英语四级仔细阅读方法和技巧

深度阅读一、四级阅读理解题型介绍仔细阅读部分要求考生阅读三篇短文。两篇为多项选择题型的短文理解测试，每篇长度为300—350词。一篇为选词填空(BankedCloze)或简答题(ShortAnswerQuestions)。选词填空篇章长度为200—250词，简答题篇章长度为300—350词。但从2007年6月以来的考试全部考查的是选词填空而没有考查简答题。一、四级阅读理解题型介绍仔细阅读部分测试考生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等。选词填空测试考生对篇章语境中的词汇理解和运用能力。要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文，然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空，使短文复原。大学英语四级考试的阅读文章体裁有记叙文、说明文、议论文，其中说明文和议论文为主要测试文体；在阅读题材方面，科技类大约占25%，人文类大约占45%，经济类大约占15%，综合类大约占5%，环境类比例小，近几年有上升趋势。因此，学生应针对不同的体裁和题材进行有侧重点的备考复习。二、阅读部分备考，词汇是基础，同时要加强历年真题的练习在备考的基础阶段，先进行模拟阅读，调整状态，巩固词汇的记忆。阅读练习应把重点放在真题上，比如2000年到2010年的真题阅读需要全部细读琢磨几轮。直到每一篇文章的单词都认识，所有的答案解析全都理解。还可以抽时间将真题朗读一遍以培养语感。二、阅读部分备考，词汇是基础，同时要加强历年真题的练习技巧性的方面，我们建议大家，可采用这种方法：1、拿到一篇文章，先把问题看一遍；2、然后阅读第一遍，不超过2分钟；3、找出每个段落的中心句和全文的中心句，答案往往就在中心句所在的段落里。4、最后就是在段落里找答案了。还有谨防以偏概全，偷换概念，将主流的观点代替作者的观点等答案陷阱。

根据大学英语阅读理解测试能力的要求，阅读理解的试题类型可以分为以下五大类：主旨题、细节题、语义题、推理题和观点态度题。通过对历年大学英语四级试题的分析，阅读理解部分五类题型所占比重分别为：细节题占60%左右，主旨题和推理题各占15%左右，语义题和观点态度题各占5%左右。在近年的四级考试中，阅读理解题型不断变化，较难的主旨类和推理类比重加大。尽管所选材料题材广泛，包罗万象，但其体裁选用和题型设置相对稳定，提问方式大同小异，因而考生可通过熟悉各种题型及其应试策略，提高阅读理解部分的做题正确率。主旨题是对文章中心思想的提问，主要考查对文章进行概括或总结的能力，要求在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心思想，体会作者的主要写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。1.主旨题1.主旨题主旨题出题形式：主要是参考文章开头，文章结尾1.直白型：What’sthemainidea(centralidea)？/What’sthepassagemainlyabout?/Thepassagefocusesprimarilyonwhichofthefollowing……/Themajorpointofthispassageis…2.变相型：What’sthebesttitle?/What’stheauthor’swritingpurpose?/Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto……/Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith……3.隐含型：tosummarize/tosumupExample1:

Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas"Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea"

Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.

Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorothers,whoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetowhatlaybeneaththesurface,Thefirsttimethatthequestion

"Whatisatthebottomofoceans"?

hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofile(轮廓)oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.

ItwastoMauryofUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(试探)weretakeninvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.

Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.

Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872

Thomsonledascientificexpedition,whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesformthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.

Thispassageismainlyabout_____________.

thebeginningsofoceanography

B)thelayingofthefirstunderseacable

C)theinvestigationofoceandepths

D)theearlyintercontinentalcommunications本题问及全篇的中心思想。通过快读（skimming）我们知道这是一篇叙述“海洋学”的文章。第一段谈的是关于“海洋学”的定义；第二段是讲19世纪前对海洋感兴对趣的科学家不多；第三段谈到由于有人提了铺设海底电缆，人们才开始研究“海底深处究竟是什么”；第四段说Maury考察北大西洋和太平洋的发现引起广泛的注意；第五段讲修筑海底电缆过程中发现大量的海洋生物；最后一段是海洋学研究的成果。可见全篇主要是讲海洋学的研究是如何开展起来的，所以正确答案是A）。文章有好几个地方谈到铺设海底电缆B）和越洋通讯（D），但都是围绕着海洋学这条主线的。至于C)，测量海洋深度，只是一个细节，不可能是文章的中心意思。Example:

Arapidmeansoflong-distancetransportationbecameanecessityfortheUnitedStatesassettlement(新拓居地)spreadeverfartherwestward.Theearlytrainswereimpracticalcuriosities,andforalongtimetherailroadcompaniesmetwithtroublesomemechanicalproblems.Themostseriousonesweretheconstructionofrailsabletobeartheload,andthedevelopmentofasafe,effectivestoppingsystem.Oncetheseweresolved,therailroadwasestablishedasthebestmeansoflandtransportation.By1860therewerethousandsofmilesofrailroadscrossingtheeasternmountainrangesandreachingwestwardtotheMississippi.Therewerealsoregionalsouthernandwesternlines.

Thehighpointinrailroadbuildingcamewiththeconstructionofthefirsttranscontinentalsystem.In1862congressauthorizedtwowesternrailroadcompaniestobuildlinesfromNebraskawest-wardandfromCaliforniaeastwardtoameetingpoint,soastocompleteatranscontinentalcrossinglinkingtheAtlanticseaboardwiththePacific.TheGovernmenthelpedtherailroadsgenerouslywithmoneyandlandActualworkonthisprojectbeganfouryearslater.moneyandland.Actualworkonthisprojectbeganfouryearslater.TheCentralPacificCompany,startingfromCalifornia,usedChineselabor,whiletheUnionPacificemployedcrewsofIrishlaborers.Thetwogroupsworkedatremarkablespeed,eachtryingto.coveragreaterdistancethantheother.Inl869theymetataplacecalledPromontoryinwhatisnowthe

stateofUtah.

Manyvisitorscamethereforthegreatoccasion.Therewerejoyouscelebrationsallthecountry,withparadesandtheringingofchurchbellstohonorthegreatachievement.

Therailroadwasveryimportantinencouragingwestwardmovement.Italsohelpedbuildupindustryandfarmingbymovingrawmaterialsandbydistributingproductsrapidlytodistantmarkets.InlinkingtownsandpeopletooneanotherithelpedunifytheUnitedStates.

Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe__________.

A)SettlementsSpreadWestward

B)TheCoast-to-CoastRailroad:AVitalLink

C)AmericanRailroadHistory

D)TheImportanceofTrainsintheAmericanEconomy本题是给文章选标题，实际上也是问及全篇的主旨。文章第一段的第一句虽然提到"settlementspreadeverfartherwestward",但这不是本文论述的中心，太故选项A）是错的；选项D）也不合适，因为作者在第三段第二句里谈的是在美国起重要作用的transcontinentalrailway,而不是泛指美国的铁路；虽然本文从一个侧面反映了美国铁路的历史，故选项C)也是错的；本文的第三段点了文章的主旨，即这条横贯美国的铁路在开发西部、发展工农业生产和统一美国等方面起到了avitallink的作用。因此，答案应该是选项B）2.细节题(1)细节题细节题即客观事实题，在大学英语四级考试中所占比例最大，目的是考查学生对重要事实和细节的辨认与记忆能力。事实或细节是文章中用来论证或说明主题的依据。这类试题主要考查考生是否掌握了作者用来阐述主题的有关事实和细节，对文章的理解是否全面，是否透彻。这类问题不掺杂主观内容而是针对文章的某个具体细节如：时间、地点、人物、原因、结果、条件、现象等的提问。细节题主要对文中具体事实和细节(factsanddetails)进行提问。有时候，这类题目会进一步演化为是非判断题(trueorfalse)，考查我们的辨别和排除能力。2.细节题提问方式一般为：1.When(Where,Who,Why,What,How)…?2.Allofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageexcept…3.Accordingtothepassage,thebestanswerto…is…4.Theauthorsays…because…5.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebestreasonfor…在做细节题时，首先应当仔细阅读题目，弄清题目的具体要求，以及所给4个选项，然后在题目或选项中确定关键词，再利用关键词回文章中定位，找出文章中相对应的细节性句子，与4个选项进行对照，以确定正确答案。通常细节题的答案在文章中都会找到，但是答案的表述和原文会有所差别，常常不是文章中的原话，而是词语或句子的同义表达。关键词的确定也有技巧。如果题目或选项中有专有名词(人名、地名等)、数字(年代、时间等)要将此定位为关键词。因为这些词有特点，在文章中很容易找到，所以很快就可以定位相应的细节，从而找到正确答案。如果题目或选项中没有明显的词，可以定位主要的名词或动词为关键词。在所给的选项中有3个属于干扰项，有的是片面性的，有的是部分正确，有的虽属文章相关内容，但不切合问题，有的用同义词、近义词或形似词进行干扰。因此，核对4个选项时，务必慎重，千万不要粗心大意，千万不要想当然。无论从数量还是分值上看，细节类问题都是至关重要的。因此，平时要多读多练，熟悉并掌握细节类问题的解题步骤和技巧。推理题也是对文章具体内容的判断。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要掌握一定的逻辑判断能力及写作技巧知识，从文章表面推出更深层含义，这部分往往出题分量大，难度大，出错也最多，归根结底还是对文章内容没有做到真正的理解和掌握。推理题通常包括以下内容：(1)针对文章中的某个细节进行推断；(2)根据文章推测作者的观点、目的、态度和思路。(3)推断文章中没出现的前一段或下一段的内容。3.推理题3.推理题1.Bysaying…,theauthorsuggeststhat…2.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards…?3.Itcanbeinferredthatthepreceding/followingparagraphofthepassagemostprobablydiscussed…4.Fromthepassage,itcanbeinferredthat…5.Itisimplied,butnotstated,that…Example:

Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploitedyearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyareal-waystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clotheswhichhavebeenwornonlyafewtimeshavetobeputasidebecauseofthechangeoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomaniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobe

packedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehas

nothing

towear.Changingfashionsarenothingmorethantheintentionalcreationofwaste.Manywomenspendvastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Womenwhocannotaffordtothrowawayclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Skirtsarelengthenedorshortened,`necklinesareloweredorraised,andsoon.

Noonecanclaimthatthefashionindustrycontributesany

thingreallyimportanttosociety.

Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability.Theyareonlyinterestedinoutwardappearanceandtheytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,aslongastheylookright.Therecanhardlybeamanwhohasn'tatsometimeinhislifesmiledatthesightofawomanshakinginathindressonawinterday,ordelicatelypickingherwaythroughdeepsnowinhigh-heeledshoes.

Whencomparingmenandwomeninthematteroffashion,theconclusionstobedrawnareobvious.Dotheconstantlychangingfashionsofwomen'sclothes,onewonders,reflectbasicqualitiesofinconstancyandinstability?Menaretooclevertoletthemselvesbecheatedbyfashiondesigners.Dotheirunchangingstylesofdressreflectbasicqualitiesofstabilityandreliability?Thatisforyoutodecide.Tothewriter,thefactthatwomenaltertheirold-fashioneddressesisseenas_________.A)awasteofmoney

B)wasteoftime

C)anexpressionoftasteD)anexpressionofcreativities本题问题是：女士们把过了时的衣服改来改去，在作者看来是"浪费金钱"（A））；是"（女士对服装的）喜好（品味）的表现"（C））；是"（女士们）创造性的表现"（D））；还是(B))所说的"浪费时间"。根据第二段所说的"wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave。"答案应选B）。推理题在大学英语四级考试阅读理解中是比较难的一类试题，在做推理题时切忌主观臆断，推理必须基于文章中的具体事实细节。所以在做此类题时，虽然在文章中不能直接找到答案，但是一定要在文章中找到推测的依据，进行合理严密的推断。如果是针对文章中的某个细节进行推断，就要先在文章中找到该细节所在的句子，在正确理解该句的基础上推断出未知的事实。如果是根据文章推测作者的观点、目的、态度和思路，应该首先确定文章的中心思想，然后根据中心和作者所陈述的事实及细节进行推断。如果要是推断文章中没出现的前一段或下一段的内容，应在仔细阅读并理解了文章内容的基础上，重点分析文章的首、尾两段尤其是文章的开始句和结束句。4.语义题语义题考查的侧重点并不是检测我们的词汇量，而是考查我们通过上下文猜测词义的能力。常见的提问方式有：1.Theword“…”inline…probablymeans…2.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto“…”？3.Theauthorusestheexpression“…”toreferto…4.Theword“…”canbestbereplacedby…在解这类题时，首先要找到该词或短语所在的句子，然后确定单词的词性以及单词、短语等在句子中所起的语法作用，明确整个句子的含义，同时对上下文进行认真的分析，以确定上下文中是否有该词的定义、同义词、近义词或反义词，从而可以判断出正确答案。还可以根据上下文逻辑关系，联系日常生活中的有关常识，分析出合理的场景因素推断单词或短语的含义。此外，还可以利用构词法的知识，尤其是词缀法来猜测词义。5.观点态度题态度题要求我们对作者的态度(attitude)、全文的基调(tone)、文章的出处(source)作出判断。这类问题的提问方式有：1.What’sthetoneofthepassage?2.Theauthor’sviewis…3.Thewriter’sattitudeofthispassageisapparently…4.What’sthewriter’sattitudeto…?在回答态度类问题时，对文章体裁的考查是一个非常重要的方面。一般来说，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的(objective)或中立的(neutral)；而在议论文中，作者的观点才会显得多种多样。态度题中常用的选项有：positive(积极的)、negative(消极的)、neutral(中立的)、approval(赞成的)、disapproval(不赞成的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)、sarcastic(讽刺的)、critical(批评的)、optimistic(乐观的)、pessimistic(悲观的)等。解答态度题时，要注意以下两点：首先要注意文章中一些带有感情色彩的词，通过这些带有感情色彩的单词可以推测出作者对所论述问题的态度。其次，要注意作者对文章所论述问题的客观描述，通过这些描述推测出作者对其的看法和态度。Thereisnodenyingthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingabouthowcomputerswork,justasweexpectthematleasttounderstandthattheinternal-combustionengine（内燃机）

hassomethingtodowithburningfuel,expandinggasesandpistons（活塞）beingdriven.Forpeopleshouldhavesomebasicideaofhowthethingsthattheyusedowhattheydo.Further,studentsmightbehelpedbyacoursethatconsidersthecomputer’simpactonsociety.Butthatisnotwhatismeantbycomputerliteracy.Forcomputerliteracyisnotaformofliteracy（读写能力）;itisatradeskillthatshouldnotbetaughtasaliberalart.

Learninghowtouseacomputerandlearninghowtoprogramonearetwodistinctactivities.Acasemightbemadethatthecompetentcitizensoftomorrowshouldfreethemselvesfromtheirfearofcomputers.Butthisisquitedifferentfromsayingthatalloughttoknowhowtoprogramone.Leavethattopeoplewhohavechosenprogrammingasacareer.Whileprogrammingcanbelotsoffun,andwhileoursocietyneedssomepeoplewhoareexpertsatit,thesameistrueofautorepaidandviolin-making.

Learninghowtouseacomputerisnotthatdifficult,anditgetseasierallthetimeasprogramsbecomemore“user-friendly”.Letusassumethatinthefutureeveryoneisgoingtohavetoknowhowtouseacomputertobeacompetentcitizen.Whatdoesthephrase“learningtouseacomputer”mean?Itsoundslike“learningtodriveacar”,thatis,itsoundsasifthereissomesetofdefiniteskillsthat,onceacquired,enableonetouseacomputer.Infact,“learningtouseacomputer”ismuchmorelike“learningtoplayagame”,butlearningtherulesofonegamemaynothelpyouplayasecondgame,whoserulesmaynotbethesame.Thereisnosuchathingasteachingsomeonehowtouseacomputer.Onecanonlyteachpeopletousethisorthatprogramandgenerallythatiseasilyaccomplished.1. Tobethecompetentcitizensoftomorrow,peopleshould________. A)trytolayasolidfoundationincomputerscience B)beawareofhowthethingsthattheyusedowhattheydo C)learntouseacomputerbyacquiringacertainsetofskills D)understandthatprogrammingacomputerismoreessentialthanrepairingacar.C2. Inthesecondparagraph“violin-making”ismentionedtoshowthat_________. A)programmingacomputerisasinterestingasmakingaviolin B)oursocietyneedsexpertsindifferentfields C)violin-makingrequiresasmuchskillascomputerprogrammingD)peoplewhocanuseacomputerdon’tnecessarilyhavetoknowcomputerprogrammingD3. Learningtouseacomputerisgettingeasierallthetimebecause_________. A)programsarebecominglesscomplicated B)programsaredesignedtobeconvenienttousers C)programmingisbecomingeasierandeasier D)programsarebecomingreadilyavailabletocomputerusersB4. Accordingtotheauthor,thephrase“learningtouseacomputer”(Lines3-4,Para.3)meanslearning___________. A)asetofrules B)thefundamentalsofcomputerscience C)specificprograms D)generalprinciplesofprogrammingC5. Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageis_________. A)tostresstheimpactofthecomputeronsociety B)toexplaintheconceptofthecomputerliteracy C)toillustratetherequirementsforbeingcompetentcitizensoftomorrow. D)toemphasizethatcomputerprogrammingisaninterestingandchallengingjobBIt’sveryinterestingtonotewherethedebateaboutdiversity（多样化）istakingplace.Itistakingplaceprimarilyinpoliticalcircles.HereattheCollegeFund,wehavealotofcontactwithtopcorporate（公司的）leaders;noneofthemistalkingaboutgettingridofthoseinstrumentsthatproducediversity.Infact,theysaythatiftheircompaniesaretocompeteintheglobalvillageandintheglobalmarketplace,diversityisanimperative.

Theyalsosaythattheneedfortalented,skilledAmericansmeanswehavetoexpandthepoolmeanspromotingpoliciesthathelpprovideskillstomoreminorities,morewomenandmoreimmigrants.Corporateleadersknowthatifthatdoesn’toccurinoursociety,theywillnothavetheengineers,thescientist,thelawyers,orthebusinessmanagerstheywillneed.Likewise,Idon’thearpeopleintheacademysaying.“Let’sgobackward.Let’sgobacktothegoodolddays,whenwehadameritocracy（不拘一格选人才）“(whichwasnevertrue-weneverhadameritocracy,althoughwe’vecomeclosetoitinthelast30years).IrecentlyvisitedagreatlittlecollegeinNewYorkwherethecampushaddoubleditsminoritypopulationinthelastsixyears.ItalkedwithanAfricanAmericanwhohasbeenaprofessorthereforalongtime,andsheremembersthatwhenshefirstjoinedthecommunity,therewerefewerthanahandfulofminoritiesoncampus.Now,allofusfeeltheuniversityisbetterbecauseofthediversity.Sowherewehearthisdebateisprim