2025高考英语步步高大一轮复习讲义人教版语法专题专题四　第1讲　定语从句含答案

2025高考英语步步高大一轮复习讲义人教版语法专题第1讲定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。Arealfriendissomeonewho①walksinwhentherestoftheworldwalkout.Arealfriendissomeonewhose②supportwecancounton.Arealfriendissomeonewho①seesourtrueself，notjustthefacewho/whom/that③weshowtotheworld.Yetthesedays，themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.Wemaybeabletomakemanyfriendsonline，butthesefriendshipscanbequiteshallow.Socialmedialikeblogshascomebetweenusandthefriendswho/whom/that③welove.Textingandmessagingcannottaketheplaceofface-to-facechatting.“Sharing”ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpressthevalueswhich/that④mattermosttous.“Liking”ourfriends’photosonlinedoesnotdeveloptheconnectionwhich/that④weshare.Tomakefriendsarealpartofourlives，weshouldputdownoursmartphonesandmeettheminperson.[规则感悟]①关系词指人作主语，可以用who，that引导。若先行词为someone，anyone，one等时，关系词只能用who。②关系词作定语，用whose引导，既可以指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语，可以用who，whom，that引导。④关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用which，that引导。1．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句。(1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。(2)whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用ofwhich代替，指人时可用ofwhom代替。Somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。Ihavemanyfriends(who/whom)I’mgoingtosendpostcardsto.我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。Myeldestson，whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld，isinNewYorkatthemoment.我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。2．that和which引导的定语从句that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点：(1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。①先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，theone等不定代词时。②先行词被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修饰时。③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。④先行词被theonly，thevery(正是，恰是),thelast修饰时。⑤先行词既有人又有物时。⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。(2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。①引导非限制性定语从句时。②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。③先行词本身是that时。④关系代词后有插入语时。3．as引导的定语从句as引导限制性定语从句主要用于thesame...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。Wehavefoundthesamematerialsasareusedintheirfactory.我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。4．引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别关系词位置不同表意不同as既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等which通常放在主句之后意为“这一点”或“这件事”等Asanybodycansee，theelephantislikeasnake.正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。Thenumberofsmokers，asisreported，hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。Shemarriedagain，whichwasunexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。5．定语从句中的主谓一致(1)关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishomemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。(2)“oneof＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、theonly、thevery等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasmadegreatprogress.他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。对点练习1．BMIisaninternationallyrecognizedmeasurementtoolwhich/thatgivesanindicationofwhethersomeoneisahealthyweight.(2021·浙江1月)2．DrRowan，whosesecretaryresignedtwoweeksago，hashadtodoallhisowntyping.3．Theladywhois(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.4．Asiswidelyaccepted，intheMiddleEastArabsgreeteachotherbytouchingnoses，butthisisnotapolitewayofgreetinginothercultures.5．Whentheymetagain，thetwofriendstalkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.6．ThenMrGreenreadsomereviewsoftheplay，whichsaiditwasaterribleone.Arecentsurveyhasfoundthatmanypeoplesufferfromsleepproblems.Someareunabletofallasleep，somewakeupinthemiddleofthenight，andotherssimplydonotgetenoughsleep.Oneofthereasonswhy①peoplefailtogetagoodnight’ssleepispressurefromschoolorwork.Noisepollutionandlightpollutioninbigcitiesmayalsocontributetosleepproblems.Intheshortterm，peoplewithsleepproblemsoftenfeeltiredandhavetroubleconcentrating.Inthelongterm，theymaybeatincreasedriskofhavingapoormemory，beingoverweightandsufferingaheartattack.Sleepproblemsareespeciallydangerousforteenagers.Theyarestillgrowing，andnightisthetimewhen②theirbodiesgrowfaster.Teenagerswhodonotsleepwellmayexperiencesituationswhere③bodydevelopmentslowsdown，andtheirhealthsuffers.So，ifyouhavetroublegettingagoodnight’ssleep，itmightbetimetomakesomechangesinyourlifestyle.[规则感悟]①先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词why。②先行词表示时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词when。③先行词表示情况，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where。1．关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。先行词关系副词在从句中的作用与“介词＋关系代词”的关系表示时间的名词：time，day，year等when作时间状语＝at/in/on/duringwhich表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等where作地点状语＝in/at/to/onwhich表示原因的名词：reasonwhy作原因状语＝forwhichWeliveinanagewhen(inwhich)moreinformationisavailablewithgreateasethaneverbefore.我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。Theschoolwhere(atwhich)Istudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometresaway.我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3000米远。Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hedidn’tpassthedrivingtestwasthathelackedpractice.他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。2．有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatefromeachother.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。3．先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。Icanrememberveryfewoccasionswhenhehadtocancelameetingbecauseofillhealth.我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。Takingherwithmeonofficialoccasionswheremanyimportantfiguresarepresenthasbeenachallenge.在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。4．当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that，inwhich或省略关系词。It’snotwhatyousay；it’stheway(that/inwhich)yousayit.问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。5．关系副词与关系代词的选择。选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。如：eq\x(典例1)Thefactoryheonceworkedisclosednow.eq\x(分析)work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，workinthefactory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语。eq\x(典例2)Thefactoryhesetuplastyearisoperatingwell.eq\x(分析)该题从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构setupthefactory，所以setup是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。对点练习1．Inthespring，aseasonwhenwearelearningnewrhythmsoflife，manyofusfindcomfortinthenaturalworld.(2021·天津6月)2．Theyarenowinasituationwheretheyneedtomakeapracticalplan.3．Thatevening，whichIwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.4．Oneday，mentallyexhausted，Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.Asisuniversallyknown，highschoollifeisanimportantturningpointandhighschoolcampusisanimportantplaceinwhich①studentsstudyandlive.Heretherearemanykindteacherstowhom②wecanturnforhelpwhenweareintrouble.MyclassmatesandIdecidedtodosomethingforthecominggraduation.Havinghadaheateddiscussion，weagreedonmakingavideowithwhich③wecouldrecordourexperiencesatschool.Materialcollectingtookusawholeweek，duringwhich④weinterviewedourteachersandtookpicturesofeveryaspectofschoollife.Somecompromiseswereunavoidable，butthevideoturnedoutperfect.Thatdayonwhich⑤thevideowasplayed，itwaswellreceived.Thestudentsandteacherssharedagreattime，whichsurelygaveusagreatsenseofachievement.[规则感悟]“介词＋关系词”可以引导定语从句，如果先行词是物，关系词用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行词是人，关系词用whom，如：②。介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择，如：①③④⑤，也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择，如：②。1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。Heisthepersononwhomyoucandepend.他是你可以信赖的人。Hewasthemanfromwhoseroomthethiefhadstolenhisbag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstore，threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定Iboughtagreatmanybooks，onwhichIspentallmymoneythatIhadsaved.我买了很多书，花光了所有的积蓄。(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。(3)根据所表达的意思来确定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋ofwhich”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋ofwhom”。Thenewlybuiltcafe，thewallsofwhich(＝whosewalls)arepaintedlightgreen，isreallyapeacefulplaceforus，especiallyafterhardwork.这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。特别提醒定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别(一)定语从句与并列句的区别两个句子之间若有and，but，so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。1．Shehaswrittenmanynovels，someofareinteresting.分析which[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“someofwhich”在从句中作主语。]2．Shehaswrittenmanynovels，andsomeofareinteresting.分析them[此句为and连接的并列句。](二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。1．Shehascollectedmanyoldstamps，mostofareworththousandsofdollars.分析which[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词stamps，“mostofwhich”在从句中作主语，后边有谓语动词are。]2．Shehascollectedmanyoldstamps，mostofworththousandsofdollars.分析them[逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。](三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。1．Weyoungpeopleshouldgototheplaceisinneedofhelp.分析which/that[关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“theplace”，且在从句中作主语。]2．Weyoungpeopleshouldgowe’remostneeded.分析where[where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。](四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。1．IwillalwaysrememberthedaysIlivedwithmygrandparentsinthecountryside.分析when[when引导定语从句，修饰先行词“thedays”，且在从句中作状语。]2．IalwaysrememberthedaysinthecountrysideIseethephotoofmygrandparents.分析when[when引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词remember。](五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别在thesame...as...与such...as...结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。1．Thisissuchaninterestingworkofartallofuslike.分析as[as引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。]2．Thisissuchaninterestingworkofartallofuslikeit.分析that[such...that...引导结果状语从句。](六)定语从句与主语从句的区别定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。1．isknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析As[as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整句话的内容。]2．isknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析It[it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。]3．isknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析What[what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。](七)定语从句与强调句型的区别强调句的结构为“Itis/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，Itis/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。1．ItwasonthemorningofMay1stImetLiangWeiattheairport.分析that[将句子改为：ImetLiangWeionthemorningofMay1stattheairport.显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。]2．ItisthefactoryMrWangworks.分析where[此句是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知thefactory前少介词in，故填where。]对点练习1．WilliamHastieoncesuggestedthathistoryinformsusofpastmistakesfromwhichwecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem.(2021·天津3月)2．HuaMulan，thestoryofwhomhasbeentoldbygenerationsinChina，isafighterfromtheNorthernWeiDynasty(386－534)．3．ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies，allofthemover600yearsold.4．Ihaveanewbook，thecoverofwhichisverynice.1．IdecidedthatifIlearnedofacompanywhich/thatusedalotofplastic，I’dsenditanemailurgingittocutback.(2021·新课标Ⅱ)2．AttheChineseartfestival，therearedifferentstandswhereartistsdemonstratetheirskillsandteachthevisitors.(2021·天津3月)3．Manywesternerswho/thatcometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.4．AsoneofthesmartestlibrariesinShanghai，thenewbranchhasthelargestindividuallibrarybuildinginChina，whosesizeis115,000squaremeters.5．AswasreportedintheinternationalsciencejournalNatureMedicinelastweek，theresearchwasconductedbyateamledbyLinHaotian，aprofessorattheZhongshanOphthalmicCenterofSunYat-senUniversity.层级一基础达标练单句语法填空1．Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，whichmadehiseldersondiscouraged.2．IwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillagewhereIspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.3．Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry，whohadalsovolunteeredtohelp.4．Therearemanygoodwebsiteswhereyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.5．HedecidedtogotoStanfordbecausethereweremanyopportunitiesforpeoplewho/thatwantedtoworkinSiliconValley.6．Incense(香)foundwiderpopularityduringtheMingandQingdynastieswhenitwasusedtofendoffdiseases，insects，mosquitoesandpreservepeople’shealth.7．Overtheyears，Ihavemetsomeinterestingpeople.Twoofthemostinterestingpeopleweretwoelderlysisters，JoanandBernice，whosewayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.8．Asanofficialdocumentexplained，teaisafundamentalculturalelementtoChinesepeople’sdailylife.9．Thereasonwhythe12thlunarmonthiscalledlayuehasalottodowiththecustomofsacrifice.10．Zhouisworkingwithagroupofhighlyeducatedandskilledyoungpeople，mostofwhomholddoctoratedegrees.层级二高考真题练单句语法填空1．Butforallitsancientbuildings，Beijingisalsoaplacewhich/thatwelcomesthefast-paceddevelopmentofmodernlife.(2023·全国乙)2．TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmericawherealllifeseemedtoenjoypeacefulco-existencewithitssurroundings.(2023·全国甲)3．KimCobb，aprofessorattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyinAtlanta，isoneofasmallbutgrowingminorityofacademicswho/thatarecuttingbackontheirairtravelbecauseofclimatechange.(2022·浙江1月)4．Onthe1,100-kilometerjourney，themanCaoShengkang，wholosthiseyesightattheageofeightinacaraccident，crossed40citiesandcountiesinthreeprovinces.(2022·全国甲)5．TheGPNPisintendedtoprovidestrongerprotectionforallthespeciesthatlivewithintheGiantPandaRangeandsignificantlyimprovethehealthoftheecosysteminthearea.(2022·新课标Ⅰ)6．Whenyousleep，yourbrainsortsthrougheverythingthathappenedduringtheday，tryingtolinknewexperiencestooldmemories.(2021·北京)7．Becausethemoon’sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe，ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotwhereitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)8．InancientChinalivedanartistwhosepaintingswerealmostlifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)9．The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane，forexample，formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumwhich/thatopenedin1759.(2020·新课标Ⅰ)10．Theirchildisatthestagewhereshecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019·天津6月)层级三语篇提能练语法填空Therewasatime1.IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2.myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3.Imetmanystrangers，Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately，myguide,4.teacherwasYuMinhong，communicatedwithmefacetoface.He，from5.Igainedsomeusefulinstructions，alsoshowedmeagoodpartner，andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6.wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish，into8.Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BeforeIgotosleep，Irecallthepassages，through9.Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.10.______________ourEnglishteachersays，“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”eq\x(语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。)1．答案when解析先行词是time，指时间，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。2．答案why解析先行词是reason，指原因，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。3．答案where解析先行词是club，指地点，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。4．答案whose解析先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。5．答案whom解析此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。6．答案that/which解析此处为限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which。7．答案who解析此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词myfatherandtheguide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故填who。8．答案which解析此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指物，并在定语从句中作宾语，故填which。9．答案which解析此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“Irecallthepassages”，故填which。10．答案As解析此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代后面的句子“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”并位于句首，意为“正如”，故填As。1．关系代词引导的定语从句运用于写作eq\x(典例1)(2023·新课标Ⅰ，Ⅱ)我一手拿着奖杯，一手拿着奖状，望着老师，老师对我竖起了大拇指，眼里闪烁着喜悦和自豪。Withatrophyinonehandandanawardingpaperintheotherhand，Ilookedatmyteacher，whogavemeathumbs-up，withhiseyestwinklingwithpleasureandpride.eq\x(运用1)(2023·全国甲)孔子，又名孔丘，是生活在春秋时期的中国哲学家和政治家。Confucius，alsoknownasKongQiu，wasaChinesephilosopherandpoliticianwholivedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.eq\x(典例2)(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)你给我的诸多鼓励激发了我写作的动力。Agreatdealofencouragementwhichyougavemeinspiredmymotivationforwriting.eq\x(运用2)(2022·全国甲)6月8号的世界海洋日旨在提高人们保护海洋的意识。WorldOceanDaywhich/thatfallsonJune8thisaimedatraisingpeople’sawarenessofoceanconservation.2．关系副词引导的定语从句运用于写作eq\x(典例)(2023·全国甲)孔子的影响在现代中国社会仍然可以看到，他的学说继续被研究和应用于日常生活中。Confucius’influencecanstillbeseeninmodernChinesesociety，wherehisteachingscontinuetobestudiedandappliedindailylife.eq\x(运用)(2021·浙江1月)首先，我们会带你们参观我们的学校，然后在当地的一家餐馆吃饭，在那里你们可以尝尝地道的中国菜。First，you’llbeshownaroundourschoolandhavelunchatalocalrestaurant，whereyoucanhaveatasteofauthenticChinesefood.3．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句运用于写作eq\x(典例)(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)那么，为什么他突然强迫我做一件我肯定会失败的事情呢？So，whydidhesuddenlyforcemetodosomethingatwhichIwassuretofail?eq\x(运用)(2022·全国乙)对于学生们来说，使他们学习受益最大的就是读英语书，他们可以从中学习在课堂上学不到的东西。Forstudents，whatismostbeneficialtotheirstudyisreadingEnglishbooks，fromwhichtheycanlearnwhattheycan’tinclass.4．非限制性定语从句运用于写作eq\x(典例)(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)我解释了我为什么选择这个特殊的主题，甚至在舞台上表演了一个角色，扮演里维尔的马，这让观众笑了出来。IexplainedwhyIchosethisspecialsubjectandevenactedoutonerole-playasRevere’shorseonthestage，whichmadetheaudiencelaughout.eq\x(运用)(2023·北京)首先，我建议组织一次环城徒步旅行，探索北京的绿色空间，这将使参与者体验到城市公园的美丽。Tobeginwith，IsuggestorganizingawalkingtouraroundthecitytoexplorethegreenspacesinBeijing，whichwillallowparticipantstoexperiencethebeautyoft第2讲名词性从句名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，它的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。Manystudentsdon’tknowwhattheyshoulddo①，butwhatXiaoMengwantstodo②isearnmoney.Thereasonisthatshewantstolessenherparents’burden③.Itissaidthatmanysmallcompaniesneedgraduatestodopart-timejobs②.XiaoMenghasappliedfortwojobsbutsheisnotsurewhethershewillbeemployed①.Shealsowonderswhenshewillbeadmittedtoacollege①andwhichcityshewillgo①.Sheisanxiousforthenewsthatsheisadmittedtoagooduniversity④.[规则感悟]①位于及物动词或形容词之后的从句是宾语从句。②谓语动词之前的从句为主语从句。此外，该从句可以用it作形式主语。③位于be动词之后的从句是表语从句。④位于抽象名词之后，解释该名词内容的从句为同位语从句。1．名词性从句的引导词如下表所示引导词功能从属连词that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义whether，if在从句中不作任何成分，意为“是否”because，asif/though在从句中不作任何成分，分别意为“因为”“好像”连接代词who(ever)，whom(ever)，what(ever)，whose，which-(ever)who(ever)和what(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；whom(ever)在从句中作宾语；which(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语；whose在从句中作定语连接副词when(ever)，where，wherever，why，how(ever)在从句中作状语2.名词性从句的语序是陈述语序Doyouknowwherewillthepartybeheld？(×)Doyouknowwherethepartywillbeheld？(√)3．名词性从句的时态(1)当主句是现在时态(一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)时，从句可根据实际情况使用各种时态。Itannoysmethathebrokemyfavouritevase.他打碎了我最喜欢的花瓶，这令我很生气。Doyouknowwhenandwhereheboughtthebook？你知道他什么时候在哪里买的这本书吗？Ihaveheardthatourteacherwillcomebacktomorrow.我听说我们的老师明天就回来了。(2)当主句的谓语动词是过去时的时候，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也用某种过去时态。Iaskedherifshewouldallowmetointerviewher，andshereadilyagreed.我问她是否允许我采访她，她欣然同意了。Myteachersaidthatthesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.老师说太阳从东方升起西方落下。(客观真理)4．what与that的用法that是从属连词，在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意义。而what是连接代词，在名词性从句中充当成分，通常充当主语、宾语或表语。IbelievethatIwillsucceedifIstudyhard.我相信如果我努力学习我会成功的。Ibelievewhathesaidbecauseheisanhonestman.我相信他说的话，因为他是个诚实的人。5．whether与if的用法(1)用whether或if均可的情况①引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可使用。②it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。(2)用whether而不用if的情况①引导主语从句置于句首时；②引导表语从句和同位语从句时；③引导介词的宾语从句时；④引导词与ornot连用时；⑤引导词后接todo时；⑥有些动词如discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。6．what，who，which与whatever，whoever，whichever引导名词性从句的区别(1)what引导名词性从句意为“什么”，带有疑问意味；意为“……的事情”，表示肯定的意思。who意思是“谁”，带有疑问意味；which意思是“哪一个”，带有疑问意味。Doyouknowwhobrokethewindow?你知道是谁打坏的窗子吗？(2)whatever，whoever，whichever意思分别为“所……的一切事或东西”“任何……的人”“……的任何一种东西”等，并且充当成分，相当于anythingthat，anyonewho等。Sheisverydeartome.Wehavebeenpreparedtodowhateverittakestosaveherlife.＝Sheisverydeartome.Wehavebeenpreparedtodoanythingthatittakestosaveherlife.她是我的至亲，我们已经准备好了不惜一切代价救她的命。7．that不可省略的情况(1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时；that引导表语从句时；that引导同位语从句时；当it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语时。(2)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其他的that不可省略。Shesaid(that)herambitionwastoenterakeyuniversity，thatshewouldstudyhardtomakeherdreamcometrue，andthatshewouldliveuptoherparents’expectations.她说她的志向是考上一所重点大学，她会努力学习，实现自己的梦想，不辜负父母的期望。8．同位语从句位于表示概念或思维的抽象名词之后，对该抽象名词起解释说明的作用常见的抽象名词有news，idea，fact，promise，conclusion，theory，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word(消息)，possibility，decision等。Atfirstmanypeoplewereastonishedattheconclusionthattheearthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse.起初很多人对地球不是宇宙中心这一结论感到惊讶。9．why与because引导表语从句的区别why与because引导表语从句时，前者强调结果，后者强调原因。Ihadacold.ThatwaswhyIdidn’tattendschool.我感冒了，因此我没去上学。Ididn’tattendschool.ThatwasbecauseIhadacold.我没去上学，那是因为我感冒了。注意：(1)句子的主语为thereason时，表语从句用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。Thereasonwhyshewasillwasthatshehadeatenbadmeat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(2)由why引导的从句作主语时，表语从句用that引导。Whywedecidedtoputoffthematchwasthattheweatherwastooterrible.我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。10．asif/though引导的表语从句asif/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be等后面，从句中既可以用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。Itsoundsasifsomebodyisknockingat/onthedoor.听起来好像有人在敲门。Shetreatshimasifhewereastranger.她待他如陌生人。11．同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句是用于解释说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，而定语从句是对作先行词的名词的限制、描绘或说明。that在同位语从句中只是连接主从句，没有任何意义，不在从句中充当句子成分；that在定语从句中是关系代词，不但连接主从句，而且指代被修饰的名词或代词(即先行词)，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。IhadnoideathatBrisbanehassomanypeople!(that引导同位语从句，不能省略)Theidea(that)heputforwardatthemeetingisveryreasonable.(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略)对点练习1．PeoplewonderwhyQizaiisbrown，giventhathismotherisblackandwhite.Scientistsguessthatit’sduetosomegeneticmutation(基因突变)．2．AsianelephantsareamongthemosthighlyprotectedanimalsinChinaandwhatdrovetheelephantstomaketheirlongtripisstillunknown.3．TheyinteractedwithstudentsfromfiveclassroomsacrossChinaandshowedviewershowtheyliveandworkinsidethespacestation.4．Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathewascaughtinatrafficjam.5．HeexpressedhishopethathewouldvisitChinaagain.6．IwasinsuchahurrythatIpaidnoattentiontowhetherornotthemilkwashot.1．Whatissobreathtakingabouttheexperienceistheout-of-this-worldscenes.(2021·新课标Ⅰ)2．Byboatistheonlywaytogethere，whichishowwearrived.3．Everyyear，whoevermakesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.4．Youhavetoknowwhereyou’regoingifyouaretoplanthebestwayofgettingthere.5．Sheaskedmewhether/ifIhadreturnedthebookstothelibrary，andIadmittedthatIhadn’t.层级一基础达标练单句语法填空1．Hewasnotlookingforothers’smiles，orworryingaboutwhethersomeonewaswatchingornot.2．HelenMcCarthy，anauthorandexpertonJapaneseCartoons，explainedwhythecharacterissopopular.“BecauseHelloKittyisallabouthappiness，friendshipandfun.”3．Myfirsttaskwastodecidewheretogoandhowtogetthere.4．Studentscanchoosewhat/whatevertheywanttodoandregisteronline.5．MrWhiteisopposedtorepairingtheoldbuilding，andthat’swhereIdon’tagree.6．Theproblemisthatonelesshourofsleepisnotequaltoanextrahourofachievement.7．Twenty-fiveyearslaterthetravelerreturnedtothesameplace.Whathesawamazedhim.Hecouldnotbelievehisowneyes.8．Itwasnotclearwhenthewaterinthereservoirwouldriseagain，andtheexposedwallsoflargebuildingsintheoldcitywoulddisappear.9．Theoutputsareamazinglyvarieddependingonwhoiswritingtheorders.10．Arealsmileoftencausestheeyestolightuporbecomesmaller.Thisisbecausemoremusclesareusedwhenwearehappy.层级二高考真题练单句语法填空1．TheyalsoneedtobereadytogiveinterviewsinEnglishwithinternationaljournalists.ThisiswhytheyneedanEnglishtrainer.(2023·新课标Ⅱ)2．Cobb，forherpart，startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeakwhether/ifshecoulddosoremotely.(2022·浙江1月)3．“Hesavedmyson’slife，”saidMrsBrown.“Idon’tknowhowtothankhim.”(2022·新课标Ⅱ)4．Thepoorwomanwasn’tabletogivehimanyinformationaboutwhereshelived.(2021·北京)5．ItseemedthatIhadbecomewhatmyparentshadwantedmetobe.(2021·天津6月)6．WhatpuzzlesLily’sfriendsiswhy/thatshealwayshassomanycrazyideas.(2021·天津3月)7．Overthousandsofyears，theybegantodependlessonwhatcouldbehuntedorgatheredfromthewild，andmoreonanimalstheyhadraisedandcropstheyhadsown.(2020·浙江7月)8．Itisnotaproblemwhether/ifwecanwinthebattle；it’sjustamatteroftime.(2020·江苏)9．ThestudentcompletedthisexperimenttomakecometruewhatProfessorJosephhadsaid.(2020·天津7月)10．Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°，thereisevidencethattheyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic，andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.(2019·全国Ⅰ)层级三语篇提能练语法填空1．worriesmyclassmateMaryalotthesedaysis2.sheputsontoomuchweightandsheisfrequentlyill.Shehassomedoubts3.sheeatstoomuchfastfoodhighinfatorsugar.Also，withtheCollegeEntranceExaminationapproaching，shebecomesmorestressfulandshecan’tsleepwellthesedays.Maybethisis4.shebecomesfatterthesedays，shethinks.5.shebecomesslimmerandhealthierhasbeenhermaintask.Soshewantstoconsultsomeexpertsandgainsomeinstructions.Butwhereshecangetbettersuggestionsand6.willgiveherbetteradvicealsopuzzleher.Itisherparents’suggestion7.______________sheshouldconsultProfessorWanginZhongshanHospital.ProfessorWangsuggests8.shekeepabalanceddietfirst.Sheshouldeatvegetablesandfruithighinfiber，vitaminandprotein.What’smore，ifshewantstoloseweight，shehadbettertakeregularexercisemorethanhalfanhouraday.MaryaskedProfessorWa