wind-dispersed)、水传播(water-dispersed)和动物传播(dispersedbyanimals)的条件，因此不符合题意。D项则概要地介绍了几种传播方式，因此符合题意，为正确答案。18、【R3】标准答案：A知识点解析：上文提到“Andforeachtypeofdispersal，thereisatypeofdesign”，此处要清楚“design”的意思是“thepurposefulorinventivearrangementofpartsordetails”，下文的几个例子都说明利用某种传播途径需要具备的条件。因此A项为正确答案。19、【R4】标准答案：G知识点解析：本段主要讲一些种子没有特定的传播途径，下一段提到有些植物的种子非常大的动物都无法传播它们，并猜想能传播这些种子的动物现在可能巳经灭绝了。因此空白处可能与某些种子的动物传播者灭绝有关，B项、E项、G项都与此有关。但B项说的是如果某些种子的动物传播者真的灭绝了，该如何防止植物物种的灭绝，与下文没有逻辑联系。E项讲的是在什么条件下某些动物传播者不能再有效地传播种子，与题意不符。G项则说研究者认为这些棕榈种子的动物传播者可能很久以前就灭绝了，符合题意，为正确选项。20、【R5】标准答案：B知识点解析：前文讲马达加斯加棕榈种子的传播者已经灭绝了，目前这种马达加斯加棕榈的数量已经很少了(ThereareonlyafewoftheseMadagascanpalmsleftstanding)，所以根据逻辑关系判断下文应该是讲解决问题的办法或继续介绍这种或类似植物因缺乏种子传播媒介而濒临灭绝的情况。B项内容与此相符，故为正确答案。考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷第2套一、阅读（常规阅读理解）(本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。)Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional"paid"media—suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements—stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate"earned"mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage"owned"mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing'simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia—forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.1、Consumersmaycreate"earned"mediawhentheyareA、obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.B、inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.C、eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.D、enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.标准答案：D知识点解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章第一段第四句：热衷于某种产品的消费者，可以通过自愿推荐给朋友的方式，为企业创造无偿媒介。D项中的enthusiastic和原文中的passionate同义，且recommend和promote同义，因此D项为正确答案。文中未提到网络购买，故排除A项。文中消费者向朋友推荐喜欢的商品是他们的主动行为，而非被动，故排除B项。文中是向朋友推荐，而非帮朋友推荐，故排除C项。2、AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeaturesA、asafebusinessenvironment.B、randomcompetition.C、strongusertraffic.D、flexibilityinorganization.标准答案：C知识点解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章第二段第四句，指出“售出媒介”的特征包括：流量非常大、其他结构将广告内容或电子商务引擎投放其中、属于自有媒介。C项对应第一个特点，故为正确答案。A项根据“出售媒介”的定义设置干扰；B、D两项根据第二段第六、七句有关BabyCenter这个“售出媒介”的细节设置干扰，故排除。3、TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediaA、inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.B、canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.C、mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.D、deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.标准答案：B知识点解析：推断题。根据题干定位在文章第三段：科技革新带来的风险，消费者可以通过推荐商品而成为“无偿”媒介，同时技术革新让他们能够更快、更明显地表达观点，挟持媒介施加压力，而此处的媒介指的就是上文中提及的earnedmedia；劫持媒介(hijackedmedia)就是无偿媒介的对立面。也就是说，无偿媒介有可能被劫持，转化为劫持媒介，进而给企业施加压力。由此可推断，这是一种负面效果，所以B项为正确答案。A项为反向干扰。C项非第三段讲解的内容。原文提到会有负面批评，但未提及是他们应得的，故D项为主观臆断。4、ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexampleofA、respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.B、persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.C、cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.D、takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.标准答案：A知识点解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章第四段，其中第一句为文章的主题句，其大意为：如果发生了这样的事情，狂热的消费者可能试图劝服其他人共同抵制公司产品，从而危及企业声誉。这种情况下，企业斥应也许不够快或不够好，而且学习应对的道路会非常曲折。接着，文中列举了丰田汽车公司的例子，它能减少部分损失，其原因在于：采取了较快且较有序的社交媒体回应行动。由此判断A项为正确答案。文中末段第一句提到了消费者可能会劝说其他人抵制某些产品，故B项排除。在例子中提到丰田汽车公司缓解危机的方式是与消费者直接沟通，属于例子内的信息且沟通交流不等于合作，故C项排除。文中是消除被劫持媒体带来的危害，而非去利用被劫持的媒体，故D项排除。5、Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?A、Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.B、Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.C、Dominanceofhijackedmedia.D、Popularityofownedmedia.标准答案：A知识点解析：主旨题。第一段指出除了传统的媒介方式，还有很多其他媒介形式；第二段讲述了自有媒介和付费媒介：第三段分析了劫持媒介的弊端；第四段举例说明有效回应劫持媒介的重要性。从文章四个段落的分布来看，第一段提及其他媒介形式，而第二、三、四段分别讲述了不同的媒介形式。由此可判断A项为正确答案。B项只涉及两种媒体，C、D项只涉及一种，故均排除。Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccounting