对新高中英语教材的新探索附阅读理解专练

对新高中英语教材的新探索

一、引言

现如今，倡导“素质教育、培养学生的创新精神和实践能

力”的新一轮的教学改革正在全国各地如火如荼地进行着；

2003年秋季教育部又开始在全国各地颁布执行新的教学大纲

和与之相配套的以话题为形式、功能与结构相结合的“任务型”

新教材。该教材要求课堂以结构和功能为主线，组织学生进行

听、说、读、写的活动。教材要求教师教学应该以启发启发学

生思考为主，提倡创新，给学生思维和想象的空间。在培养听、

说、读、写等各项能力的基础上，着力提高学生分析和解决问

题的能力，以培养学生英语的综合能力作为主要目标。新的教

材和课程不仅要求教师向学生传授知识，更要面授记忆，提高

学生的英语应用的能力。因此，教师有必要对课堂上的教学内

容、教学效果、学生反应等一系列的教学环节进行系统的思维

创新，才能及时发现学生学习中的困难和教学过程中的不足，

才能提高课堂质量，提高学生的英语能力，探索出一条适应新

教材的要求和学生特点的全新教学模式。

二、教学理念的反思

面对新教材，首先思想观念要转变，有了新的观念才能接

受新事物。才能避免“穿新鞋，走老路”；新课程的实施不能

简单地被视为换一个大纲、换一套教材、调整一些课程内容。

在语言环境的欠缺中不仅要崇尚“苦读”、“勤教”，更要以

人为本；对学生“乐学”的潜能大力的开发，英语教学过程既

重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授，更要对学生实际语言运用

能力的培养。这样才能使教学观念与新课程标准要求相适应。

因此，要突出“以学生为主体”的思想，教师在教学活动中要

做到：

1.培养学生自我激励学习动机。学生英语学习动机对学

习兴趣的形成起着积极的促进作用，它是促进学生学习兴趣形

成的基本条件。学习英语的兴趣越浓，学习的积极性就越高，

学习的效果就越好。课堂教学是教师激发学生学习兴趣，提高

学生参与行为的重要场所之一，教师应尽一切努力和方法培养

学生对英语的兴趣。英语学习的兴趣产生之后，学生的学习态

度和方法会逐步改善，继而产生强烈的参与愿望。学生在课堂

教学过程中发挥出的主体作用反过来又促进了教师的课堂教

学质量的提高，教与学真正进入良性循环。一个有强烈学习动

机的人，才可以有强大的学习动力，也才能主动地投入到英语

学习中去。

2.充分调动学生学习的主动性。学生要自觉地确立学习目标,

制定学习计划，总结学习方法，建立认知结构。从学习知识、

解决问题的过程中获得某种满足感，并以兴奋活跃的思维状态

去面对英语语言知识和技能，在加强基础知识和基本训练的同

时，使基础知识转移为语言技能，并发展成运用英语进行交际

的能力。

3.建立“以学生为中心”的主体观。教学活动以学生在

课堂上做事为主，教师的作用是负责组织、引导、帮助和监控,

引导学生学会认知、学会做事，让学生经历获取知识的过程，

关注学生各种能力的发展，促进其知识与技能、过程与方法、

态度与价值观的全面发展，建立学生自主探索、合作学习的课

堂模式，创设和谐、宽松、民主的课堂环境。追求学习结果转

向追求学习过程，真正把学生当成获取知识发展自我的主人。

“一切为了学生，为了学生的一切，为了一切学生”，切实构

建“以学生为中心”主体观。使学生正确认识自己在学习中的

作用。学习是获取知识的过程。建构主义学习理论认为，知识

不是通过教师传授得到的，而是学习者在一定的情境即社会文

化背景下，借助其他人（包括教师和学习伙伴）的帮助，利用

必要的学习资料，通过意义建构的方式获得的。第二语言习得

理论认为Englishcannotbetaught.Itmustbelearned.学生们必须

认识到只有通过自己的努力，方可获得良好的学习效果。

4.建立“以能力为中心”的教育质量观。传统教学是

由老师单向灌输知识，以考试分数作为衡量教育成果的唯一标

准，教师注重学生在课堂教学中接受现成的知识和结论。这种

“守成性”教育严重影响了对学生创新精神和创新能力的培

养。为了适应知识经济时代的要求，更好地培养具有创新精神

和创新能力高素质人才，要求课堂教学不仅仅是传授基础知

识、基本技能的过程，同时也是一个不断培养学生创新精神和

实践能力的过程，教师所讲授的知识应该成为培养学生英语能

力的“火种”。也就是说，课堂教学是一个在老师引导下学生

主动参与、独立思考、自主发现、不断创新和培养实践能力的

过程，让学生由“学会”转变到“会学”。

三、把英语作为一种交流工具进行使用而教学

语言是一种交流的工具，不是一套死的规则，在平时教学

中，我们过分注重语法规则的讲解而忽视它的交际功能，不注

意培养学生正确、得体、灵活地运用所学语言的能力，课堂教

学大体上就是教师讲，学生听，记笔记，课下做永远也做不完

的作业。为了改革传统教法弊端，适应这种全新的“任务型”

教学，教者要做到：

1.课堂要有互动交往的教学设计

教育活动，教学活动实际上是一种典型的交际（交往）

活动，课堂教学是一个有目的的教学过程，它是师生之间或是

学生之间为了协调沟通，达成共识，联合力量去达到教学目的

而进行的互动。在教学中存在着师生之间的交往和学生之间的

交往。在教学中要围绕教学内容，教师要千方百计地创造各种

交往情境，设法使静态的文字变成生动活泼的交际活动，使学

生在语言运用中学习语言。在真实与互动的情境中，教材是脚

本，教师是导演，学生是演员，师生双方共同参与，频繁交流,

形成主动参与，探究合作的课堂气氛。学生在轻松愉快的气氛

中学到了知识。同时，活化了教学内容也能激活学生的思维，

促使他们主动学习、乐意学习，让他们充分发挥自己的想象力

和创造力，从而越学越爱学。

2.充分调动学生学习的主动性。学生要自觉地确立学习目标,

制定学习计划，总结学习方法，建立认知结构。从学习知识、

解决问题的过程中获得某种满足感，并以兴奋活跃的思维状态

去面对英语语言知识和技能，在加强基础知识和基本训练的同

时，使基础知识转移为语言技能，并发展成运用英语进行交际

的能力。

3.建立“以学生为中心”的主体观。教学活动以学生在

课堂上做事为主，教师的作用是负责组织、引导、帮助和监控,

引导学生学会认知、学会做事，让学生经历获取知识的过程，

关注学生各种能力的发展，促进其知识与技能、过程与方法、

态度与价值观的全面发展，建立学生自主探索、合作学习的课

堂模式，创设和谐、宽松、民主的课堂环境。追求学习结果转

向追求学习过程，真正把学生当成获取知识发展自我的主人。

“一切为了学生，为了学生的一切，为了一切学生”，切实构

建“以学生为中心”主体观。使学生正确认识自己在学习中的

作用。学习是获取知识的过程。建构主义学习理论认为，知识

不是通过教师传授得到的，而是学习者在一定的情境即社会文

化背景下，借助其他人（包括教师和学习伙伴）的帮助，利用

必要的学习资料，通过意义建构的方式获得的。第二语言习得

理论认为Englishcannotbetaught.Itmustbelearned.学生们必须

认识到只有通过自己的努力，方可获得良好的学习效果。

4.建立“以能力为中心”的教育质量观。传统教学是

由老师单向灌输知识，以考试分数作为衡量教育成果的唯一标

准，教师注重学生在课堂教学中接受现成的知识和结论。这种

“守成性”教育严重影响了对学生创新精神和创新能力的培

养。为了适应知识经济时代的要求，更好地培养具有创新精神

和创新能力高素质人才，要求课堂教学不仅仅是传授基础知

识、基本技能的过程，同时也是一个不断培养学生创新精神和

实践能力的过程，教师所讲授的知识应该成为培养学生英语能

力的“火种”。也就是说，课堂教学是一个在老师引导下学生

主动参与、独立思考、自主发现、不断创新和培养实践能力的

过程，让学生由“学会”转变到“会学”。

三、把英语作为一种交流工具进行使用而教学

语言是一种交流的工具，不是一套死的规则，在平时教学

中，我们过分注重语法规则的讲解而忽视它的交际功能，不注

意培养学生正确、得体、灵活地运用所学语言的能力，课堂教

学大体上就是教师讲，学生听，记笔记，课下做永远也做不完

的作业。为了改革传统教法弊端，适应这种全新的“任务型”

教学，教者要做到：

1.课堂要有互动交往的教学设计

教育活动，教学活动实际上是一种典型的交际（交往）

活动，课堂教学是一个有目的的教学过程，它是师生之间或是

学生之间为了协调沟通，达成共识，联合力量去达到教学目的

而进行的互动。在教学中存在着师生之间的交往和学生之间的

交往。在教学中要围绕教学内容，教师要千方百计地创造各种

交往情境，设法使静态的文字变成生动活泼的交际活动，使学

生在语言运用中学习语言。在真实与互动的情境中，教材是脚

本，教师是导演，学生是演员，师生双方共同参与，频繁交流,

形成主动参与，探究合作的课堂气氛。学生在轻松愉快的气氛

中学到了知识。同时，活化了教学内容也能激活学生的思维，

促使他们主动学习、乐意学习，让他们充分发挥自己的想象力

和创造力，从而越学越爱学。

阅读理解专项练习一：

1

WhenfamiliesgatherforChristmasdinner,somewillsticktoformal

traditionsdatingbackto

grandma'sgeneration.Theirtableswillbesetwiththegooddishesand

silver,andthedresscode

willbeSundaybest.

Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-silverelegancehas

givenwaytoastoneware（粗

陶）andstainlessinformality,withdressesassuminganequally

casual-Fridaylook.Forhostsand

guests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.Formakersof

finechinainBritain,it

spellseconomichardtimes.

LastweekRoyalDoulton,thelargestemployerinStoke-on-Trent,

announcedthatitiseliminating

1,000jobs-one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,

000thenumber

ofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery（陶瓷）region.Wedgwood

andotherpotteryfactories

madecutsearlier.

AlthoughastrongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayarole

inthedownsizing,thelayoffsin

Stokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsocialshifts.Aspokesmanfor

RoyalDoultonadmittedthatthe

company"hasbeensomewhatslowincatchingupwiththetrend"toward

casualdining.Familieseattogether

lessoften,heexplained,andmorepeopleeatalone,eitherbecause

theyaresingleortheyeatin

frontoftelevision.

Evendinnerparties,iftheyhappenatall,havegonecasual.In

atimeoflongworkhoursand

demandingfamilyschedules,busyhostsinsist,rightly,thatit'sbetterto

shareatakeoutpizza

onpaperplatesinthefamilyroomthantowaitfortheperfectmomentor

a"real"dinnerparty.

Toooften,theperfectmomentnevercomes.Ironafine-patterned

tablecloth?Forgetit.Polishthe

silver?Whohastime?

Yetthelossofformalityhasitsdownside.Thefinepointsof

etiquette侪L节)thatchildren

mightoncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfrom

parentsandgrandparents

("Chewwithyourmouthclosed.""Keepyourelbowsoffthetable.")must

bepickedupelse­

where.Somecompaniesnowofferetiquetteseminarsforemployeeswho

maybeableprofessionally

butinexperiencedsocially.

72.Whydopeopletendtofollowthetrendtocasualdining?

A.Familymembersneedmoretimetorelax.

B.Busyschedulesleavepeoplenotimeforformality.

C.Peopleprefertoliveacomfortablelife.

D.Youngpeoplewon'tfollowtheetiquetteoftheoldergeneration.

73.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat'RoyalDoulton

is.

A.asellerofstainlesssteeltablewareB.adealerin

stoneware

C.apotterychainstoreD.aproducerof

fineChina

74.Themaincauseofthelayoffsinthepotteryindustry

is.

A.theincreasedvalueofthepoundB.the

worseningeconomyinAsia

C.thechangeinpeople'swayoflifeD.thefierce

competitionathomeandabroad

75.Formaltablemanners,thoughlesspopularthanbeforeincurrent

Sociallife,.

A.arestillamustoncertainoccasions

B.arecertaintoreturnsoonerorlater

C.arestillbeingtaughtbyparentsathome

D.canhelpimprovepersonalrelationships

2

WhenJohnnyCashsings,peoplelisten.Hisbig,deepvoice

rumblesoutofradiosandjuke­

boxesacrossNorthAmerica.Hisrecordssellbythemillion.

Country-musicfanseverywhere,know

hisbighits.Theylovesongslike"HeyPorter","RingofFire",and

"FolsomPrisonBlue".

JohnnyCashsingsaboutahundredconcertsayear.People

likewhattheyhear-andwhat

theysee,too.Ruggedandbig-shouldered,thesingerstandssix-two

withouthisblackbootson.

He'satwo-hundred-poundpackageofmuscleandtalent.Andthat

scar（疤痕）onhischeek?It's

abullet（子弹）hole,ofcourse!

Inthemindsofmostpeople,JohnnyCashis"Mr

Tough（violent）Guy".He'sanex-drug

addict（上瘾者）whowasonceputinprison.Hisgrandmotherwasan

Indian.Tokeepfromstarving

heoncehadtoliveonwildrabbitskilledfromfortyfeetawaywitha

knife.Somepeoplesayhe

evenkilledaman.

Infact,mostoftheJohnnyCashstoryisjustthat-astory.

True,yearsagohehada"drug

habit"forashorttime.He"popped"pills.Butheneverusedheroinor

other"hard"drugs.Some­

timeshe'dgowildandgetlockedupforafewhours.Buthenever

servedaprisonsentence.

There'snoIndianbloodinhisveins.He'sbeenakilleronlyinsong.

Asforthe"bullethole",

it'sanoldscarleftbyadoctorwhoopenedacyst（囊肿）.

PeoplewhoknowJohnnyCashwellsayhe'sa"gentleguy",

a"generousguy'-anythingbut

a"toughguy".Howdidthestoriesgetstarted?Someofthem,likethe

storyaboutthe"Indian

grandmother",hemadeuplongagotoaddexcitementtohiscareer.

Others,likethe"bullet

hole",simplygotstarted.Nowthere'slittlethesingercandoto

changepeople'sminds."They

justwanttobelieveit,"hesays.

56.JohnnyCashisafavoriteofmany.

A.operaloversB.

countrymusicfans

C.hard-rockfansD.

jazzmusiclovers

57.Intruth,JohnnyCash.

A.inventedthe"Indiangrandmother"

B.usedtokillrabbitsforaliving

C.hadabulletholeonhischeek

D.servedalongprisonsentence

58.Inhisprivatelife,JohnnyCashis,.

A.muchwilderthanhelooks

B.muchsmallerthanheisonstage

C.muchtougherthanheisinpublic

D.muchmoregentlethanmostpeoplesuppose

59.Thepassageshowsusthatmanypeople

believe.

A.onlywhattheyseeB.

whattheyaresureistrue

C.onlywhattheyhearD.

whattheyfindinteresting

B

3

Dodogsunderstandus?

Becarefulwhatyousayaroundyourdog.Itmightunderstand

morethanyouthink.

AbordercollienamedRicorecognizesthenamesofabout200

objects,sayresearchersinGermany.Thedogalsoappearstobeableto

learnnewwordsaseasilyasa3-year-oldchild.Itsword-learningskills

areasgoodasthoseofaparrotorchimpanzee（黑猩猩）.

Inoneexperiment,theresearcherstookall200itemsthatRicois

supposedtoknowanddividedtheminto20groupsof10objects.Then

theownertoldthedogtogoandfetchoneoftheitemsandbringitback.

Infourtests,Ricogot37outof40commandsright.Asthedogcouldn't

seeanyonetogetclues,thescientistsbelieveRicomustunderstandthe

meaningsofcertainwords.

Inanotherexperiment,thescientiststookonetoythatRicohad

neverseenbeforeandputitinaroomwithseventoyswhosenamesthe

dogalreadyknew.TheownerthentoldRicotofetchtheobject,usinga

wordthedoghadneverheardbefore.

ThecorrectobjectwaschoseninsevenoutofI0tests,suggesting

thatthedoghadworked

outtheanswerbyprocessofelimination（排除法）.Amonthlater,Rico

rememberedhalfofthenewnames,whichisevenmoreimpressive.

Ricoisthoughttobesmarterthantheaveragedog.Forone

thing,Ricoisabordercollie,abreed（品种）knownforitsmentalabilities.

Inaddition,the9-year-olddoghasbeentrainedtofetchtoysbytheir

namessincetheageofninemonths.

It'shardtoknowifalldogsunderstandatleastsomeofthe

wordswesay.Eveniftheydo,theycan'ttalkback.Still,itwouldn'thurtto

sweet-talkyourdogeverynowandthen.Youmightjustgetabig,wet

kissinreturn!

60.Fromparagraph2weknowthat.

A.animalsareascleverashumanbeings

B.dogsaresmarterthanparrotsandchimpanzees

C.chimpanzeeshaveverygoodword-learningskills

D.dogshavesimilar'learningabilitiesas3-year-oldchildren

61.Bothexperimentsshowthat.

A.Ricoissmartenoughtogetallcommandsright

B.Ricocanrecognizedifferentthingsincludingtoys

C.Ricohasdevelopedtheabilityoflearningmathematics

D.Ricowon'tforgetthenamesofobjectsoncerecognizing

them

62.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Thepurposeoftheexperimentsistoshowtheborder

collie'smentalabilities.

B.Ricohasabettermemorypartlybecauseofitsproperearly

training.

C.Thebordercollieisworld-famousforrecognizingobjects.

D.Ricoisborntounderstanditsowner'scommands.

63.Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellus?

A.Totrainyourdog.B.Totalk

toyourdog.

C.lbbefriendlytoyourdog.D.Tobe

carefulwithyourdog.

4

PaynesPrairie(used)

HaveyoueverheardofPaynesPrairie?Itisoneofthemost

importantnaturalandhistoricalareasinFlorida.PaynesPrairieislocated

nearGainesville.Itislarge,21000acres.Thisprotectedlandiscalleda

preserve.TheFloridaParkServicemanagethepreserve.

ThePaynesPrairiebasinwasformedwhenlimestonedissolved

andthegroundsettled.Itiscoveredbymarsh(沼泽)andwetprairie

vegetation.Thereareareasofopenwater.Duringbriefperiodsithas

floodedenoughtobeconsideredalake.Exceptforthat,thebasinhas

changedlittlethroughtime.

ManhaslivedonPaynesPrairieaverylongtime.Helivedthereas

farbackas10000B.C.Atonetime,theSeminoIeslivedthere.The

prairieisthoughttohavebeennamedafterKingPayne,aSeminolechief.

Duringthelate1600s,thelargestcattleranchinFloridawasonPaynes

Prairie.Today,PaynesPrairieispreservedland.Itisoccupiedbyvisitors

andFloridaParkServiceemployees.

WiliamBartramvisitedPaynesPraire.Bartramwasthefirst

personwhoportrayed(described)naturethroughpersonalexperienceas

wellasscientificobservation.Helived200yearsago.HevisitedPaynes

Prairiein1774.Atthattimehedescribedit.HecalledPaynesPrairiethe

"greatAlachuaSavannah."

Mostoftheanimallife,whichBartramdescribed,isstillhere.A

largenumberofsandhillcranes,hawksandwaterfowlarehereinwinter.

Theanimaldiversityisincreasedbythepresenceofpineflatwoods,

hammock,swampsandponds.

ThePaynesPrairiePreserveStateParkisopenyearround.The

FloridaParkServiceworkshardsothattheparkwillappearasitdidin

thepast.Itoffersmanyopportunitiesforrecreation.Attheparkyoucan

campandpicnic.Youcanhikeandbike.Youcanboatandfish.Youcan

rideonhorsetrails.Andyoucanseelotsofnatureandwildlife.Youcan

seeFloridaasitwasintheearlydays.

PaynesPrairieisapartofourFloridahistory.Itisanexampleof

ourFloridanaturalresources.Itisaplaceforrecreation.PaynesPrairieis

animportantexperienceoftheRealFlorida.

64.HowwasthePaynesPrairiebasinformed?

A.BytheSeminoleIndians.

B.BytheFloridaParkService.

C.Fromdissolvedlimestoneandthegroundsettling.

D.Fromlotsoffloodingandwetprairievegetation.

65.Theunderlinedword"diversity"means"

A.varietyB.societyC.

populationD.area

66.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat.

A.PaynesPrairiehaschangedlittlethroughtime

B.PaynesPrairieiscoveredbywetprairiegrasses

C.thereusedtobeabigcattlefarmonPaynesPrairie

D.WilliamBartramwasthefirstperson-tovisitPaynes

Prairie

67.Thepurposeofthepassageisto.

A.callonpeopletoprotectwidlife

B.attractpeopletothispreservedpark

C.showyoutheformationofPaynesPrairie

D.introducetherecordedhistoryofPaynesPrairie

5

NOTallmemoriesaresweet.Somepeoplespendalltheir

livestryingtoforgetbadexperiences.Violenceandtraffic

accidentscanleavepeoplewithterriblephysicalandemotional

scars.Oftentheyrelivetheseexperiencesinnightmares.

NowAmericanresearchersthinktheyarecloseto

developingapill,whichwillhelppeopleforgetbadmemories.The

pillisdesignedtobetakenimmediatelyafterafrightening

experience.Theyhopeitmightreduce,orpossiblyerase（抹

去）』heeffectofpainfulmemories.

InNovember,expertstestedadrugonpeopleintheUSand

France.Thedrugstopsthebodyreleasingchemicalsthatfix

memoriesinthebrain.Sofartheresearchhassuggestedthatonly

theemotionaleffectsofmemoriesmaybereduced,notthatthe

memoriesareerased.

Theresearchhascausedagreatdealofargument.Some

thinkitisabadidea,Whileotherssupportit.

Supporterssayitcouldleadtopillsthatpreventortreat

soldiers'troublingmemoriesafterwar.Theysaythattherearemany

peoplewhosufferfromterriblememories.

"Somememoriescanruinpeople'slives.Theycomeback

toyouwhenyoudon'twanttohavetheminadaydreamornightmare.

Theyusuallycomewithverypainfulemotions,"saidRogerPitman,a

professorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool."Thiscouldrelieve

alotofthatsuffering."

Butthosewhoareagainsttheresearchsaythatchanging

memoriesisverydangerousbecausememoriesgiveusouridentity

（特质）.Theyalsohelpusallavoidthemistakesofthepast.

"Allofuscanthinkofbadeventsinourlivesthatwere

horribleatthetimebutmakeuswhoweare.I'mnotsurewewantto

wipethosememoriesout,"saidRebeccaDresser,amedicalethicist.

68.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.anewmedicalinvention

B.anewresearchonthepill

C.awayoferasingpainfulmemories

D.anargumentabouttheresearchonthepill

69.Thedrugtestedonpeoplecan.

A.causethebraintofixmemories

B.stoppeoplerememberingbadexperiences

C.preventbodyproducingcertainchemicals

D.Wipeouttheemotionaleffectsofmemories

70.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

A.peopledoubttheeffectsofthepills

B.thepillwillstoppeople'sbadexperiences

C.takingthepillwilldoharmtopeople'shealth

D.thepillhasprobablybeenproducedinAmerica

71.WhichofthefollowingdoesRebeccaDresseragreewith?

A.Somememoriescanruinpeople'slives.

B.Peoplewanttogetridofbadmemories.

C.Experiencingbadeventsmakesusdifferentfromothers.

D.Thepillwillreducepeople'ssufferingsfrombadmemories.

6

What'syourdreamvacation?WatchingwildlifeinKenya?

BoatingdowntheAmazon?SunbathinginMalaysia?Newchances

areopeningupallthetimetoexploretheworld.Sowevisittravel

agents,comparepackagesandprices,andpayourmoney.

Weknowwhatourvacationcostsus.Butdoweknowwhatit

mightcostsomeoneelse?It'struethatmanypoorercountriesnow

dependontourismforforeignincome.Unfortunately,though,tourism

oftenharmsthelocalpeoplemorethanithelpsthem.

Itmightcosttheirhomesandlands.InMyanmar,5,200

peoplewereforcedtoleavetheirhomesamongthepagodas（佛塔）in

Bagansothattouristscouldvisitthepagodas.

Tourismmightalsocostthelocalpeopletheirlivelihoodand

dignity.Localworkersoftenfindonlymenial（卑微的）jobsinthe

touristindustry.Andmostoftheprofitsdonothelpthelocaleconomy.

Instead,profitsreturntothetouroperatorsinwealthiercountries,

WhentheMaasaipeopleinTanzaniaweredrivenfromtheirlands,

somemovedtocityslums.Othersnowmakealittlemoneyselling

souvenirsorposingforphotos.

ProblemslikethesewereObservedmorethat20yearsago.

Butnowsomenon-governmentorganizations,touroperatorsand

localgovernmentsareworkingtogethertobegincorrectingthem.

Tourists,too,areputtingonthepressure.

Theresultisresponsibletourism,or"ethicaltourism."Ethical

tourismhaspeopleatitsheart.Newinternationalagreementsand

codesofconductcanhelpprotectthepeople'slands,homes,

economiesandcultures.Thebeginningsaresmall,though,andthe

problemsarecomplex.

Buttakeheart.Thegoodnewsisthateveryone,includingus,

canplayaparttohelpthelocalpeopleintheplaceswevisit.Tour

operatorsandcompaniescanhelpbymakingsurethatlocalpeople

workingoodconditionsandearnreasonablewages.

Theycanmakeitapointtouseonlylocallyownedhotel,

restaurantsandguideservices.Theycanshareprofitsfairlytohelp

thelocaleconomy.Andtheycaninvolvethelocalpeopleinplanning

andmanagingtourism.

Whatcantouristsdo?First,wecanasktourcompaniesto

provideinformationabouttheconditionsoflocalcitizens.Wecanthen

makeourchoicesandtellthemwhy.Andwhilewe'reabroad,wecan:

Buylocalfoodsandproducts,notimportedones.

Payafairpriceforgoodsandservicesandnotbargainfor

thecheapestprice.

Avoidflauntingwealth.

Askbeforetakingphotographsofpeople.

Theyarenotjustpartofthelandscape!

Let'senjoyourvacationandmakesureothersdo,too.

72.Whatisprobablythebesttitleforthearticle?

A.TourismCausesBadEffects.B.Tourism

CallsforGoodBehavior.

C.VacationsBringaLotofFun.D.Vacations

CostMoreThanYouThink

73.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

A.Localpeoplewerewellpaidtoleavetheirlands.

B.Touristsmaystayinhotelsopenedbylocalpeople.

C.Localpeoplearemainlyprovidedwithlow-payingwork.

D.Touristscouldbargainwithlocalpeopleforareasonable

price.

74.Theunderlinedphrase"takeheart"means"

A.payattentionB.takecareC.cheerup

D.calmdown

75.Accordingtothepassage,thewriterthinks

A.tourismisnotapromisingindustry

B.dreamvacationsshouldbespentabroad

C.theproblemscausedbytourismareeasytosettle

D.touristsshouldrespectlocalcustomsandculture

7

RobertOwenwasborninWalesin1771.Attheageoftenhewentto

work.HisemployerhadalargeprivatelibrarysoOwenwasableto

educatehimself.Hereadalotinhissparetimeandatnineteenhewas

giventhejobofsuperintendent（监工）ataManchestercottonmill.He

wassosuccessfultherethathepersuadedhisemployertobuytheNew

LanarkmillinScotland.

WhenhearrivedatNewLanarkitwasadirtylittletownwitha

populationof2,000people.Nobodypaidanyattentiontotheworkers'

housesortheirchildrenseducation.Theconditionsinthefactorieswere

verybad.Therewasalotofcrimeandthemenspentmostoftheirwages

onalcoholicdrinks.

Owenimprovedthehouses.Heencouragedpeopletobecleanand

savemoney.Heopenedashopandsoldtheworkerscheap,well-made

goodstohelpthem.Helimitedthesaleofalcoholicdrinks.Aboveall,he

fixedhismindonthechildren'seducation.In1816heopenedthefirst

freeprimaryschoolinBritain.

PeoplecamefromalloverthecountrytovisitOwen'sfactory.They

sawthattheworkerswerehealthierandmoreefficientthaninothertowns.

Theirchildrenwerebetterfedandbettereducated.Owentriedthesame

experimentintheUnitedStates.Heboughtsomelandtherein1825,but

thecommunitywastoofaraway.Hecouldnotkeepitundercontroland

lostmostofhismoney.

Owenneverstoppedfightingforhisidea.Aboveallhebelievedthat

peoplearenotborngoodorbaa.Hewasapracticalmanandhisideas

werepractical."Ifyougivepeoplegoodworkingconditions,"bethought,

"theywillworkwelland,themostimportantthingofall,ifyougivethem

thechancetolearn,theywillbebetterpeople."

56.ForOwen,hisgreatestachievementinNewLanarkwas

A.improvingworker'shousesB.helpingpeopletosave

money

C.preventingmenfromgettingdrunkD.providingthechildrenwith

agoodeducation

5AFromthepassagewemayinferthatOwenwasborn.

A.intoarichfamilyB.intoanoblefamily

C.intoapoorfamilyD.intoamiddleclass

family

58.Owen'sexperimentintheUnitedStatesfailedbecause______.

A.helostallhismoney

B.hedidnotbuyenoughland

C.peoplewhovisiteditwerenotimpressed

D.itwastoofarawayforhimtoorganizeitproperly

59.WemayinferformthepassagethatnochildreninBritaincouldenjoy

freeeducationuntil

A.1771B,1816C.1825

D.1860

8

Doyouwanttoimprovethewayyoustudy?Doyoufeelnervous

beforeatest?Manystudentssaythatalackofconcentration(注意力)is

theirbiggestproblem.Itseriouslyaffectstheirabilitytostudy,sodotheir

testresults.

Ifso,usethesetipstohelpyou.

§tudvTechniques

•Youshouldalwaysstudyinthesameplace.Youshouldn'tsitina

positionthatyouusefor

anotherpurpose.Forexample,whenyousitonasofatostudy,yourbrain

willthinkitistimetorelax.Don'twatchTVwhileyouarestudying.

Expertswarnthatyourconcentrationmaybereducedby50percentif

youattempttostudyinthisway.Alwaystrytohaveawhitewallinfrontof

you,sothereisnothingtodistract(makelessconcentrated)you.Before

sittingdowntostudy,gathertogetheralltheequipmentyouneed.Apart

fromyourtextbooks,pens,pencilsandknives,makesureyouhavea

dictionary.Ifyourstudydeskortableisneededwhenyouarenot

studying,storeallyourequipmentinaboxbesideit.

•Youreyeswillbecometiredifyoutrytoreadatextwhichisonaflat

surface.Positionyour

bookatanangleof30degrees.

•Berealisticanddon'ttrytocompletetoomuchinonestudyperiod.

Finishonethingbefore

beginninganother.Ifyouneedabreak,getupandwalkaroundforafew

minutes,buttrynottotelephoneafriendorhavesomethingtoeat.

速t-taking$krs

•Allyourhardworkwillbefornothingifyouaretoonervoustotake

yourtest.Gettingplentyof

restisveryimportant.Thismeansdonotstudyallnightbeforeyourtest!

Itisabetterideatohavealong-termstudyplan.Trytomakeatimetable

foryourstudywhichlastsforafewmonths.

•Exerciseisagreatwaytoreducepressure.Doingsomeformof

exerciseeverydaywillalso

improveyourconcentration.Eathealthyfoodtoo.

•Whenyouarriveintheexaminationroom,findyourseatandsitdown.

Breatheslowlyand

deeply.Checkthetimeontheclockduringthetest,butnottoooften.

Aboveall,takenonoticeofeveryoneelseandgivethetestpaperyour

undividedattention.

65.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.Youshouldstudyinadifferentplaceeveryday,soyoudon'tget

bored.