词汇学复习重点

第一章1.word:1简单意义：awordisaminimalunit/formin/ofasentence2.完整意义：awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.2.vocabulary定义四个要素：1.refertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.2.itcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.3.refertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.4个要素：language,time,space,person.3.soundandform1.关系：thesymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitraryandconventional.2.moreandmoredifferent原因：1,thenumberofalphabetcannotdescribetheEnglishsoundsonebyone.2,soundsdevelopfasterthanthewrittenform.3.thescribesdeliberatelychangethewrittenformforbeingeasilyrecognized.4.theprintingmachinefixedthewrittenform.5.borrowedwordsmakethegapwider.4.motivation分类：1.onomatopecmotivation.(Referstothemotivatedaspectofmotivationwhichmeansthewordsarecreatedbyimitationthenaturalsoundsornoise.2.morphologicalmotivation(referstothemotivatedaspectofmotivationwhichmeansthewordscreatedbyusingexistinglanguagematerials,asroots,affixes,etc).3.semanticmotivation(referstothemotivatedaspectofmotivationinwhichthenewmeaningsaregiventoexistingwordsbymentalassaiations.4.etymologicalmotivation(referstothemotivatedaspectofmotivationbywhichthenewmeaningscandirectlytelltheoriginoftheword.)4.wordmeaning分类：4.“Allnationalcharacter”isthemostimportantofallthefeaturesthatmaydifferentiatewordsofcommonusefromallothers.basicwordstock基础词汇：1.allnationalcharacter(全民性，必须有)2.stability3.productivity4.polysemy(一词多义)5.collocability(可搭配性)–5．Nonbasicvocabulary.1。terminology，术语(thisreferstotheformalwordsthatusedbyscientistsintheirresearch.)2.jargon，行话(referstotheinformalwordsusedbypeopleofthesametradesasworkers,farmers,technicians,etc.intheirwork.)3.slang，俚语(referstotheinformalwordsthatusuallyusedbyyoungpeopleintheirdailyactivity.Thewordsofthiscategoryareusuallycoinedfromanormalordaily-lifewordsandareshort-lived,otherwisetheywillbecomeidioms.)4argot，黑话。(referstotheinformalwordsthatareusuallyusedbycriminalsintheir“work”(communicationinsidethegroup)5.dialectalwords方言词。(referstotheinformalwordsthatareusedinEnglishbypeoplefromthesamecountry.)6.archaism，古语(referstoinformalorlearnedwordsusedbyscholarsintheirliteraryresearch)6.neologism，新词6.contentwords和functionalwords的区别。Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.(Theyarenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.)Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown,theyareknownasformwords.区别：functionalwordsarethewordsthataremoreimportantinuseingrammaticalmeaningthaninlexicalmeaning;contentword,arethewordsthatarefullbothingrammaticalandlexicalmeaning.Pronoun既不是实词也不是虚词。7.borrowedwords.定义：borrowedwordsarethewordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesafterthesettlementofAnglo-SaxonintoEngland.特征。(1.Neutralinstyle)2frequentinuse.1)denizens.（aretheborrowedwordsborrowedintheearlystageofEnglishhistoryandarewellassimilatedintoEnglish.）2)aliens(aretheborrowedwordsthatstillkeeptheiroriginalsoundandspelling)3)translationloans(aretheborrowedwordsthatborrowedin2steps:firsttranslatingthewordthenborrowingthewordintoEnglish.)4.Semanticloans(aretheborrowedwordsthatborrowedin2steps:firstborrowingthemeaningofforeignlanguageandthenpatthemeaningintoexistingEnglishwords.)Nativewords:Anglo-Saxonwords:nativewordsarenotnativeinfactbutwordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybyGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.(11)第二单元1.ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,ItalianandRoumanian.(finallycomestotheGermanicfamilylanguage).First,wehave4northernEuropeanlanguages(Scandinavianlanguage):Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,+thencomesto4(German,Dutch,,FlemishandEnglish.)languages.2.Development:1,OldEnglish(450-1150):1.settlementofAnglo-Saxon-----Anglo-Saxondialects-----5thcentury-----dailylifeword.2.IntroductionofRomanCatholicChurch-----Latin-----6thcentury----dailylifewordsandreligiouswords.3.invasionofVikings-----Scandinavians------9thcentury----dailylifeandmilitarywords.2.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):1.normanconquest:French---12thcentury----dailylifeandpoliticalwords.Latin----12thcentury-----academicandscientificwords.2.Foreigntrade----Dutch----15thcentury-----foreigntradewords.3.ModernEnglish(1500-1700-uptothepresent):1.Renaissance:----Latin,Greek.----16thcentury----academic,scientific,andliterarywords.2.industrayrevolution----allthelanguagesintheworld-----18thcentury.----grammer,analytic.3.英语影响的语种：Latin,Greek,French,Scandivian.第三章1.morpheme的简单概念和完整概念 简单定义：amorphemeisasmallest,meaningfulunitinasentence.完整定义:amorphemeisasmallest,meaningfulunitofalanguage.2.allomorph的概念：anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.3.Freeandboundmorphemes.Afreemorphemeisamorphemewhichisindependentofothermorphemesandhappenstobeasimpleword.Boundmorphemeisamorphemewhichisdependentofothermorphemesandtobeboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.4.Root,stemandbase.Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironoroftwomorphemesasinacompoundlikehandcuff.(Wordformtowhichinflectionalaffixescanbeattached).Abaseisawordformtowhichanykindofaffixes(bothderivationalandinflectionalcanbeattached)如果是stem就一定是base.Nation(root,stem.base)national(stem,base)internationalist(stem,base)Suffixation:inflectionalaffixesaderivationalaffixes第四章1.affixation分两大类：affixationistheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,bywhichnewwordsarederivedfromoldorbaseforms.Thewordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivations.Accordingtothepositionsaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixation.2.Compoundscanbewrittenopen,solid,hyphenated,accordingtopounding的四个特点：1.phonologicalfeatures.Incompoundsthewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstconstituentwhereasinnounphrasesthesecondelementisgenerallyaccentedifthereisonlyonestress.Incaseswheretherearetwostresses,thecompoundhastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandthesecondarystress,ifonly,onthesecond,whereastheoppositeistrueofthefreephrases.BUT,theseaccentualpatternsofcompoundsarenotabsolute.Sometimes,theprimarystressmayalsofallonthesecondconstituentasbottle-greenaswellasincombining–formcompounds,socio-linguistic,phycho-analysis.2.semanticfeatures.Compoundsdifferfromfreephrasesintheirsemantic”one-wordness”,i.e.asinglesemanticuniteventhoughtheymaybewrittenopen.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Forinstance,agreenhandisan“inexperiencedperson”,notahandthatisgreenincolor;nevertheless,alotofcompoundsaretransparent,thatis,themeaningcanbeobtainedfromtheseparateelementsofcompoundslikedisaster-related,washingmachine.3.Grammaticalfeatures.Theone-wordnessofcompoundscanbeseeninthewaytheexpressionsarehandledmorphologically.Theytendtofillasinglegrammaticalslotinasentence,forexample,thatofaverb,anoun,oranadjective.Forexample,bad-mouthcanbeusedasaverb,e.g‘hebad-mouthedme’.4.Orthographicalfeatures.Inmostcases,compoundsarewritteneither‘solid’or‘hyphenated’asmentionedearlier,thuseasytorecognize.Butspellingconversationsarenotoftendependablebecauseasillustratedabovesomecompoundscanbewritteninallthreeforms,e.g.flowerpot,flower-pot,flowerpot.Comparatively,BritainspeakerstendtohyphenatecompoundswhileAmericansliketocompoundslikefreephrases.3.conversion定义.Conversationistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.4.blending定义.blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedassucharecalledblendsorpormanteauwords.Forexample,flushisthecombinationofflashandblush.Similarly,smogistheresultofputtingsmokeandfogtogether.Breakfast+lunch=brunch5.clipping定义.Clippingistheformationofnewwordsbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Forexample,planeandexamaresometimesusedinplaceofaeroplane,andexaminationrespectively.6.Acronymy定义（isoneoftheminorwaysinformingnewwords,bywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyusinginitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledacronyms,whichcanbesubdividedintoinitialismsandacronymsdependingonthepronunciationofthewords.Catalogue:initialismsandacronyms7.Initialismsareacronymswhicharesoundedletterbyletter.8.word-formationisoneoftheminorinwordformationbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyremovingimaginedorsupposedsuffixesawayfromalreadyusedwords.9.Back-formationisoneoftheminorwaysinformingnewwords,bywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyremovingandimaginedorsupposedsuffixesawayformwords.第五章1.Wordmeaning.“Meaning”iswhattheformstandsfor.Relatedconcepts:reference(isatermusedinstudyingwordmeaning,referringtotherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld)2.concept(isatermusedinstudyingwordmeaning,referringtotheresultofhumanrecognitionofworldwhichisbeyondlanguage)3.sense(isatermusedinstudyingwordmeandenotingtherelationships,insidethelanguage,andbeingdefinedasmeaningofword.)Sense:简单定义:sensemeansthemeaningof“meaning”.完整定义：senseisatermusedinstudyingwordmeaningbyusingsemantictriangle,whichdenotesrelationshipsinsidelanguage.)2.motivation定义：isatermusedinstudyingtheestablishmentoftherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsymbolsanditsmeaning.3.Typesofmeaning:1.grammaticalmeaning(isoneofthetwopartsofawordmeaning,whichindicatesagrammaticalrelationshipsorconceptswhichshowswhatistherelationshipsofwordwithotherwordsinthesamesentence)andlexicalmeaning(isoneofthetwopartsofwordmeaning,whichisusedtodescribeeverythingintheword.2.Lexicalmeaningclassification---------Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.(Conceptualmeaningisoneofthetwolexicalmeaninggivenindictionaryandformsthecoreofthewordmeaningwhichisacknowledgedbyallthepeopleusingthelanguage;associativemeaningisoneofthetwolexicalmeaningwhichissupplementedtheconceptualmeaningandcomesintobeingdependonwords.)4.associativemeaningitscategories:1.connotativemeaning(isoneofcategoryofassociativemeaningwhichindicatesovertonesorassociationsthewordhas,whichis,resultedfromconceptualmeaning),2.stylisticmeaning(isoneofcategoryofassociativemeaning,whichindicatesinwhatkindofassociationorconditionthewordscanbeusedformal,neutralorinformal)3.affectivemeaning(isacategoryofassociativemeaning,whichexpressesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthethinginadiscussion,appreciativeorpejorative.4.Collativemeaning(isacategoryofassociativemeaning,whichindicatesaroundwhatkindofwordsthewordcanbeused).第六章1.Polysemy(isatermusedinstudyingsenserelations,referringtoqualityorconditionofawordwithmanyinterrelatedmeanings.)2.Concatenation(isatermusedinthedevelopmentofwordmeaning,whichisaprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatitsheadandtheothermeaningmoveawayfromitlikeachainuntilthesenseofthefirstmeaninglost.3.Homonymy(isatermusedinstudyingsenserelations,referringtoaqualityorconditiontwoormorewordsthesameinsound/orspellingbutquitedifferentinmeanings