全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语二》全真模拟卷十二

全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语二》全真模拟卷十二材料题根据下面资料，回答1-20题Angermayfeeluncomfortable,butitcanbehealthy."Alot（江南博哥）ofpeoplethinktheyhaveto1theiranger,"saysPatrickKeelan,aregisteredpsychologistinCalgary,Alberta."Butangerisanemotionbuiltintoustosignalthatsomethingneedstobeaddressed."Whenwetake2ofthatsignalandactually3theprobleminsteadofignoringit,we'reusuallymuchbetterforit.4,we'reraisedtokeepemotionshidden.Increasingly,researchissuggestingthatthiscanhavelong-termeffectsonourhealth.Peoplewho5theiremotionsmaydiesoonerthanthosewhoarebetteratexpressingemotions.Whenwe'reangry,stresshormonesarereleased,whichcanmakeusproneto6awiderangeofdiseases.Isitbetter,then,toscreamandholler7somethingmakesyoumad?That'stherationalebehindthe"ragerooms"thathavepoppedupinmanyAmericancities,wherefolksare8toreleasetheiranger9violentlysmashingstuffina"safe"environment."Thetheoryisthatyougettheangeroutofyoursystem10aggressiveactions,"saysKeelan."Buttheresearchindicatesthatwhenwe11ourangeraggressively,itcanactuallyincreasethe12oftheanger—andincreasethelikelihoodofaggressiveactionsinthefuture."Itdoesn'ttakemuch13topredicthowafuriousragecan14yourrelationshipswithyourspouse,yourkids,oryourcoworkers.Ifyoushouldn'tbottleupyourangryfeelingsbutaggressivebehaviorisn'thealthy15,howshouldyouhandlethingsthattickyouoff?Startbylooking16thesuperficialtriggertoyourfury.Angerisoftencausedby17feelingsoffear,anxiety,disappointment,andguilt.Maybeyou'refuriousthatyourspouseislate,butit'sreallybecauseyouwereafraidheorshehad18acaraccidentinthebadweather.19,paycloserattentiontoyourtriggers—thosedailyirritationsthatyouknowwillsetyouoff.Doyougetangryatthelonglinesatthegrocerystore?Takeastepbackand20thatitisn'tpersonal.Everyoneinthelinehasdinnertomake,justlikeyou.查看材料1.【完形填空】第（1）题选A.getridofB.makeuseofC.faceuptoD.getusedto正确答案：A参考解析：getridof摆脱、丢弃makeuseof利用、使用faceupto敢于面对getusedto习惯于翻译：愤怒情绪可能会让人感到不适，很多人觉得他们必须_____愤怒，但它也能有益健康.but转折，前面说愤怒让人感到不适。后面说他也有益处，所以空格处所在的句子，应该和前面一句逻辑类似，选项中只有getridof(常用于表示摆脱令人不快的事物)可体现愤怒的负面特质及人们对愤怒的排斥态度，故正确。查看材料2.【完形填空】第（2）题选A.chargeB.messageC.noticeD.care正确答案：C参考解析：charge职责、责任message信息notice注意、察觉care照看前一句，Butangerisanemotionbuiltintoustosignalthatsomethingneedstobeaddressed.但是愤怒是我们与生俱来的一种情绪，提示某些事情需要解决，空格处填写一个动词，与take搭配，修饰singal，最后一句weareusuallymuchbetterforit我们通常会感觉好多了，由此可知，应该是我们意识到这个signal，然后纠正问题，我们就会感觉好多了，固定短语takenoticeof意为“注意，留意”。C正确。查看材料3.【完形填空】第（3）题选A.anticipateB.exposeC.preventD.rectify正确答案：D参考解析：anticipate预料expose暴露prevent阻止rectify纠正、改正翻译：当我们注意到这一信号并真正____它而非忽视问题时。我们通常会感觉好很多。insteadof表转折，连接两个并列的句子，并且含义相反，后面是ignoringit，所以与之对应的是处理，D“纠正”。正确。查看材料4.【完形填空】第（4）题选A.PreviouslyB.UnfortunatelyC.ConsequentlyD.Eventually正确答案：B参考解析：previously以前地unfortunately遗憾地consequently因此、结果evenually最终地翻译：______，我们从小就被教导要隐藏情绪，越来越多的研究表明，这会对我们的健康产生长期影响.第一段愤怒是我们与生俱来的一种情绪，本段提到但是我们从小被教导要隐藏情绪，所以副词表达反面的情绪，Unfortunatel“遗憾地”符合这一态度。查看材料5.【完形填空】第（5）题选A.neglectB.suppressC.perceiveD.arouse正确答案：B参考解析：neglect忽略

suppress压抑、抑制

perceive感知

arouse引起翻译：____的人与善于表达情绪的人相比寿命可能更加短.前一句说我们被教导隐藏情绪，这会对我们的身体产生影响，所以空格处应该填写一个与hide同义的词，B“压抑”符合题意。查看材料6.【完形填空】第（6）题选A.developingB.diagnosingC.overcomingD.dreading正确答案：A参考解析：developing患diagnosing诊断overcoming克服dreading担心、惧怕翻译：当我们生气时体内会释放出压力荷尔蒙，导致我们更容易____各类疾病.空格句与上句之间无转折词，推测二者语义方向应一致，前一句是寿命更短，所以根断应该是更容易患病，developing可与疾病等词汇构成动宾搭配“患上……疾病”，为正确项。查看材料7.【完形填空】第（7）题选A.whateverB.howeverC.wheneverD.wherever正确答案：C参考解析：whatever不管什么however不管怎样whenever无论何时wherever无论在哪翻译：____有什么事令你气愤时，咆哮嘶吼是不是更好呢？由逻辑可知，生气是咆哮嘶吼的前提或原因，与地点和方式无关，C选项，whenever可表示“在……时候／场合”，含有条件意味，故正确。查看材料8.【完形填空】第（8）题选A.determinedB.invitedC.forbiddenD.required正确答案：B参考解析：determined决定invited被邀请forbidden被禁止required被要求翻译：基于这种逻辑美国许多城市出现了“愤怒屋”，这些店铺____人们在“安全”的环境中以暴力方式宣泄愤怒.基于上面说提到的有什么事令你气愤的时候，你最好就是咆哮嘶吼，所以这些地方是专门给他们发泄的，所以invited可传达“被(泄愤场所的安全性、方便性)吸引”之意，为正确项。查看材料9.【完形填空】第（9）题选A.aboutB.inC.forD.by正确答案：D参考解析：about关于in在.....内for为了by通过、靠翻译：这些店铺欢迎人们在“安全”的环境中____暴力打砸的方式宣泄他们的愤怒.空格处填写一个介词，描述“暴力打砸”与“泄愤”的逻辑关联，结合上下文可知，暴力打砸是发泄愤怒的一种方式／渠道，by可表示方式或手段，为正确项。查看材料10.【完形填空】第（10）题选A.fromB.throughC.withoutD.towards正确答案：B参考解析：form出自、来源through通过、凭借without没有toward向翻译：理论上，你可以____攻击性的行为来发泄愤怒.空格处填写一个介词，体现发泄愤怒，和攻击性行为的逻辑关联。through“通过”正确。查看材料11.【完形填空】第（11）题选A.eliminateB.augmentC.inhibitD.display正确答案：D参考解析：eliminate消除augment加强、提高inhibit阻碍、抑制display显露、表现翻译：研究表明，当我们以攻击的方式_____愤怒时，实际上会增加愤怒.上一句“你可以通过攻击性的行为来发泄愤怒”，本段空格应该与“将愤怒释放出来”语义相同，display在文中可表示“使(愤怒情绪)外露出来”之意，故正确。查看材料12.【完形填空】第（12）题选A.insensitivityB.intensityC.instabilityD.infinity正确答案：B参考解析：insensitivity不灵敏度intensity强度instability不稳定性infinity无限性翻译：但研究表明，当我们以攻击性的方式表达愤怒时，实际上会增加愤怒的_____——而且我们更有可能在未来出现攻击性的行为.破折号是对前面的解释，“我们更有可能在未来出现攻击性的行为”，再联系上文信息“人们感到愤怒时常用暴力攻击行为来泄愤”可进一步推测出：愤怒的程度越强，出现攻击行为的可能性越大，故intensity正确。查看材料13.【完形填空】第（13）题选A.imaginationB.motivationC.informationD.explanation正确答案：A参考解析：imagination想象力motivation动机information信息explanation解释、理由翻译：不需要太多____就可以预见到暴怒会影响你与身边人的关系.由众所周知的常识可知暴怒通常会损害人际关系，故空格句意在指出人们很容易预料到暴怒对人际关系的危害，四个选项中imagination可与语境词构成约定俗成的句式Itdoesn’ttake

muchimaginationtoguess／predict…(无需多想就可猜到／预料到……)，契合文意。查看材料14.【完形填空】第（14）题选A.affectB.dictateC.reflectD.confirm正确答案：A参考解析：affect影响dictate支配、摆布reflect反应confirm确认翻译：无需多想就可以预见到暴怒会如何____你与配偶、孩子或同事的关系.由上题分析可知，空格词应体现暴怒对人际关系的负面影响，affect指“影响”，文中的暴怒语境可赋予其负面色彩，故为正确项。查看材料15.【完形填空】第（15）题选A.yetB.eitherC.insteadD.again正确答案：B参考解析：yet然而either而且、也instead反而again再一次翻译：如果不该压抑愤怒情绪，而攻击性行为____不太健康，那么该如何处理那些人让人恼火的事情呢？两个否定句，前面是不该压抑情绪。后面是攻击行为不太健康，either在否定句中表示“也；和……一样”，契合文意。查看材料16.【完形填空】第（16）题选A.atB.beyondC.intoD.after正确答案：B参考解析：空格填写一个介词，由本段末句事例的让步转折逻辑(人们生气的表面诱因是配偶的晚到行为，而生气的真实原因是担心／害怕配偶所处的某个坏情形)可知空格句(本段主旨句)应带有“透过表面诱因，抓住真实／本质原因”的意味，beyond与look连用时本义指“越过……向远处看”，可引申为“目光不局限于……；透过……而考虑更大／深的方面”，契合文中内涵。查看材料17.【完形填空】第（17）题选A.equivalentB.permanentC.underlyingD.forthcoming正确答案：C参考解析：equivelent相等的permanent永久的underlying潜在的forthcoming即将出现的翻译：愤怒通常由_____恐惧、焦虑、失望和内疚感所引起.空格处填写一个形容词，修饰feelingsoffear,anxiety,disappointment,andguilt，四个选项中只有underlying在文中可表示“(人们大发雷霆时内心)隐含的、更深层次的(情感)”，为正确项。查看材料18.【完形填空】第（18）题选A.hadB.madeC.avoidedD.seen正确答案：A参考解析：had经历made引发avoided避免seen看到翻译：但那实际上是因为你害怕他或她在恶劣天气里____车祸.Maybeyou'refuriousthatyourspouseislate也许配偶晚到会让你很生气，空格处应该是发生车祸的意思，had可与acaraccident搭配，表示“遭遇一场车祸”，符合“人们担心家人安危”的常识逻辑，故为正确项。查看材料19.【完形填空】第（19）题选A.ThusB.RatherC.OtherwiseD.Also正确答案：D参考解析：thus因此rather相反otherwise否则also而且本段首句与上段首句都采用了表建议的祈使句式，再结合第五段的设问内涵可推知第五至末段的段际逻辑：第五段先设问(如何处理愤怒的诱因)，第六、七段分别介绍两种办法回应设问。故空格词应体现依次列举两种办法的行文逻辑，Also正确。查看材料20.【完形填空】第（20）题选A.predictB.proveC.ensureD.consider正确答案：D参考解析：predict预料prove证实ensure确保consider考虑、认为翻译：在杂货店排队会让你恼火吗？那就退一步____这种情形并非针对个人，和你一样，排队的所有人都在等着回家做晚饭.Takeastepback本身可暗含“后退一步以从更广阔／客观的角度思考”之意，空格处应该填写思考、考虑，判断一下这个事情的本事，是否是针对你，还是大家共同承担着。D正确。材料题根据下面资料，回答21-25题Itisadeepnationalshamethatdespitethededicationofstaff,carehomedeathsaccountforalmostathirdofallCovid-19fatalitiesintheUK.Amongthemanycallsforreform,oneisgainingpopularity：theideaofsettingupanationallcareservice.Thereisanobviousappealtothis.ItechoestheideaofhavingaNationalHealthService,freetouseandopentoeveryone.Incorporatebrokensocialcareintoatried-and-testednationalsystem,goesthethinking.AndjustasthegovernmentplanstotightenitsgripontheNHS,theappealofalsotryingtorunsocialcarefromWhitehallmightbetoogreattoresist.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue.Socialcareisinurgentneedofattentionfromdecision-makers,butnationalisingitisnottheanswer.InsteadtheNHSshouldbecomemorelocallyaccountable.TheNHSgetsitsmoneydirectlyfromgovernmentandhospitalsarepaidforwhattheydo.Socialcareisfundedbylocalgovernment.Butassocialcaredemandgrows,finiteresourcesarestretchedeverthinner.Peoplecanwalkintoahospital,buthigherthresholdsforcaremeanitisonlyavailabletothosewhoneeditmost.NHSstaffhaveamuchbetterpaydealandcareworkersfeelundervalued.Sothefirstpriorityistofundsocialcareproperly.Butbeyondthisfinancialreality,therearedeeperproblemswitharigidnationalmodelthathavebeenfurtherexposedduringtheCovid-19pandemic.Insteadofbeingasafetynetoflastresortinacommunity-basedsystemofcareandsupport,acutehospitalprovisiondominatesthehealthcarelandscape,suckinginahugeamountoffunding.Withoutreformtoshiftawayfromcrisisinterventionandtowardsprevention,hospitalbudgetswilleatupanever-gregterproportionofpublicservicespend.Settingupanationalsocialcareservicerisksreplicatingthisbias.Carehomesareexpensiveandforpeoplewithhighneeds.Butsocialcareismuchbroaderthanjustcarehomesandappliestoawiderangeofsupporttoenablepeopletoliveintheirownhomesindependently.Anditisnotjustforelderlypeople.Thesefactsriskbeinglostinanymovetowardsanationalsocialcareservice.Asingleservicewouldtendtowardsuniform,building-basedservices,easilymanagedandmonitoredfromaWhitehalldepartment,ratherthanadaptable,communitysupportthatwouldvarybetweenareas.Careisessentiallyaboutpeopleandrelationships,notbuildingsandservices.Itisnotclearwhetheranationalone-size-fits-allcaresystemwouldbecapableofembeddingsuchfresh,community-ledapproaches.HealthandcarebudgetsinEnglandneedtobemergedlocallysoeveryonebenefitsfrominvestinginprevention.Thereisnoquestionthatthecaresystemisinurgentneedoffundingreform,butnationalisingsocialcarewouldn'tsolveitsproblems.Ratherthanrushtoaninstitutionalresponse,let'sstartwithpeople.Wecouldthenreimagineasystemofhealthandsupporttoenablethatambition.查看材料21.【阅读理解PartA】Theauthorviewsnationalizingsocialcarewith_______A.appreciationB.disapprovalC.toleranceD.uncertainty正确答案：B参考解析：Butinfact,theoppositeistrue.Socialcareisinurgentneedofattentionfromdecision-makers,butnationalisingitisnottheanswer.InsteadtheNHSshouldbecomemorelocallyaccountable.第二段表明了作者的态度，社会照护虽急需决策者关注，但将其收归国有并非解决之策。B正确。查看材料22.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph3,themostpressingissueforsocialcareshouldbe______A.obtainingsufficientfundingB.conservinglimitedresourcesC.improvinglaborrelationsD.loweringthresholdsforpatients正确答案：A参考解析：NHSstaffhaveamuchbetterpaydealandcareworkersfeelundervalued.Sothefirstpriorityistofundsocialcareproperly.一是随着社会照护需求的增加，有限资源被消耗，二是照护工作者，觉得自己不受重视，所以社会照护而言最紧迫的事应该是应该是获得资金，A正确。查看材料23.【阅读理解PartA】ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4thatacutehospitalprovision_______A.getslittlesupportfromlocalcommunitiesB.absorbstoomuchofpublicservicefundingC.respondsslowlytoemergencyhealthcrisesD.exposeshealthcareworkerstogreatdanger正确答案：B参考解析：Insteadofbeingasafetynetoflastresortinacommunity-basedsystemofcareandsupport,acutehospitalprovisiondominatesthehealthcarelandscape,suckinginahugeamountoffunding.急症医院提供的服务没有充当社区照护服务的后备措施，而是成为医疗护理的大头，占用大量公共资金，不过进行改革，那么医院预算还要进一步吞噬公共服务资源。B正确。查看材料24.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph5,theauthorbelievesthatanationalsocialcareservicewould_____A.offerservicesthatarerigidandinflexibleB.enablemoredisabledpeopletoliveontheirownC.increasetheeconomicburdensoftheelderlyD.facilitategovernmentengagementwithcommunities正确答案：A参考解析：Settingupanationalsocialcareservicerisksreplicatingthisbias.作者认为国有社会照护机构会是另一个国家医疗服务体系，社会照护工作的多样化特点“不仅限于养老院、服务场所可以是家里、服务对象也不一定是老年人”，但是国有社会照护会倾向于以大楼(即以养老院为代表的集中照护场所)为据点提供统一的服务，而不是让社区(即各个家庭散落之地)根据各地区的差异提供灵活的服务”。可见国有社会照护服务将会缺少变通。A正确。查看材料25.【阅读理解PartA】Whichsayingcanbestsummarizetheauthor'sadvicetosocialcarereformersinthelastparagraph?A.Preparefortheworst.B.Hastemakeswaste.C.Thinktop-down.D.Putpeoplefirst.正确答案：D参考解析：Ratherthanrushtoaninstitutionalresponse,let'sstartwithpeople.Wecouldthenreimagineasystemofhealthandsupporttoenablethatambition.全国性体系不一定能让社区去带头采取这种灵活的策略，建议将医疗地方化“医疗和照护都要纳入地方预算，好让所有人受益于预防，社会照护急需资金改革，但国有化不能解决它的所有问题，不如从人出发思考如何进行改革，综上可知末段围绕“以人为本”，D正确。背景材料材料题根据下面资料，回答26-30题BigTechisbackinthecongressionalhotseat.OnWednesday,thechiefexecutivesofAmazon,Apple,FacebookandGooglewillbequestionedinaHousejudiciaryantitrustsubcommitteehearing.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantandhigh-profileconversationaboutmonopoliessincetheMicrosoftcaseofthe1990s.Itcouldalsobeamajor,multi-decadeturningpointinUSantitrustpolicy.TheywanttocurbnotonlyBigTech,butanumberofotherindustrieswithdominantplayers—financeandpharmaceuticals—withmoreregulation.Ifthathappens,weshouldthanknotonlyWashington,butstateandlocalofficialswhohavebeenchallengingcorporatepowerintheirownbackyardsforseveralyears.Wellbeforeantitrustbecametrendy,localcommunitieswerewagingsuccessfulfightsagainstcorporatebehemothsforpracticalratherthanideologicalreasons.Thosebattleshavelaidthegroundworkforwhatmaycomeatfederallevel.TherearecountlessexamplesofcommunitiesthathavesuccessfullywagedsuchDavidandGoliathbattles.Veryoften,theyendupeconomicallybetteroff.Communitieswithagreatershareoftheireconomyinthehandsofsmallbusinessesarebetteratsolvingproblemscollectively,saysStacyMitchell,theco-directoroftheInstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance.Theyalsohavehigherlevelsofcivicparticipation."Justasweknowthatconcentratedpowercorruptsdemocracy,theoppositeistrue,"shesays."Themorebroadlyeconomicdecision-makingisdistributed,andthemoresaypeoplehaveovertheirlivelihoods,themoreeffectiveandengagedtheyareascitizens."SomebelievepolicymakersshouldembracecreativedestructioninakindofSchumpeteriankillingofwhatwouldsurelybetensofthousandsofsmallbusinessesinlessproductivesectorssuchasrestaurants,servicesandpersonalcare.Theyarguethiswouldencourageworkerstoretrainandredistributeinthedigitaleconomy.ButthatrunsintotheproblemthateachgenerationofBigTechcompaniesseemstobeabletodomorewithfewerpeople.Ahandfulofverylarge,veryrichcompaniesthatneedfewerandfewerworkersdoesn'tadduptoaneconomy.Allowingcertainkindsofsmall-andmedium-sizedenterprisestofailnotbecausetheyareunsuccessful,butbecausetheyarenothigh-growthdigitalenterprises,wouldbeamistake.RegionswithagreatershareofSMEShavelessincomeinequalityandfasterhouseholdincomegrowth,accordingtoresearchgatheredbytheILSR.Smallbusinessestendtobeembeddedinaweboflocalandregionaleconomicrelationshipswithotherbusinesses.Thiscreatesresiliencyandalsosparksinnovation.Researchshowsthatindustrieswithamixoffirmsizesproducenewinventionsandprocessesatafasterclip.Indeed,thisisanargumentmanyBigTechexecutiveswouldputforwardaboutSiliconValley.It'sthatveryecosystemwhichhelpedlaunchgenerationsofsuccessfulstart-ups.查看材料26.【阅读理解PartA】TheantitrusthearingonWednesday______A.willseriouslyquestionUSantitrustpolicyforthefirsttimeindecadesB.maystrengthentheanti-monopolyregulationofvariousindustriesC.hasattractedmoreattentionthantheMicrosoftcaseofthe1990sD.primarilyconcernsmonopolisticpracticesinfinanceandpharmaceuticals正确答案：B参考解析：TheywanttocurbnotonlyBigTech,butanumberofotherindustrieswithdominantplayers—financeandpharmaceuticals—withmoreregulation.美国反垄断政策可能迎来几十年来的一个重大转折点，他们(代指国会议员)希望通过加强监管来遏制大科技公司及其他诸多存在主导者的行业由此可知，这次反垄断听证会很可能使得对各行业的反垄断监管加强，故B正确。查看材料27.【阅读理解PartA】WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattheeffortsofstateandlocalofficials______A.haveanationalsignificanceB.failedtochallengecorporatepowerC.wellservedtheirpoliticalpurposesD.goagainstthetrendofantitrust正确答案：A参考解析：Wellbeforeantitrustbecametrendy,localcommunitieswerewagingsuccessfulfightsagainstcorporatebehemothsforpracticalratherthanideologicalreasons.Thosebattleshavelaidthegroundworkforwhatmaycomeatfederallevel.各州及各地政府官员一直都在自己的辖域范围内与企业权力作斗争，试图抗衡其垄断势力，这些斗争可能将在联邦政府层面出现的情况奠定了基础。A正确。查看材料28.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoStacyMitchell,localcommunitieswithagreatershareofsmallbusinessesA.arelesseconomicallydevelopedB.holdmoreconcentratedpowerC.haveabroadlydistributedworkforceD.helppromotecivicengagement正确答案：D参考解析：Communitieswithagreatershareoftheireconomyinthehandsofsmallbusinessesarebetteratsolvingproblemscollectively,saysStacyMitchell,theco-directoroftheInstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance.Theyalsohavehigherlevelsofcivicparticipation.小企业占经济比重更大的社区更善于集体解决问题，它们的公民参与度也更高，公民对自身谋生手段有更多的发言权，其公民作用及决策参与度也更高，故D正确。查看材料29.【阅读理解PartA】SomearguethatSchumpeteriankillingofsmallbusinesseswould_______A.contributetorisingunemploymentB.boostproductivityinBigTechcompaniesC.poseathreatofcompulsoryredundancyD.buildadigitaleconomythatworksforall正确答案：D参考解析：Theyarguethiswouldencourageworkerstoretrainandredistributeinthedigitaleconomy.第五段首句提出一些人的观点：政策制定者应采取创造性破坏理论，以熊彼特式的方法剔除那些生产率低的小企业。他们认为这将鼓励劳动者在数字经济中接受再培训和工作岗位的重新分配。由此可推知，这些人认为，通过熊彼特式的方法剔除效率低下小企业，再借助岗位再培训以及劳动力再配置，即可缔造一个能够惠及所有劳动者的数字经济。故D正确。查看材料30.【阅读理解PartA】SiliconValleyismentionedtopresent______A.acontrastingcaseB.asupportingexampleC.acomparativeexampleD.arelatedtopic正确答案：B参考解析：Indeed,thisisanargumentmanyBigTechexecutiveswouldputforwardaboutSiliconValley.It'sthatveryecosystemwhichhelpedlaunchgenerationsofsuccessfulstart-ups.中小企业比例高的地区收入分配更平等，家庭收入增长更快，不同企业规模相混合的行业更能缔造新发明、促进新工艺的开发，然后以硅谷为例子，正是这种生态系统促成了硅谷好几代成功的初创企业的创立。B正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答31-35题Turtleshaveanunfortunatehabitofeatingplasticobjectsfloatinginthesea.Thesethengettrappedintheiralimentarycanals,cannotbebrokendownbytheanimals'digestiveenzymesandmayultimatelykillthem.Itiswidelyassumedthatthislikingforplasticsisamatterofmistakenidentity.Driftingplasticbags,forinstance,looksimilartojellyfish,whichmanytypesofturtleslovetoeat.Yetlotsofplasticobjectsthatendupinsideturtleshavenoresemblancetojellyfish.JosephPfalleroftheUniversityofFloridathereforesuspectsthatsomethingmorecomplicatedisgoingon.AshewritesinCurrentBiology,hethinksthatthesmellofmarinemicro-organismswhichcolonizefloatingplasticobjectsinducesturtlestofeed.Theideathatthesmellofplasticrubbishmightlureanimalstotheirdoomfirstemergedin2016.ResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,noticedthatcertainchemicals,whicharereleasedintotheairbymicro-organism-colonizedplastics,arethosewhichmanyseabirdssnifftotrackdownfood.Thesechemicalsmarkgoodplacestohuntbecausetheyindicateanabundanceofthebacteriathatlieatthebottomofmarinefoodchains.Theresearchersalsofoundthatbirdswhichpursuetheirfoodinthiswayarefiveorsixtimesmorelikelytoeatplasticthanthosewhichdonot.Sinceturtlesareknowntobreakthesurfaceperiodicallyandsnifftheairwhennavigatingtowardstheirfeedingareas,Dr.Pfallertheorizedthattheyarefollowingthesesamechemicals,andarelikewisefooledintothinkingthatfloatingplasticobjectsareedible.Totestthatidea,heandhiscolleaguessetupanexperimentinvolvingloggerheadturtles,aspeciesfrequentlykilledbyplastic.Theyarrangedfor15oftheanimals,eacharoundfivemonthsold,tobeexposed,inrandomorder,tofoursmellsdeliveredthroughapipetotheairaboveanexperimentalarea.Twoofthesmellsprovedfarmoreattractivetotheanimalsthantheothers.Whensniffingboththesmelloffoodandthatoffive-week-oldbottlesturtleskepttheirnosesoutofthewatermorethanthreetimesaslong,andtooktwiceasmanybreathsastheydidwhenwhatwasonofferwasthesmelloffreshbottle-plasticorcleanwatervapour.Onthefaceofit,then,theturtleswererespondingtothesmellofoldbottlesasifitwerethesmelloffood.Thoughtheyhavenotyettestedwhetherthechemicalistheculprit,Dr.Pfallerandhiscolleaguesthinkitisthemostlikelycandidate.Inanunpollutedocean,prettywellanythingwhichhadthissmellwouldbeedible—or,atleast,harmless.Unfortunately,five-week-oldplasticbottlesandtheirlikearenot.查看材料31.【阅读理解PartA】Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"unfortunate"(Line1,Paragraph1)?A.Plasticrubbishisdistastefulformarinecreatures.B.Animalsarelikelytodiefromeatingplasticobjects.C.Turtlesoftenmistakeplasticbagsfortastefuljellyfish.D.Floatingplasticsarecoveredbymicro-organisms.正确答案：B参考解析：Turtleshaveanunfortunatehabitofeatingplasticobjectsfloatinginthesea.Thesethengettrappedintheiralimentarycanals,cannotbebrokendownbytheanimals'digestiveenzymesandmayultimatelykillthem.

单词出现在第一段。描述了海龟去吃漂浮在海里的塑料，然后导致其死亡的事。所以unfortunate应该是指动物可能因为吃塑料垃圾而死掉。B正确。查看材料32.【阅读理解PartA】ItwassuggestedbyresearchersfromUniversityofCalifornia,DavisthatA.seabirdsarepronetofeedonplasticswhichsmellofcertainchemicalsB.thesmellofcertainchemicalsisthereasonwhyanimalsareoftenkilledC.seabirdsoftenchasetheirfoodatthebottomofthemarinefoodchainsD.anabundanceofbacteriaresultintheemergenceofmicro-organisms正确答案：A参考解析：ResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,noticedthatcertainchemicals,whicharereleasedintotheairbymicro-organism-colonizedplastics,arethosewhichmanyseabirdssnifftotrackdownfood.第二段第一句，塑料垃圾的气味可能会引诱动物走向灭亡，然后举了海鸟的例子，海鸟就是依靠某种化学物质的气味寻找食物的，而这种海鸟相比于其他海鸟更有可能食用塑料。所以“海鸟喜欢吃那些有某种化学物质味道的塑料”正确。查看材料33.【阅读理解PartA】WecanlearnfromParagraph3that_____A.turtlesliketobreakthesurfacefromtimetotimeB.turtlesfindtheirfoodbysmellingtheairC.turtlesareafooljustlikethoseseabirdsD.turtlesareluredtoeatplasticsbysomechemicals正确答案：D参考解析：Sinceturtlesareknowntobreakthesurfaceperiodicallyandsnifftheairwhennavigatingtowardstheirfeedingareas,Dr.Pfallertheorizedthattheyarefollowingthesesamechemicals,andarelikewisefooledintothinkingthatfloatingplasticobjectsareedible.同上一段研究人员们指出的海鸟吞食塑料垃圾的原因相同，即“海龟也是追随着那些同样的物质，同样也误以为漂浮的塑料物体是可以食用的”，选项[D]语义与其相同。查看材料34.【阅读理解PartA】Accoringtotheexperiment,whichofthefollowingismostattractivetoturtles?A.bottlesdriftingforseveralweeksB.freshly-thrownplasticbottlesC.unpollutedwatervapourD.thesmellofrubbish正确答案：A参考解析：Twoofthesmellsprovedfarmoreattractivetotheanimalsthantheothers.Whensniffingboththesmelloffoodandthatoffive-week-oldbottlesturtleskepttheirnosesoutofthewatermorethanthreetimesaslong,andtooktwiceasmanybreathsastheydidwhenwhatwasonofferwasthesmelloffreshbottle-plasticorcleanwatervapour.有两种气味比其他气味更吸引动物：thesmelloffood和five-week-oldbottles。选项bottlesdriftingforseveralweeks(漂浮了几周的瓶子)属于前面两种之一，故为正确答案。查看材料35.【阅读理解PartA】Thetextismainlyabout_____A.Thefunctionofchemicalsinturtles'dietB.TheattractionofplasticrubbishtoturtlesC.Thereasonsofturtles'likingforplasticsD.Thetheoriesoneatinghabitsofturtles正确答案：C参考解析：文章从乌龟吞噬塑料垃圾致死引出了为什么乌龟吞噬塑料垃圾的原因。并且用海鸟进行了对比。第四段列举了约瑟夫普法勒博士为了证明他的理论所做的实验，目前还不能确认塑料垃圾中的某些化学物质是导致海龟吞食塑料垃圾的罪魁祸首，但其可能性非常大。所以C“海龟喜欢吞食塑料垃圾的原因”。正确。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答36-40题TheUKhaslongenjoyedaglobalreputationasacentreforexcellenceintheperformingarts,bothasanexporteroftalentandadestinationofchoiceforloversofculture.Wegainalotemotionallyfromtheindustry,whichboostsourmentalandphysicalhealth.Butperformingartsarealsopartofthefastest-growingsectoroftheeconomy,thecreativearts,whichcontributedmorethan₤100bnin2017.Despiteallthis,theperformingartsintheUKarefacinganexistentialthreat.ThedeclineofformalperformingartseducationinschoolsandtheimpactoftheEBacchavebeenwelldocumented.In2017,thenumberofentriesforGCSEdramadeclinedby8.5%,whileA-levelentriesfordancefellby42%,dramaby33%andmusicby38%between2010and2018.ABBCsurveyinJanuary2018showednineoutof10secondaryschoolshadcutbackonlessontime,stafforfacilitiesinatleastonecreativeartssubject.Meanwhile,cutstolocalauthoritieshavefurtherdecimatedopportunitiesforyoungpeopletoparticipateintheperformingarts.Thesecutsfeelshort-sightedwhencreativejobsarethoughttobesomeoftheleastvulnerabletoautomation.In21Lessonsforthe21stCentury,historianYuvalNoahHararinotesthatmanypedagogicalexpertsarguethatschoolsshouldswitchtoteaching"thefourCs—criticalthinking,communication,collaboration,andcreativity"—topreparethechildrenoftodayfortheworkforceoftomorrow.Allfourskillsarehallmarksofaperformingartseducation.Meanwhile,universitiesareanxiouslyawaitingtheoutcomeofthegovernment'sreviewofpost-18educationfunding.Twooftherumoursarounditsrecommendationscouldhugelydamageperformingartscourses.Iftuitionfeesarecutwithoutgovernmentfundingtomakeuptheshortfall,universitiesmaystruggletofundhigh-cost,studio-basededucationandtraining.Equally,minimumA-levelgraderequirementsmightexcludemanyprospectivestudentsconsideringavocationalcareerintheperformingarts,includingthosewhostarttheirhighereducationjourneyat16.Myinstitution,theConservatoireforDanceandDrama,isoneofanumberofworld-leadingspecialistswhichfocusesondance,drama,circusarts,ormusicwithinhighereducation.Inadditiontothechallengesmentioned,wealsofaceafurtherthreatfrompossiblewithdrawalofspecialistsupportfunding,knownasISTA(institution-specifictargetedallocation).ISTAsupportsworld-leadingconservatoiresinmeetingtheadditionalcostsessentialtodelivertrainingofanintensityandstandardwhichpreparesourstudentstoentertheirprofessionatthehighestlevel.Thebenefitsofthiseducationareshowninthesuccessofourstudents,includinginternationallyrenownedartistssuchasactorandOscarwinnerOliviaColmanandchoreographerSirRichardAlston.Performingartseducation—alongwithlow-paidbutessentialprofessionssuchasnursing,teachingandcaring