初升高英语暑假衔接第13讲 Unit5 Languages Around the World 核心单词知识句型（教师版）

第13讲Unit5LanguagesAroundtheWorld目标1掌握重点单词和词块的用法。目标2认识并运用重点句型。核心单词讲解1．nativeadj.本国的；本地的n．本地人；本国人用法：benativeto原产于one'snativecountry/land/language某人的祖国/故乡/母语beanativeof...……的人；原产于……的动物或植物翻译：以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。NativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydon'tspeakthesamekindofEnglish.2.attituden．态度；看法；姿态用法：attitudeto/towards...对……的态度/看法have/takea(n)．..attitudeto/towards...对……持……的态度/采取……的态度翻译：我们每个人都应该培养积极的人生态度。Weeachshoulddevelopapositiveattitudetolife.3.demandn．要求；需求vt.强烈要求；需要vi.查问用法：bein(great)demand(迫切)需求meetone'sdemands满足某人的需求demandtodosth.要求做某事demandthat...(should)do...要求……翻译：经理尽最大的努力满足客户的需求。Themanagertriestomeettheircustomers'demands.4.basedadj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的basicadj.基础的用法：bebasedon/upon以……为基础/依据base...on...以……为基础翻译：在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。Inmydiary,Isetdownaseriesofthingsthatareallbasedonfacts.5.varietyn．(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化varyvt.&vi.改变；变化用法：avarietyof＝varietiesof种类繁多的varyfrom...to...从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动翻译：在业余时间，我喜欢参加各种球类运动。Inmyfreetime,I'dliketotakepartinavarietyofballgames.6.descriptionn．描写(文字)；形容describevt.描述；形容；描绘用法：beyonddescription无法形容；难以描述翻译：很难形容我现在的感受。ItisdifficulttodescribehowIfeelnow.7.meansn．方式；方法；途径用法：bythismeans通过这种方法bymeansof用……办法；借助……bynomeans决不，一点也不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)翻译：处境困难时绝对不能放弃。Bynomeanscanyougiveupwhenyouareintrouble.8.regardn．尊重；关注vt.把……视为；看待用法：regard/consider...as...认为……是……with/inregardtosth.关于某事翻译：我认为Tom是我最好的朋友。IregardTomasmybestfriends.关于你的建议，我们将充分讨论。Inregardtohissuggestions,weshalldiscussthemfully.9.appreciatevt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会vi.增值appreciationn.欣赏；感激用法：appreciate＋n./pron./v.­ing重视/感激……Iwouldappreciateitif...假如……，我将不胜感激翻译：如果你考虑我的建议我将感激不尽。I'dappreciateitifyoucouldtakemysuggestionsintoconsideration.10．strugglen．&vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗用法：strugglefor努力争取……；为……而斗争struggleagainst/with与……作斗争struggletodosth.努力做某事翻译：为了更好的提升自我，我必须和各种各样的困难作斗争。Ihavetostrugglewithallkindsofdifficultiestobetterimprovemyself.11.equaln．同等的人；相等物；adj.相同的；同样的equallyadv.同样地；平等地用法：beequalto等于beequaltosth./doingsth.胜任(做)某事withoutequal无人可比，无敌翻译：我知道，这会帮我们实现黑人和白人平等的梦想。Iknewitwouldhelpusachieveourdreamofmakingblackandwhitepeopleequal.重点词块速记1billionsof数以十计的；大量的2benativeto源于...的；原产于3developagoodattitudetolife树立良好的生活态度4makereference参考，提及5referto谈到，提到；查阅，参考6theeducationsystem教育制度7upsanddowns好运和坏运的交替；盛衰8thekey/majorfactor关键/重要因素9base...on...以...为基础10datebackto追溯到；远在...年代11Redisasymbolofgoodluck.红色是好运的象征。12differentvarietiesof各类；多种多样13amajorcourse主修课程14bynomeans决不；一点儿也不15aclassicmistake典型错误16with/inregardtosth.关于某事17cartooncharacters卡通人物18aglobalvillage地球村19internationalaffairs国际事务20appreciatethesignificanceofsth.理解某事的意义21I;dappreciateitif...不胜感激22appreciativeapplause赞赏的掌声23aspecificgoal明确的目标24strugglefor/todosth.努力做某事25biteone’stongue保持缄默；忍住不说26pointofview观点；看法27thefallsemester秋季学期28narrowthegap缩小差距29meet/satisfythedemand满足需求30demanding要求高的；要求严格的31enlarge/expandone’svocabulary扩大词汇量32beyonddescription难以描述；难以形容重点句型剖析1．while作并列连词Sweetmeatsarecandieswhilesweetbreads,whicharen'tsweet,aremeat.蜜饯是糖果，而胰脏不是甜的，是肉。2．thereasonwhy...Therearemanyreasonswhythishasbeenpossible,butoneofthemainfactorshasbeentheChinesewritingsystem.(P62)有许多原因使之成为可能，但其中一个主要因素就是汉字书写体系。3．It/This/Thatis/wasatimewhen...Overtheyears,thesystemdevelopedintodifferentforms,asitwasatimewhenpeopleweredividedgeographically,leadingtomanyvarietiesofdialectsandcharacters.历经时代发展，这个体系发展成了不同的形式，因为当时人们因地势而分散，从而形成了许多不同的方言和文字。4．beof＋抽象名词ThatwritingsystemwasofgreatimportanceinunitingtheChinesepeopleandculture.这一书写体系对于团结中华民族和中华文化具有重要意义。5．“nomatter＋特殊疑问词”引导让步状语从句Eventoday,nomatterwhereChinesepeopleliveorwhatdialecttheyspeak,theycanallstillcommunicateinwriting.即使在今天，不管住在哪里，也不管说着何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。6．现在完成进行时I'vebeenstudyingEnglishsinceprimaryschool.我从小学就在学英语了。考点一、核心单词语法填空There'sanincreaseddemandorganicproducethesedays.Thisreportofferedthemostspecificandaccurate（describe）oftheproblems.Bytheway,wouldyoumind（take）theparceltothepostofficeformenow?Standardsinhealthcarehaveimprovedenormouslycompared40yearsago.Welivedinanagethedevelopmentofsinceandtechnologyisfasterthaneverbefore.Themoreairthereisinsidethetyre,the（great）pressurethereisinit.Londonisfullofhomelesspeople（beg）inthestreets.Ididn’tthinkIcouldevergetusedto（live）inabigcityafterlivinginthecountry.9.Youcantellfromhisblueeyesthatheisn'tnativeChina.10.Theartisthaspaintedthescenefrom（variety）viewpoints.11.IwanttomajorbiologybecauseIhavelongwonderedabouttheoriginoflife.12.Thewholeworldisconnectedcomputersanditisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.13.I'dappreciateifyoucouldletmeknowinadvancewhetherornotyouwillcome.15.Holdingapositiveattitudelifecangiveyoustrengthwhenyou'reintrouble.15.Earthquakesitesshouldberegardedasadmemoryratherthanatooltobringinmoney.16.Themusicianalongwithhisbandmembers（give）tenperformancesinthelastthreemonths.1.for2.description3.taking4.to/with5.when6.greater7.begging8.living9to10.various11.in12.by13.it14.to/towards15.as16.hasgiven考点二、重点词块选词填空referto,upsanddowns,bebasedon,anincreasingnumberof,nomatterwhen,playanimportantrolein,avarietyof,datebackto,payattentionto,bymeansof,Inhisspeech,hearecenttriptoCanada.Hospitalsinthehealthcaresystem.Yourgradewillfourpapersandafinalexam.Thehistoryofhockeycanthousandsofyearsago.TherearetouristattractionsandhistoricalsitesinChina.Youneedtohowyoubehavebothinpublicandprivate.Imeethim,heisalwayswearingthatoldhat.moderntechnologyweareabletocommunicatewitheachotherinstantly.Thecourseoflifeneverrunssmoothlyforitisfullofandtwistsandturns.BikesharinghassweptacrossChina,withpeoplechoosingbikeridinginsteadofdriving.1.referredto2.playanimportantrolein3.bebasedon4.datebackto5.avarietyof6.payattentionto7.Nomatterwhen8.Bymeansof9.upsanddowns10.anincreasingnumberof阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。KimCobb,aprofessorattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyinAtlanta,isoneofasmallbutgrowingminorityofacademics1arecuttingbackontheirairtravelbecauseofclimatechange.Travellingtoconferences,lectures,workshops,andthelikefrequentlybyplane

2（view）asimportantforscientiststogettogetherandexchangeinformation.ButCobbandothers3（be）nowquestioningthatideapushingconferencestoprovidemorechancestoparticipateremotely,and4（change）theirpersonalbehaviortodotheirpartindealingwiththeclimatechangecrisis.OnawebsitecalledNoFlyClimateSci,forexample,5（rough）200academics-manyofthemclimatescientists6（promise）toflyaslittleaspossiblesincetheeffortstartedtwoyearsago.Cobb,forherparty,startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeak7shecoulddosoremotely;aboutthree-quartersof8time,theyagreed.Whentheanswer,wasno,she,declinedthe9（invite）.ThatapproachbroughtCobb'sairtravellastyeardownby75%,andsheplans10（continue）thepractice."Ithasbeenfairlyrewarding.",shesays,"areallypositivechange."【答案】1．who/that2．isviewed/hasbeenviewed3．are4．changing5．roughly6．havepromised7．whether/if8．the9．invitation10．tocontinue【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个由学者团体发行的实践，目的是为了减少学术飞行以应对气候变化危机。1．考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授KimCobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。2．考查被动语态。句意：对科学家而言，旅行去参加会议、讲座、工作室之类的地方来相聚并交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与主谓之间存在被动关系，故填isviewed或hasbeenviewed。3．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。根据句意可知，此处也应使用现在进行时，主语为复数，故填are。4．考查时态。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。分析句子结构可知，此处and连接并列的动词questioning和change，故填changing。5．考查副词。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。此处修饰数字用副词roughly“粗略地大约”，故填roughly。6．考查时态。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用现在完成时，故填havepromised。7．考查宾语从句。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。显然ask后面出现了一个宾语从句，宾语从句句意不完整，whether/if“是否”符合语境，故填whether或if。8．考查冠词。句意：大约有四分之三的时间，他们同意了。此处特指Cobb询问的时间范围内，故填the。9．考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词decline的宾语，故填invitation。10．考查动词不定式。句意：他打算继续这个实践。动词plan后面跟动词不定式，plantodosth“计划做”，故填tocontinue。阅读理解Passage1（2023秋·湖南·高一长郡中学校考期中）Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂sheexplains,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂1．Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A．Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B．Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C．Theycanconsumeplastics.D．Theywindupinlandfills.2．AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.A．identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB．findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC．confirmtheresearchfindingsD．increasethebreakdownspeed3．Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.A．helptoraisewormsB．helpmakeplasticbagsC．beusedtocleantheoceansD．beproducedinfactoriesinfuture4．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B．Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C．Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D．Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.【答案】1．C2．B3．D4．C【分析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。22．细节理解题。根据文章第四段Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。4．写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。点睛：根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1)toentertainreaders（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2)topersuadereaders（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类的文章。3)toinformreaders（告知读者某些信息），多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。本题的最后一题为写作意图题。文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现---蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推着写作意图是告知、告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。Passag22(河南省郑州外国语学校2022-2023学年高一上学期期中)Happinessisnotawarmphone,accordingtoanewstudyexploringthelinkbetweenyounglifesatisfactionandscreentime.ThestudywasledbyprofessorofpsychologyJeanM.TwengeatSanDiegoStateUniversity(SDSU).Toresearchthislink,Twenge,alongwithcolleaguesGabrielleMartinatSDSUandW.KeithCampbellattheUniversityofGeorgia,dealtwithdatafromtheMonitoringtheFuture(MtF)study,anationallyrepresentativesurveyofmorethanamillionU.S.8th-,10th-,and12th-graders.ThesurveyaskedstudentsquestionsabouthowoftentheyspenttimeontheirPhones,tabletsandcomputers,aswellasquestionsabouttheirface-to-facesocialinteractionsandtheiroverallhappiness.Onaveragefoundthatteenswhospentmoretimeinfrontofscreendevices—playingcomputergames,usingsocialmedia,textingandvideochatting—werelesshappythanthosewhoinvestedmoretimeinnon-screenactivitieslikesports,readingnewspapersandmagazines,andface-to-facesocialinteractions."Thekeytodigitalmediauseandhappinessislimiteduse,"Twengesaid."Aimtospendnomorethantwohoursadayondigitalmedia,andtrytoincreasetheamountoftimeyouspendseeingfriendsface-to-faceandexercising—twoactivitiesreliablylinkedtogreaterhappiness."Lookingathistoricaltrendsfromthesameagegroupssincethe1990s,it'seasytofindthattheincreaseofscreendevicesovertimehappenedatthesametimeasageneraldrop-offinreportedhappinessinU.S.teens.Specifically,youngpeopledlifesatisfactionandhappinessdeclinedsharplyafter2012.That'stheyearwhenthepercentageofAmericanswhoownedasmartphoneroseabove50percent.Byfarthelargestchangeinteens'livesbetween2012and2016wastheincreaseintheamountoftimetheyspentondigitalmedia,andthefollowingdeclineinin-personsocialactivitiesandsleep.5．WhichmethoddidTwenge'steamuseforthestudy?A．Calculatingstudents'happiness.B．Askingstudentscertainquestions.C．Analyzingdatafromasurvey.D．Doingexperimentsonscreentime.6．Howdoestheauthordevelopthefindingofthestudyinparagraph3?A．Bymakingacomparison.B．Bygivinganexample.C．Bymakinganargument.D．Byintroducingaconcept.7．Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A．Todrawaconclusionfromthestudy.B．Tooffersomeadvicetothereaders.C．Toprovesocialactivities'importance.D．Tosupporttheresearchers'finding.8．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．QuittingPhonesEqualsHappinessB．ScreenTimeShouldBeBannedC．Teens'LivesHaveChangedSharplyD．Screen-addictedTeensAreUnhappier【答案】5．C6．A7．D8．D【分析】本文是一篇说明文。一项探索年轻人生活满意度和屏幕时间之间关系的新研究表明，幸福不是一部温暖的手机，沉迷于屏幕的青少年更不快乐。5．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Toresearchthislink,Twenge,alongwithcolleaguesGabrielleMartinatSDSUandW.KeithCampbellattheUniversityofGeorgia,dealtwithdatafromtheMonitoringtheFuture(MtF)study,anationallyrepresentativesurveyofmorethanamillionU.S.8th-,10th-,and12th-graders.(为了研究这一联系，特文奇与圣地亚哥州立大学的加布里埃尔·马丁和乔治亚大学的W.KeithCampbell一起处理了来自“监控未来”（MtF）研究的数据，该研究是一项针对超过一百万名美国8年级、10年级和12年级学生的全国代表性调查)”可知，Twenge的团队通过分析一项调查的数据的方式来进行这项研究。故选C。6．推理判断题。根据第三段“Onaveragefoundthatteenswhospentmoretimeinfrontofscreendevices—playingcomputergames,usingsocialmedia,textingandvideochatting—werelesshappythanthosewhoinvestedmoretimeinnon-screenactivitieslikesports,readingnewspapersandmagazines,andface-to-facesocialinteractions.(研究发现，花更多时间在屏幕设备前的青少年——玩电脑游戏、使用社交媒体、发短信和视频聊天——比花更多时间在非屏幕活动（如体育运动、阅读报纸和杂志以及面对面的社会互动）的青少年更不快乐)”可知，作者是通过作比较的方式来阐述研究结果的。故选A。7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Lookingathistoricaltrendsfromthesameagegroupssincethe1990s,it'seasytofindthattheincreaseofscreendevicesovertimehappenedatthesametimeasageneraldrop-offinreportedhappinessinU.S.teens.Specifically,youngpeopledlifesatisfactionandhappinessdeclinedsharplyafter2012.(看看自上世纪90年代以来同一年龄组的历史趋势，我们很容易发现屏幕设备随着时间的推移而增加的同时，美国青少年报告的幸福感却普遍下降。尤其是2012年后，年轻人的生活满意度和幸福感急剧下降)”可知，最后一段中的这些内容主要是为支持研究发现服务的。故选D。8．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Happinessisnotawarmphone,accordingtoanewstudyexploringthelinkbetweenyounglifesatisfactionandscreentime.(一项探索年轻人生活满意度和屏幕时间之间关系的新研究表明，幸福不是一部温暖的手机)”及对研究的具体介绍可知，文章主要介绍了一项研究发现——那些沉迷于电子屏幕的青少年明显更不快乐。故选D。Passage3(湖北省宜城一中、枣阳一中等六校联考2022-2023学年高一上学期期中)Doyouliketraveling?Manypeoplechoosebackpacking(背着背包徒步旅行)becauseitnotonlyhelpssavealotofmoney,butalsogivesthemanotherkindofexperience.Whenyouareplanningabackpackingadventure,thefirstthingtodoinyouropinionmaybethedecisionontheplaceswhereyouwillvisit.However,itisnotthemostimportantthing.Greatadventureswillmakeyoufacegreatdanger.Soyoushouldnotonlyimaginetheenjoymentyouwillhaveonthetrip,butalsothinkaboutthepossibledangeryoumightface.Makingtravelinsurance(保险)isthemoststaple.Itcanmakesurethatyoustaysafeonthetrip.Soyoushouldbuyabackpackertravelinsurancepolicy(保险单)beforeyouleave.Backpackerpoliciesarespeciallydesignedtomeetyourneeds,byofferingahighlevelofcoverforalongtimeoftravel.Youcanbuyabackpackerpolicyfromoneweektotwoyearsorlongertime.Thebackpackerinsurancepolicycoversmanyactivitiessuchasswimandski,andprovidesprotection