英语词汇学各个章节的内容

Introduction

部分：Lexicology

这门课算哪一种学科的分支:

Lexicology

is

a

branch

of

linguistics.

Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology

2)

Semantics

3)

Stylistics

4)

Etymology

5)

Lexicography研究lexicology

的两大方法:1)

Diachronic

approach

:

历时语言学2)

Synchronic

approach

:

共时语言学e.g.

wife

纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman

词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman

的词义的变化算Narrowing

or

specialization

第一章：What

is

word

?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)

A

word

is

a

minimal

free

form

of

a

languagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.2)

A

sound

unity

or

a

given

sound

;3)

a

unit

of

meaning;4)

a

form

that

can

function

alone

in

a

sentence.

以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification

of

a

word）

词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1)

simple

words

2)

complex

words

单音节词例子：e.g.

Man

and

fine

are

simple多音节词例子：

e.g.

Management,

misfortune,

blackmail

management

可以次划分为manage

和

-ment

misfortune

可以次划分为mis-

和

fortune

blackmail

次划分为black

和

mail

What

is

the

relationship

between

sound

and

meaning?1)There

is

‘no

logical

relationship

between

the

sound

and

actual

thing.e.g.

dog.

cat2)The

relationship

between

them

is

conventional.3)

In

different

languages

the

same

concept

can

be

represented

by

different

sounds.What

is

relationship

between

sound

and

form?1)The

written

form

of

a

natural

language

is

the

written

record

of

the

oral

form.

Naturally

the

written

form

should

agree

with

the

oral

form,

such

as

English

language.2)This

is

fairly

true

of

English

in

its

earliest

stage

i.e.

Old

English

3)With

the

development

of

the

language,

more

and

more

differences

occur

between

the

two.

What

are

the

great

changes

that

causes

illogical

relationship

or

irregularity

between

sound

and

form?1)

The

internal

reason

for

this

is

that

the

English

alphabet

was

adopted

from

the

Romans,

which

does

not

have

a

separate

letter

to

represent

each

sound

in

the

language

so

that

some

letters

must

do

double

duty

or

work

together

in

combination.2)

Another

reason

is

that

the

pronunciation

has

changed

more

rapidly

than

spelling

over

the

years,

and

in

some

cases

the

two

have

drawn

far

apart.

3)

A

third

reason

is

that

some

of

the

differences

were

created

by

the

early

scribes.4)

Finally

comes

the

borrowing,

which

is

an

important

channel

of

enriching

the

English

vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：

1)

influenced

by

Romans

2)

Pronunciation

changed

3)

early

scribes4)

borrowing

你能不能举出外来语对英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.

stimulus

(L)

,fiesta

(Sp)

,eureka

(Gr),

kimono

(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound

and

form

’不一致。What

is

vocabulary?Vocabulary

refers

to

the

total

number

of

the

words

in

a

language,

but

it

can

stand

for

all

the

words

used

in

a

particular

historical

period.Vocabulary

also

refers

to

all

the

words

of

a

given

dialect,

given

book,

a

given

discipline

and

the

words

possessed

by

an

individual

person.

Classification

of

Words

(本课的一个重点,

年年考试都考)What

is

the

classification

of

words?

How

to

classify

words

in

linguistics?Three

criteria

:

1)

By

use

of

frequency2)

By

notion

3)

By

origin

By

use

of

frequency

可划分为：1)

The

basic

word

stock2)

Nonbasic

word

vocabularyBy

notion

可划分为：1)

Content

word2)

Functional

word

Content

words

are

also

known

as

notional

words

.

(Content

words

的别称)Functional

words

are

also

known

as

empty

words,

or

form

words.

(

Functional

words

的别称)Functional

words

possesses

a

characteristic

of

basic

word

stock,

i.e.

stabilityAccording

to

Stuart

Robertson

,et

al

(1957),*

(年年考试必考)

the

nine

functional

words

,

namely

,and

,

be

,

have

,

it

,

of

,

the

,

to

,

will

,youWhat

are

the

characteristics

of

basic

word

stock?1)

All

national

character

2)

Stability

3)

Productivity

4)

Polysemy

5)

Collocability

要把握住‘All

national

character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.

man,

woman

,

fire,

water

…e.g.

machine,

video,

telephone

…e.g.

bow,

chariot

,

knight

Stability

is

relative,

not

absolute.根据词的use

frequency

划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None

basic

vocabulary,

非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1)

Terminology

e.g.

sonata,

algebra

2)

Jargon

e.g.

Bottom

line

(

Jargon

)

3)

Slang

e.g.

smoky,

bear

(

Slang

)

4)

Argote.g.

persuader

5)

Dialectal

words

e.g.

station

(

AusE

=

ranch

)

bluid

(

ScotE=

blood)6)

Archaisms

e.g.

wilt

(will)

7)

Neologisms

e.g.

email

(

Neologisms

)

beaver

是girl

的slang

表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic

differenceWhich

constitutes

the

larger

number

among

English

vocabulary,

content

words

or

functional

words

?Answer

:

Content

words

What

is

native

words?

Answer

:

(1)

By

origin,

English

words

can

be

classified

into

native

words

and

borrowed

words.(2)

Native

words

are

words

brought

to

Britain

in

the

fifth

century

by

the

German

tribes:

the

Angles,

the

Saxons,

and

the

Jutes,

thus

know

as

Anglo-Saxon

words.(3)

Words

of

Anglo-Saxon

origin

are

small

in

number,amounting

to

roughly

50,000

to

60,000,

but

they

form

the

mainstream

of

the

basic

word

stock

and

stand

at

the

core

of

the

language什么叫borrowed

words?

Answer:

(1)

words

taken

over

from

foreign

languages

are

known

as

borrowed

words

or

loan

words

or

borrowings

in

simple

terms.(2)

It

is

estimated

that

English

borrowings

constitute

80

percent

of

the

modern

English

vocabulary(3)

The

English

language

has

vast

debts

.In

any

dictionary

some

80%

of

the

entries

are

borrowed.什么叫Denizens?Denizens

are

words

borrowed

early

in

the

past

and

now

are

well

assimilated

into

the

English

language.

In

other

words

they

have

come

to

conform

to

the

English

way

of

pronunciation

and

spelling,

such

as

port

from

portus

(L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port

from

portus

(L),

cup

from

cuppa

(L),

shift

from

skipta

(ON),

shirt

from

skyrta

(ON),

change

from

changier

(F),

pork

from

porc

(F).什么叫Translation-loans

?Translation-loans

are

words

and

expressions

formed

form

the

existing

material

in

the

English

language

but

modeled

on

the

patterns

taken

from

another

language,

such

as

‘

long

time

no

see

from

haojiumeijian

(Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans

?words

of

this

category

are

not

borrowed

with

reference

to

the

form

,But

their

meaning

are

borrowed

,

in

other

words,

English

has

borrowed

a

new

meaning

for

an

existing

word

in

the

language

,such

as

the

word

dream

,which

originally

meant

’joy’

and

‘music

’,

and

its

modern

meaning

was

borrowed

later

from

the

Norse.

第二章：The

development

of

the

English

vocabularyThe

Indo-European

Language

Family

It

is

assumed

that

the

world

has

approximately

3,000(some

put

it

5,000)languages

,which

can

be

grouped

into

roughly

300

language

families

on

the

basis

of

similarities

in

their

basic

word

stock

andgrammar

.

(重点：语系划分的标准）What

is

the

criteria

to

divide

language

families

?The

answer

:

1.

the

basis

of

similarities

in

their

basic

word

stock

2.

grammar(重点)The

Balto-Slavic

comprises

such

modern

languages

as(选择题内容：)

Prussian,

Lithuanian

,

Polish

,Czech,

Bulgarian

,Slovenian

and

Russian.

‘Indo-European’

两大分支：1.Eastern

set2.Western

set

Eastern

set:

Balto-Slavic,

Indo-Iranian,

Armenian

and

Albanian

Western

set

:

Celtic,

Italic

,

Hellenic,

Germanic.In

the

western

Set,

Greek

is

the

modern

language

derived

from

Hellenic.Celtic

：Scottish,

Irish,

Welsh,

BretonThe

five

Romance

languages,

namely

,Portuguese,

Spanish,

French,

Italian

,

Romanian

all

belong

to

the

Italic.The

Germanic

family

consists

of

the

four

Northern

European

Languages:

Norwegian

,Icelandic,

Danish

and

Swedish

,which

are

generally

known

as

Scandinavian

languages.

Then

there

is

German,

Dutch

,Flemish

and

English.With

Vikings’

invasion,

many

Scandinavian

words

came

into

the

English

language.

It

is

estimated

that

at

least

900

words

of

Scandinavian

origin

have

survived

in

modern

English.

Old

English

has

a

vocabulary

of

about

50,000

to

60,000

words.

It

was

a

highly

inflected

language

just

like

modern

German.

重点句:

Modern

English

began

with

the

establishment

of

printing

in

England

古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于

(scripts

)

古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了

(

early

scripts)

Sound

and

form

真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Sound

and

form

reached

their

concord

in

(

Modern

English

period

)

如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern

English

又可以细划分为

early

period

,

modern

period.

*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期

（重要的选择或填空内容）Early

modern

English

appeared

in

the

Renaissance

Modern

English

period

有什么样的外来语的进入？The

Latin

words

swarmed

into

English

in

early

modern

English

period

现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是

(colonization)

The

richness

of

Modern

English

in

vocabulary

also

arises

from

(Colonization

)

The

English

language

has

evolved

from

a

synthetic

language

to

the

present

analytic

language

(

重要选择或填空内容)Growth

of

Present-day

English

Vocabulary

Three

main

sources

of

new

words

:

1)The

rapid

development

of

modern

science

and

technology

2)Social,

economic

and

political

changes;3)The

influence

of

other

cultures

and

language2.4

Modes

of

Vocabulary

Development

1)creation

2)

semantic

change

3)

borrowing

2)Semantic

change

（还包括外来词的Semantic

loans

）Elevation,

degradation,

extension,

narrowing,

transfer外来词可以被称作borrowed

words

,

因此又可以被称作

.重点句：borrowed

words

are

also

known

as

loaned

words

.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving

archaic

or

obsolete

words

also

contributes

to

the

growth

of

English

vocabulary

though

quite

insignificant.

This

is

especially

true

of

American

English.

英语从synthetic

language

发展到present

analytical

language

是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案：Modern

English

period

文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案：Early

Modern

English

period

在英语发展过程

在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,

Latin,

English

in

Middle

English

period

easel,

port,

freight,

出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案：Middle

English

,

Dutch

在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500

个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案：Dutch

(前年考题)据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案：50,000

to

60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon

tongue

)

第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao

jackets

,

black

belt

,

kongfu,

这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present

-

day

English

Vocabulary

注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。Old

English

和

Middle

English

最大的striking

distinction

存在于哪一个方面?答案：Old

English

was

a

language

of

full

endings,

Middle

English

wasone

of

leveled

endings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响?答案：Greek

,

Roman

culture

某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案：Modern

English十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?Printing

这导致sound

and

form

出现concord

,

出现standardization.第三章复习:The

smallest

unit

in

the

English

language

refers

to

(morphemes)The

minimal

free

form

in

the

English

language

refers

to

(word)In

the

plural

form

changing,

some

of

the

words

will

take

internal

vowel

change

,

this

internal

vowel

change

is

called

(allomorphs)

Deer

复数没有变,还是deer,

sheep

复数没有变,还是sheep,

因此,这种变化被称作(zero

derivation)

名词解释:Morphemes

:

The

minimal

meaningful

units

in

a

language

are

known

as

morphemes.In

other

words,

the

morphemes

is

’the

smallest

functioning

unit

in

composition

of

words

Allomorphs

:

The

alternative

morphs

are

known

as

allomorphs,

e.g.the

morpheme

of

plurality

{-s}

has

a

number

of

allomorphs

in

different

sound

context,

e.g.

in

cats

in

bags,

matchesIt

can

be

realized

by

the

change

of

an

internal

vowel

as

in

foot-feet,

man-men,

goose-geese

or

by

zero

morphs

as

in

deer-deer,

fish-fish简答题：

what

are

the

types

of

morphemes

?

(

答简答题时,名词解释)答案：Free

morphemes

and

bound

morphemes

Free

morphemes

:

1)

Free

morphemes

are

independent

of

other

morphemes

and

are

considered

to

be

free.

2)

These

morphemes

have

complete

meanings

in

themselves

and

can

be

used

as

free

grammatical

units

in

sentences.

3)

They

are

identical

with

root

words,

as

each

of

them

consists

of

a

single

free

root

words

,as

each

of

them

consists

of

a

single

free

root

.4)

free

morphemes

are

free

roots.bound

morphemes:

1)

Morphemes

which

cannot

occur

as

separate

words

are

bound..2)

They

are

bound

to

other

morphemes

to

form

words.

3)

Bound

morphemes

include

two

types:

bound

root

and

affix

affix

分为两类:

inflectional

and

derivational

affixes.Inflectional

affixes

:

Affixes

attached

to

the

end

of

words

to

indicate

grammatical

relationships

are

inflectional,

thus

known

as

inflectional

morphemes.

Derivational

affixes:

1)derivational

affixes

are

affixes

added

to

other

morphemes

to

create

now

words.

2)

Derivational

affixes

can

be

further

divided

into

prefixes

and

suffixes.

root

:

1)

a

root

is

the

basic

form

of

a

word

which

cannot

be

further

analyzed

without

total

loss

of

identity.2)

the

root,

whether

free

or

bound,

generally

carries

the

main

component

of

meaning

in

a

word3)

a

’root

is

that

part

of

a

wordform

that

remains

when

all

inflectional

and

derivational

affixes

have

been

removed’stem

:

1)

a

stem

may

consist

of

a

single

root

morpheme

as

in

iron

or

of

two

root

morphemes

as

in

a

compound

like

handcuff.

2)

It

can

be

a

root

morpheme

plus

one

or

more

affixationalmorphemes

as

in

mouthful,

underestimate.3)

Therefore,

a

stem

can

be

defined

as

a

form

to

which

affixes

of

any

kind

can

be

added.

问题：Stem

和

root

有一个最大的区别在哪里?

(

连着两年没有考过)答案：

a

stem

can

be

defined

as

a

form

to

which

affixes

of

any

kind

can

be

added.

问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征:

nation

,

dict

请加以理论的分析?Both

nation

and

dict

belong

to

roots,

nation

is

free

root,

which

can

function

alone

in

a

sentence,

Nation

as

a

free

root,

has

complete

meaning,

when

both

prefixes

and

suffixes

attached

to

it

are

removed,

nation

as

a

free

root,

still

remains

Dict

is

a

bound

root,

which

can

not

function

alone

grammatically

,

dict

carries

the

fundamental

meaning

of

words,

dict

has

to

combine

with

the

other

morphemes

to

create

new

words

,

for

example

,

dictionary

,

contradiction

.问题：分析下面一句话:

He

is

much

cleverer

than

any

other

one

in

the

village,

too

heads

are

better

than

one.

请从构词角度分析以上的例子,

cleverer

,

better

cleverer

(-er

:

inflectional

affixes

better

(

good

,

well

的特殊变化)

It

is

allomorph

of

good

and

well.第四章:

问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种?答案:有七种:1)

Affixation

2)

Compounding

3)

conversion

4)

shortening5)

clipping

6)

acronymy

7)

blending

有三种最常用:

affixation

,

compounding

and

conversion

问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种?答案：Extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式?答案：Narrowing

问题：Affixation

又被称为什么?

它分为哪两类？答案：Affixation

is

also

known

as

derivation

Affixation

falls

into

two

subclasses

:

prefixation

and

suffixation要点:

有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别:

a-,

non,

ir

:

negative

prefixes

de-

,

dis-

(

既属于negative

,

也属于reversative

prefixes

)mal-,

pseudo-,

mis-

:

pejorative

prefixes

super

,

sur-,

extra

：

prefixes

of

degree

or

sizeanti-,

contra-,

counter-,

pro-

:

prefixes

of

orientation

and

attitudetrans-,

fore-

tele-

:

locative

prefixes

fore-,

post-

:

prefixes

of

time

and

order

bi-,

uni-,

semi-

:

number

prefixes

pan-,

vice

-

:

miscellaneous

prefixes

suffixation

:1.

Noun

suffixes

1)

Denominal

nouns

2)

Deverbal

nouns

3)

De-adjective

nouns:

ity,

-ness,4)

Noun

and

adjective

suffixes

注意Compounding,

acoronymy

,

blending

,

conversion

,

clipping

的名词解释.要点:

复合词分为哪三类:

1)solid

2)

hyphenated

3)

open

简答题:

what

are

the

characteristics

of

compounds

?

1)

phonetic

features

2)

Semantic

features

3)

Grammatical

features

最常见的三种词性

:

1)

Noun

compound

2)

Adjective

compounds

3)

verb

compounds

What

are

the

difference

between

compounds

and

free

phrases

?问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性,

哪两种不具有多产性?在形容性复合词当中,

哪三类有多产性?动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的?

*名词解释:Conversion

(

重点，还没考过)

Conversion

is

the

formation

of

new

words

by

converting

words

of

one

class

to

another

class.

Functional

shift

=

conversion

Zero-derivation

(

选择或填空要点)Adjective

to

noun

:

(1)

full

conversion

(2)

partial

conversion

问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案：由Adjective

to

verbs

:

(1)

Transitive

(2)

Intransitive

简答题:

形容词变动词的三种类别(

没考过)问题：请你举出由conjunction

变为noun

的一个例子?答案：

Ifs

and

buts

blending

are

also

called

blends

or

portmanteau

words

(

选择或填空要点)问题：‘blending’

分为哪四类合成词？1.

head

+

tail

2.

head

+

head

3.

head

+

word

4.

word

+

tail

问题:

绝大多数blending

都是什么词性?答案：nouns

The

overwhelming

majority

of

blends

are

nouns;very

few

are

verbs

and

adjectives

are

even

fewer.

问题：截短法clipping

分为哪四类？答案：There

are

four

common

types

of

clipping

:1)

Front

clipping2)

Back

clipping

3)

Front

and

back

clipping

4)

Phrase

clipping

要注意clipping

的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge

(

refrigerator

截短之后在i,

g

中间加一个d

)

,

还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke

(

coca

cola)

问题：什么是acronymy？Acronymy

is

the

process

of

forming

new

words

by

joining

the

initial

letters

of

neames

of

social

and

political

organizations

or

special

noun

phrases

and

technical

termsAcronymy

包含两类:1)

initialisms

(不发音)

e.g.

BBC,

VOA,

TB2)

acronyms

(形成新的发音)e.g.

CORE,

TEFL

`Words

from

proper

names

有四大类:1.

Names

of

people

e.g.

bobby

:

Names

of

people2.

Names

of

placese.g.

champagne,

rugby

3.

Names

of

books

e.g.

utopia4.

Tradenames

e.g.

cabal

问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？e.g.

diagnosis

diagnose

:

(先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词,这种构词被称作)

backformationbloomers

(它的构词法满足哪一种词法):

属于Words

from

proper

names

中的Names

of

people

VJ-day

:(这种构词法是由哪一种构成的)属于Initialisms

中的AcronymsPop:

(采用哪一种构词法构成的)

:

clipping

Sitcom

:

blending

FORTRAN

:

head

+

head

Bath

(名词)

-----

bathe

(

动词)

Bath

和

bathe

存在一种什么关系?

(

Conversion

)

重点句：Conversion

is

also

known

as

functional

shift.问题：Noun

+

v-ing,

这类词构成的词是什么词

？答案：compounding

问题：Record-breaking

,

它是属于复合法中的哪一种？答案：Adjectives

compounds

问题：请说出Adjectives

compounds

中多产性强的有几类？答案：

有三类1)

n

+

v-ing

2)

n

+

a3)

n

+

v-ed

问题：up-bringing

是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？答案：noun

compounds

(adv

+

v-ing

)问题：复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么?答案：区别也就是复合词的特点:

1)

Phonetic

features

2)

Semantic

features

3)

Grammatical

features

问题：red

meat,

green

horn,它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词?答案

：Semantic

features

(也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义）问题：Compounding又被称作什么法？答案：composition

问题：由compounding

或composition

构成的词被称作什么？答案：compounds

问题：复合词分为几类？分别举例加以说明？答案：分为三类：solid,

hyphenated,

open

solid

:

blackmail

,

blackmarkethyphenated:

brother-in-law,

open

:

green

horn

,

green

hand

问题：当形容词转为动词时分为几类：Adjectives

to

verbs

答案：有三类：1)

Both

transitive

and

intransitive

2)

Only

transitive

3)

Only

intransitive

问题：由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性?答案：verb

to

noun

e.g.

catch

问题：形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别?答案：分为两类：1)

full

conversion

e.g.

black

,

white

2)

partial

conversion

e.g.

the

rich

,

the

poor

问题：名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？答案：1)

Concrete

2)

abstract

e.g.

host

:

（可加-ess

变成具体名词）friend

:

(加-ship

可变成抽象名词）问题：(只作了解)

A

word

is

unity

of

sound

and

meaning

(

true

or

false

)答案：true

问题

Most

loaned

words

are

borrowed

from

foreign

languages

without

anychange

in

sound

and

spellingtrue

外来词分为四类：1)

Denizens

e.g.

cup

from

cuppa

,

port

form

portus

2)

Aliens

e.g.

garage

,

decor

3)

Translation

-loans

e.g.

long

time

no

see

4)

Semantic-

loans.

e.g.

dream

判断对错题：1．Conversion

means

transfer

of

a

word

from

one

class

to

anther

.答案：true

2The

relationship

between

a

word

symbol

and

its

meaning

is

mostly

arbitrary

and

conventional.T3.a

word

used

in

different

contexts

may

contrast

with

different

antonyms

答案：true

4.

an

allomorph

is

any

of

the

variant

forms

of

morphemes.答题：

false

重点句：A

word

which

has

more

than

one

meaning

can

have

more

than

one

antonym.E.g.

fast

（fast

在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念）选择题：Chinese

is

our

native

language,

but

we

can

not

say

the

Chinese

is

our

?

.a)mother

tongue

b)

first

language

c)

mother

language

d)

official

language

C问题：以下的哪一个词

is

not

an

expression

used

by

American?A)

tube

B)

bar

C)

Mailbox

D)

Congress

A问题：‘smog’它是‘smoke

,

fog’

合在一起形成的词，它是采用了下面哪一种构词法？

A)

clipping

B

)

compounding

C)

blending

D)

backformation

答案：

C

)

blending问题：以下的词哪些属于：A)simple

word

B)

compound

word

C)

derived

word

D)

shortened

form.

e.g.

goldmine

(compound

word

)

bike

(

shortened

form

)

process

(derived

word

:

cess

是一个不可分割的bound

root，pro

它是一个前缀)

supermarket

(

derived

word

)language

(

simple

word

)driver

(

derived

word

)dorm

(

shortened

form,

clipping

)

modernize

(

derivation

)

blackboard

(

compound

)bus

(

shortened

form

)

(omnibus

多选)

What

is

the

difference

between

content

words

and

functional

words,

illustrate

your

point

with

examples

?

(

未考过)(可能会出现的题)注意：答题时先答名词解释，再加以例子说明。What

is

the

difference

between

denotative

meaning

and

connotative

meaning?(复习要考虑的题)(论述题)

What

are

the

fundamental

features

of

the

basic

word

stock

of

the

English

vocabulary?

(

未考过)答题时先答名词解释basic

word

stock

再答五大特点并配以例子加以说明。(关键答好第一个特点:‘All

national

character

，它又分为五个特点)前四章复习的内容：问题：Which

of

the

following

words

is

not

formed

through

clipping?A)

dorm

B)

Motel

C)

gent

D)

zoo

答案：Motel:

(blending)

问题：Old

English

has

vocabulary

of

about

how

many

words

?答案：50,000

to

60,000

问题：词素分为自由词素和粘着词素，自由词素又被称作自由词根，粘着词素分为哪两类？答案：粘着词素分为：Bound

root

和

affixes

选择题或填空：

Besides

French

words,

English

also

absorb

as

many

as

2,500

words

in

the

Middle

English

Period.

(Dutch

)

A

word

is

a

symbol

that

B

.A

)

is

used

by

same

community

B)

represents

something

else

in

the

world

C)

both

simple

and

complex

in

nature

D)

Show

different

ideas

in

different

sounds

The

opposite

of

semantic

elevation

in

meaning

change

is

called

degradation

or

pejoration.Pronouns

and

numerals

enjoy

nationwide

use

and

stability,

but

has

limited

Productivity问题：以下的这些词是粘着词素吗，

以下的这些词是什么样的构词法？1)

heart

and

soul

(

Adverbial

in

nature

)

2)

father

-

male

parent

(

conceptual

meaning

)

3)

City-bred

(

noun

+

v-ed

)

4)

Lip-reading

-

lip

read

(backformation

)

5)

headache

(compound

n

+

v

)

6)

antecedent

(

下划线的这一部分是什么：

bound

morphemes

)

7)

preview

(

prefix

:

前缀)8)

receive

(

bound

root

)

9)

called

(

inflectional

affixes

)

第五章：WordMeaningThemeaningsof‘Meaning’指的是哪三个层次的内容?意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:Whatarethemeaningsof‘Meaning’?1)Reference(有reference的词必然具有sense,也必然具有Concept)2)Concept(能够形成Concept的词必然有reference)3)Sense(有sense的词未必具有concept,也未必具有reference)(Conjunction,prepositions,adverbs,它们都是具有sense的词,但是未必具有reference,也未必具有concept,例如：if,but,probably:它们有sense,但没有concept)Whatistherelationshipbetweenthereferenceandthethingoutsidethelanguage?（等同于：Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform）答:Arbitraryandconventional名词解释:reference名词Concept:1.Meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.2.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.3.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.4.aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.重点:sense的名词解释：Sense:1.‘sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’2.Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.*3.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)重点：Whatarethetypeofmotivation？1)Onomatopoeicmotivation2)MorphologicalMotivation3)SemanticMotivation4)EtymologicalMotivation填空:1.someofthewordswheneditedwithprefixesandsuffixes,itwillbecomeanothernewword,eithernewinmeaningornewinsense,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)2.Compoundsaretotallydifferentinthemeaningbeforeitwascarriedoutwithdifferentelements,sothemeaningofacompoundcannotbededucedfromcomponentconstitutedthiscompound,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)3.peninoldEnglish,referstothefeather,butwiththedevelopmentoftechnology,fountainwasinvented,butthenameofthismaterialwaskeptuptothisday,peoplestillusedthepentorefertowrittingtool,thismotivationiscalled(etymologicalmotivation)4.Conceptualmeaningalsoknowas(denotativemeaning)4.laconicanswer(简短回答),laconic的形成是属于哪一种理据(etymologicalmotivation)问题:pingpongball,cuckoo是靠哪一种理据形成的新词?答案:OnomatopoeicMotivation问题:atthefootofmountain,themouthofriver,此时采用了哪一种理据构成?答案:Semanticmovtivation论述题:1.Whatarethetypesofmotivation?2.Whatarethetypesofmeaning?按大的分支来分分为:(1)grammaticalmeaning(2)Lexicalmeaning分析题:*’Thedogischasingacat’,analyzethesentencebasedongrammaticalmeaning.Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.(语法意义上分析没考过,但从词汇意义上分析考过)语法意义指一个词的词性,句中充当的成份,句子的时态,单复数形式等.1)’Dog,cat’arenouns,and’chase’istransitiveverb.2)Thesentenceisusedinpresentcontinuoustense.3)’Thedog,acat’aresingularform.问题:Thepenismightierthansword?请从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?Both’penandsword’arenouns.’mightier’isanadjective,and’than’ispreposition.Thesentenceisinsimplepresenttense.这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?’Mightierthan’iscomparativedegree.’penandsword’areinsingularform.’Thepen’issubject,and’sword’functionsasanobjecttopreposition’than’.’mightier’ispredictive.重点名词解释:Conceptualmeaning:1)Conceptualmeaning(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.2)Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommuniationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaingtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.*Associativemeaning:(一定要把它的四种分支答上)1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.问题:Connotativemeaningisnotthesametoeverybody,everysituationandeverytime,analyzethestatement?答案:e.g.Achildisprejudicedagainst,oftenjeeredat,beatenorscoldedathome,thenhometohisisnothingbut’ahell’,henceunfavourableconnotatitions,问题:某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？答案：e.g.Aphraselike’sonofabitch’whichnormallyhasanassociativemeaningofcrudevulgaritymayconveytheconnotationof’friendliness’and’intimacy’usedbetweentwoclosefriendswhentheymeetaftersomeprolongedperiodoftime.问题:Stylisticmeaning根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据TheFiveClocks划分,有几种划分?答案:Insomedictionaries,stylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas’formal’,’informal’,’literary’,’archaic’,slang’.MartinJoosinhisbookTheFiveClockssuggestsfivedegreesofformality:’frozen’,’formal’,’consultative’,’casual’and’intimate’.问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?答案:1)formal2)neutral3)informal注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.在情感意义affectivemeaning,考试往往要落脚在affectivemeaning的两个分类:(年年affectivemeaning例子都考)(1)appreciativemeaning(2)pejorativemeaningCollocativemeaning中的例子要记好:pretty,handsomeGreen搭配的例子记好:greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedmonster.复习:问题:Blackmail从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词?答案:ComplexMorphologicalmotivation问题:有reference的词必然具有senseandconcept(正确)有sense的词一定具有reference.(错误)Thewordwhichhavemeaningdoesnothavenecessarilyreference.问题:’Forget,forgot,forgetting,forgotten,forgets’这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?答案:Grammaticalmeaning问题:‘frozen,‘formal’,‘consultative’,‘casual’and‘intimate’这五个词是总结了什么的划分，是根据什么的划分?答案:stylisticmeaning,是根据TheFiveClockswrittenbyMartinJoos.问题:Butindailylife,wealwaysreferto(formal),(neutral),(informal).问题:’Prettyboy,prettywoman,prettygarden,prettygarden,prettycar’，请解释这些词的意义一样不一样？如果不一样请加以理论分析？答案:Collocativemeaning,whenprettyisusedtomodifydifferentnounsbothanimateandinanimate,theircollocativemeaningaretotallydifferent.问题：Tabletenniscanbereplacedbypingpongballandthenameofthebirdisalsocalledcuckoo,whichcanalsobereusedtorefertothesoundofthebird,sotheirtwowordsare(onomatopoeically)motivated.问题：’Unexpected,expectation,expecting’,thesethreewordsare(morphologically)motivated.问题：’Hopeless,jobless,dislike’,这三个词是靠什么motivated.(morphologicallymotivated)问题：’Eastorwest,homeisbest’and’thereisnoplacelikehome’.这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的？答案:Connotativemeaning第六章:SenseRelationsandSemanticFieldpolysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymyand