2018年高考英语命题规律解读(含英语冲刺题和解析)

2018届高考英语冲刺题

2018年高考命题规律解读

阅读理解

(1)考什么？近几年阅读理解命题的大体格局一致，基本上可以归纳为主旨大意题、词

义猜测题、推理判断题、细节理解题和观点态度意图题。从整体来看，细节理解题占多数，

推理判断题其次，然后是观点态度意图、主旨大意题和词义猜测题。

(2)怎么考？①体裁和题材内容：近几年全国卷高考试题阅读理解的文体多为记叙文、

说明文、应用文和议论文四种。选材贴近实际生活、时代感强、强调实际应用，渗透文化意

识、情感态度等人文素养的考查，使学生能够展示个性发展和思维的多样性与开放性、感悟

人生价值、弘扬正能量、培养核心素养体系。内容涉及政治、经济、人物、动物、故事、新

闻、教育、广告、哲理、生态、环保、科普、史地、节日、社会、卫生等多个领域。相比较

来看，社会文化、人物故事、科普知识和时文报道类的语篇所占比例较大。②语言特点：所

选材料基本都是英文原版材料，能够体现当代英语的特点，用词简练，生动，语句富于变化,

长短句搭配得当，常用词的深层或引申意义也处理得比较恰当，既不限于教材原义，又不涉

及过于生僻的用法。句子结构几乎囊括了英语句法修辞中的所有语句结构形式，如简单句、

复合句、虚拟语气、倒装句、省略句、强调句、插入语等。行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序

变化起伏，隐含信息较多等。此外，长难句和优美的经典句子、谚语等的增加也是这几年高

考英语阅读理解的一大亮点，在今后的高考阅读试题中仍将继续保持这种态势。

(3)命题趋势：选材不拘泥特定的规律模式，而是向多元性发展，主要以引导考生在理

解文章内容和作者观点态度的基础上弘扬传统文化、关注中国和世界发展大势，深入思考人

与自然的关系，体悟和谐发展之道，培养创新精神和人文情怀。考点仍将以细节理解题和推

理判断题为主，词义推测仍然以每年一题的形式出现，而主旨大意题、标题归纳题、观点态

度题以及代词指代题则是灵活出现。

Passage1.

Istartstogetcreative

Mostpeoplenowadaysownadevice（设备）thatfeaturesartificialintelligence（AI）,withthelikesof

Sirialwaystheretogreetuswithafriendlyvoice.

ButMicrosoft9sXiaolceisdifferent.Launched（投入）in2014fortheChinesemarket,"she"hasa

creativeedgeoverhercompetitors.

WhilemostAIassistantssimplyreadoutinformationtheygetonline,suchasmovielistingsor

weatherforecasts（预报）,Xiaolcehasa"realness“thattheotherslack.Indeed,ifyouaskednicely,

shecouldreadyouapoemfromhernewweeklycolumninWestChinaCityDaily.

ThenewspaperhasbeenprintingXiaolce'sself^pennedpoetryeachweeksinceAug19,takenfrom

herownbookofpoems,TheSunlightthatLosttheGlassWindow.w

ToturnXiaolceintoamasterofpoetry,Microsoftscientists"fled"hertheworksofover500

influentialmodempoets,includingthoseofHuShi,LiJinfa,LinHuiyin,XuZhimo,andWenYiduo,

reportedChinaDaily.

Thisledtoherfiguringoutawritingstyleofherownandcreatingover70,000originalpoems,with

137usedtoproducethebook.xMostofthepoemsareindistinguishable（难区分的）fromthose

writtenbyhumans,andXiaolce'sbookevengotgoodfeedback（反馈）fromexperts.

“Xiaolce'sworkcarriesastrangetaste.Themoreyouchewonit,themoreinterestingitbecomes/9

ZhangZonggang,aliteratureprofessorattheNanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnology,told

theSouthChinaMorningPost.Butitseemsnoteveryoneisafan.

”[Thepoems]disgustedmewiththeirslippery（油滑的）toneandrhythm.Thesentenceswere

aimlessandsuperficial（肤浅的），lackingtheinnerlogicfbremotionalexpression,MYunnan-based

poetYuJiantoldChinaYouthDaily.

Thisisn'tthefirstAItoattemptpoetry.Lastyear,Google'sParseyMcParsefacemadesomepoems

ofitsown,althoughtheywerebranded"miserable（令人不快的）"and"mournful（使人忧郁的）“by

reviewers.

WhileitseemslikeAIisbecomingmore"intelligent”andless“artificial”allthetime,whenitcomes

tocreativity,perhapsthisisonejobthatsoftwareshouldleavetoushumans.

Choosetheanswer:

1.WhatadvantagedoesXiaolcehaveovermostotherAIassistants?

A.Shecangreetuserswithherfriendlyvoice.B.Sheisabletoreadpoetryforusers.

C.Shecanacquireinformationonlineveryquickly.D.Shehastheabilitytocreateoriginalpoems.

2.WhatisthecorrectdescriptionofXiaolce?

A.Herworksarewelcomedbymanyinfluentialmodernpoets.

B.Herpoemsarecomparabletothosewrittenbyhumans.

C.Sheisworkingonamonthlycolumninanewspaper.

D.Herworksdon'thaveaspecificwritingstyle.

3.WhatistheproblemaboutXiaolce'spoems,accordingtothetext?

A.It'squitehardtounderstandwhatherworksmean.

B.Herpoemsaresorrowfulandlackcreativity.

C.Thetoneandrhythmofherpoemsarequestionable.

D.Theemotionalexpressionsinherpoemsdeservemoreattention.

Passage2.

Onesteptoofar

Scientistshavebeentryingtofigureouthowtoalterthegenesofhumansformanyyearsnow,andit

lookslikethey'vefinallycracked（破解）thecode.Butwhilethismayseemlikeagreatstepforward

inscience,somealsobelievethatit'sonestepbackwhenitcomestoethics.w

InAugust,agroupofscientistsfromtheUSandSouthKoreaworkedtogethertosuccessfullyedita

humanembryoandremoveageneticmutation（基因突变）thatwouldhaveledtoheartdisease,

reportedTheGuardian.

ThiswasachievedwiththehelpofCRISPR,agene-editingtoolthatallowsscientiststo“cutand

paste（粘贝占）"humanDNA.

Althoughthiswasthefirstexampleofanembryo'sgenesbeingchangedsuccessfully,thebenefitsof

geneeditinghavealreadybeentestedinlivingpatients.

In2015,afive-month-oldgirlfromtheUKwassavedafterdoctorsusededitedcellstofightoffher

cancer.Asoftoday,she'saliveandwell.

AndintheUSlastyear,scientistsmanagedtoremoveHIVcellsfromseveralpatientsbyeditingthe

genesinsidetheirbodies.

Somepeoplehopethatinthefuture,diseasesorbirthdefects（缺陷）couldsimplybe“editedout”.

However,othersbelievethiscouldleadtoso-calleddesignerbabies,givingparentstheoptionto

chooseeverythingfromeyecolortointelligence.

“Youcouldfindwealthyparentsbuyingthelatest'upgrades（升级）'fbrtheirchildren,leadingto

evengreaterinequalitythanwealreadylivewith,“MarcyDamovsky,directoroftheSanFrancisco

CenterforGenetics,toldBBCNews.

Inspiteoftheseethicalconcerns,expertssayit'snotpossibletocreatethe“perfect“humanbeing.

Despitetheprogressscientistshavemade,wedon'tunderstandhumangenesenoughtogivean

unbornchildgreatbrainpoweroramazingsingingabilities.

“Rightnow,weknownothingaboutgeneticenhancement（提升）」HankGreely,adirectorof

sciencesatStanfordUniversity,US,toldTheNewYorkTimes."We'renevergoingtobeabletosay,

honestly,"Thisembryolookslikeitwouldscorehighonthetwo-partSAT.'"

Soitlookslikeifwewantgoodexamresults,ortoimpresspeoplewithourpianoskills,we'llhave

tostickwiththeoldfashionedmethodofplainhardwork-atleastfornow.

Choosethebestanswer:

1.Theunderlinedword“alter“inParagraph1probablymeans.

A.recordB.changeC.removeD.increase

2.Whydosomepeopleconsiderhumangeneeditingastepbackwards?

A.Theydon'tthinkitisaneffectivewaytofightdiseases.

B.Theyareconcernedthatitcouldleadtogeneticmutations.

C.Theythinkitcouldleadtodesignerbabiesandincreasedinequality.

D.Theyworrythatitcouldmakeparentsabandonchildrenwithbirthdefects.

3.Whatwasthefirstsuccessfulexampleofhumanembryogeneediting?

A.Ageneticmutationrelatedtoheartdiseasewasremovedbyscientists.

B.Anewbornbabywithcancerwassavedbyeditedcells.

C.HIVcellswereremovedfrompatients9bodies.

D.Somebirthdefectsweresimplyeditedout.

4.Whatcanweconcludefromthetext?

A.Geneeditingisregardedastheperfectwaytotreatbirthdefects.

B.Thereisstillalongwaytogotofullyunderstandhumangenes.

C.Geneeditingcouldhelpenhancehumanintelligenceinthenearfuture.

D.Scientistsarepessimisticaboutthefutureofgeneediting.

Passage3.

StudyingMandarin

USteenagerThomasCheathamhadplannedtostudyLatinduringhistimeatHebronHighSchoolin

Texas.ButwhenhelearnedthattheschooldistrictwasgoingtoofferaMandarin（普通话）class,he

quicklychangedhismind.

“Ithought[Mandarin]wouldbemorebeneficialthanLatin,“saidCheatham,whoisnowinhis

secondyearofstudyingthelanguage.

HespeaksMandarintoorderfoodatChineserestaurantsandcanreadsocialmediapostsfromhis

Chinese-speakingfriends.

Whileit'sadifficultlanguagetomaster,thehighschooljunior,whoplanstostudycomputer

engineering,thinksitwillbeimportantforhiscareer.

"Chineseisagoodlanguagetoknow,especiallywithChinabecomingagrowingpower,hesaid.

Manyexpertsagreethatproficiencyinalanguagespokenbyabillionpeopleworldwidewillgive

Americanstudentsanedgeintheglobaleconomy.

“PeoplearelookingatChinaasournexteconomiccompetitor,andinterestinMandarinisgrowing,

saidMartyAbbott,executivedirectoroftheAmericanCouncilontheTeachingofForeign

Languages.“We'reseeingitinallpartsofthecountry.”

Abbottestimatesthatasmanyas100,000studentsarenowstudyingMandarinthroughouttheUS,in

publicandprivateschools.

ShesaidtheUSgovernmenthasdesignated（指定）Mandarinasa“critical（重要的）needs99language

andprovidesprofessionaldevelopmentprogramsforteachers.

“Ourgovernmentwantstoincreaseourlanguagecompetency（能力）fornationalsecurityand

economiccompetitiveness,Abbottsaid.

Atthesametime,theChinesegovernmentisspreadingknowledgeoftheChineselanguageand

culturethroughConfuciusInstitutesestablishedinmanyUSstates.

Forexample,theConfuciusInstituteattheUniversityofTexasinDallashasbeenthehomeofa

ConfuciusInstitutefor10years.Itsponsors（主办）ConfuciusClassroomsat21localpublicand

privateschools,wheretensofthousandsofstudentsarelearningMandarin.

Choosethebestanswer:

1.ThomasCheathamdecidedtostudyMandarininsteadofLatinbecausehethought.

A.MandarinwaseasiertolearnthanLatin

B.MandarinmighthelphimlearnmoreaboutChinesefood

C.Mandarincouldenablehimtomakemorefriendsonline

D.Mandarincouldbeadvantageousinhisfuturecareer

2.Theunderlinedword"proficiency"inParagraph6probablymeans.

A.stronginterest

B.greatskill

C.lackofpractice

D.alevelofdifficulty

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsmightMartyAbbottagreewith?

A.MandarinshouldbetaughtinclassroomsthroughouttheUS.

B.TheUSgovernment'spolicyhashelpedpopularizeMandarinintheUS.

C.ManyAmericanslearnMandarinbecausetheyworryabouttheirnationalsecurity.

D.ThosecompetentatChinesewillbethemostcompetitiveintheUSinthefuture.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthearticle?

A.TherisingpopularityofMandarinamongAmericanstudents.

B.TheinfluenceofChina'sgrowingpoweronAmericaneducation.

C.ThebenefitsoflearningMandarinforAmericanstudents.

D.HowConfuciusInstitutesintheUShelppromoteMandarin.

Passage4.

BestplaceforDisney

Havingayear-roundcomfortableclimateandbeingclosetoseveralEuropeancountries,many

thoughtthatPariswastheperfectlocationforEurope'sfirstDisneyland.Butculturallyspeaking,

Pariswasprobablytheleastlogicalchoice.ThisisbecauseFranceisknownforitsreputationof

smiiking（得意地笑）atanythingAmerican-anattitudecalled"anti-Americanism”.

Despitethis,DisneyopenedaparkinParisanyway.

Openingin1992,thisyearmarksits25thanniversary.Sohowhasitmanagedtosurviveforsolong

inacountrythatsomethoughtmaynotwelcomeit?

AccordingtoNPR,"Americaposes（造成）adangertoeverythingtheFrenchholddear."For

example,Franceisfamousforitsfancycuisine（菜肴）andpeoplethereusuallyspendalongtime

overmeals.ButtheUS'fastfood-hotdogsandhamburgers,tonametwo-introducedacompletely

differentdiningstyle.Andinthefilmindustry,whileFrenchculturevalueslow-plotandhigh-art

films,Hollywood'sfast-food-stylefilmproductionsmayseemoflowtasteintheeyesoftheFrench.

“InthelandofLouisXIV'srealCastleofVersailles...whydoweneedthefakeoneofSleeping

Beauty?^^isthereactionofmanyFrenchpeopletowardtheUSthemepark,accordingtoThe

BaltimoreSunnewspaper.

ThereusedtobedoubtoverwhethertheDisneymagicwouldworkinFrance.Butthisdoubthas

beenprovedunnecessarynowthattheparkhasbeingstandingfor25years.AndaccordingtoThe

Telegraph,DisneylandPariswasvisitedbynearly15millionpeoplelastyear,halfofwhomwere

French.

“Franceischanging.Slowly,itswayoflifeisbeginningtoresemble（与...相彳以）thatofthe

countryitlovestohate,“commentedTheEconomist.

Today,eventhoughFrenchpeoplearestillseenas“aloof（冷淡的）"andproudoftheirownculture

morethananything,theyarealreadyapartofthetrendofglobalizationandthereisnogettingoutof

it.

“Atthecore,Americagivesusthesameeffectasicecream,“FrenchjournalistJacquelineRemy

oncewroteinL9Expressmagazine.uItmakesussick,butwekeepaskingforit.”

Choosethebestanswer:

1.Whatisthearticlemainlyabout?

A.HowFrenchpeopleholdan“anti-American“attitude.

B.HowPariswastheperfectlocationforEurope9sfirstDisneyland.

C.ThecharacteristicsofFrenchpeopleandtheiruniqueculture.

D.AlookatFrance'schangingattitudetowardUSculture.

2.TheexamplesinParagraph4areusedtoshowthat.

A.Frenchpeoplehaveabettertasteinfilms

B.Franceisfamousforitscuisineandmovies

C.AmericancultureisimportanttotheFrench

D.AmericanculturemaythreatenFrenchculture

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutDisneylandParisaccordingtothearticle?

A.ItwasdesignedtolookliketheCastleofVersailles.

B.MostFrenchpeoplerefusetovisitit.

C.ItisapopulardestinationforFrenchtourists.

D.ItmixesAmericanandFrenchculture.

4.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthelastthreeparagraphs?

A.Frenchpeoplearenolongerproudoftheirownculture.

B.MostFrenchpeopleconsiderglobalizationabadinfluence.

C.AmericancultureishavinganinfluenceonFrenchpeople'slives.

D.FrenchpeoplearecompletelyopentoAmericanculture.

Passage5.

Simplelifemakesushappy

Whatmakesushappy?

Therehaslongbeenanotion（观念）thatmoneybuyshappiness.However,although"wereally,

reallytriedthatforacoupleofgenerations,itdidn'twork,“saidFrancineJay,authorofTheJoyof

Less,AMinimalistLivingGuide:HowtoDeclutter,Organize,andSimplifyYourLife.

Thankstoatravel-inspiredrevelation（启发）,Jayhasbeenhappilylivingasimplerlifefor12years.

“Ialwayspackedaslightlyaspossible,andfounditexhilarating（令人高兴的）togetbywithjusta

smallcarry-onbagJshetoldCNN.thoughtifitfeelsthisgreattotravellightly,howamazing

woulditbetolivethisway?Iwantedtohavethatsamefeelingoffreedominmyeverydaylife."

Jaydecidedtogetridofallherexcess（额夕卜的）possessionsandlivewithjusttheessentials（必需

品）.'jwantedtospendmytimeandenergyonexperiences,ratherthanthings.”

Jayisafollowerofamovementcalled“minimalism（极简主义）Growingnumbersofpeoplehave

beenattractedtothislifestyleallovertheworld.Theysharethesamefeelingofdisappointmentwith

modemlifeandadesiretolivemoresimply.Minimalistsaretypicallyprogressive（革新的）and

concernedabouttheenvironment,LeahWatkins,aleadresearcheratOtagoUniversityinNew

Zealand,toldStuffmagazineinMarch.

Butmanysimplyexperiencedunhappinesscausedbyowningtoomanypossessions.Depression（沮

丧）withthematerialismofourworldisn'tnew.EnglishromanticpoetWilliamWordsworth

summeduphowdispiriting（令人%肖沉的）thiswasbackin1802,atthebeginningoftheindustrial

age,whenhewrote:"Gettingandspending,welaywasteourpowers".Hispreferencewastogo

backtonature.Closertoourowntimes,thehippies（嬉皮士）ofthe1960salsosoughtto“dropout”

ofmodemlife.

Andformanyminimalists,theirkeyistounload.Withoutobjects,they"believepeopleareforced

moreandmoreintothepresentmomentandthat'swherelifehappens/9wroteStuff

Butdoessimplicityeverfeellikeasacrifice（牺牲）？

“It'seliminatingtheexcess-unuseditems,unnecessarypurchases-fromyourlife.Well,Imay

havefewerpossessions,butIhavemorespace...Minimalismismakingroomforwhatmatters

mostJsaidJay.

And“therealquestions”,accordingtoDuaneElgin,USsocialscientist,are“whatdoyoucare

about?^^and"Whatdoyouvalue?"

HetoldCNN:"It'simportantforpeopletorealize[minimalism]isn'tsimplytheamountofstuffwe

consume.Ifsaboutourfamilies,ourwork,ourconnectionwiththelargerworld,ourspiritual

dimension.It9sabouthowwetouchthewholeworld.Ifsawayoflife.

Choosethebestanswer:

1.Whatwastheauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthetext?

A.Toarguewhethermoneybuyshappiness.

B.TorecommendoneofFrancineJay'sbooks.

C.Toexplorethetrendofminimalism.

D.Togivetipsonhowtoleadahappylife.

2.WhatinspiredFrancineJaytoliveasimplelife?

A.Abookshecameacross.

B.Afollowerofminimalismshemetonatrip.

C.Thepleasuresheenjoyedfromtravelinglightly.

D.Herdesiretokeepupwithmodernlife.

3.Theunderlinedword“eliminating“inthesecond-to-lastparagraphprobablymeans.

A.removingB.distinguishingC.acceptingD.improving

4.WhichofthefollowingwouldDuaneElginprobablyagreewith?

A.Minimalismisahealthylifestylethatisinconflictwithmodernlife.

B.Minimalismmeanspeoplehavetosacrificesomepleasuretolivesimply.

C.Minimalismlimitspeople'sfreedomtoenjoytheirlivestothefullest.

D.Minimalismenablespeopletoreflectonwhattrulycountsintheirlives.

七选五：

(1)考什么？①分析短文篇章结构：分析篇章结构、把握全篇文脉是解题的关键。语篇

通常由段落构成，所以分析篇章结构包括两个层次：一是分析段落之间的层次，也就是语篇

层次；二是分析每个段落内部的层次，即句际层次。尤其是选项与前(后)句之间的逻辑关

系，是确定答案的主要依据。②辨别语境线索：语境线索主要指反应上下文关系的衔接手段，

如篇章结构、词语重现、逻辑、连接等。语境线索包括：原词再现，逻辑关系，连接关系等

keywordso

（2）怎么考？①文体特点：文章一般采用议论文或说明文（在所有高中阶段要求掌握

的英语文体中，议论文、说明文和夹叙夹议的记叙文是七选五最为突出的三类），自该题型

在课标卷中出现以来均采用说明文，但2017年全国ni卷采用的是夹叙夹议文体。这说明高

考七选五题型的体裁和选材朝多样化发展。选材突出实用性、知识性、服务性。话题常见，

语言朴实，语句多样化。文章注重层次性和概括性以及过渡性，使得设题可控、有效度。文

长在200词上下，挖空密度均匀，所设题位置根据文章的需要设置，无绝对的段首、段中、

段尾个数上的约定。②选项特点：该题备选项可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容或段落大

意）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。其多余的两个干扰

项也往往从这三个方面进行设置，例如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题过渡性

句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。

（3）命题趋势：体裁上会继续扩展，记叙文、议论文都有，打破以往单一说明文的模

式，设题会更加灵活，不仅仅是以句子为选项，也将出现半句、短语等。

Passage1.

Lotsofpeoplefindithardtogetupinthemorningandputtheblameonthealarmclock.In

fact,thekeytoeasymorningwake-upliesinrestingyourbodyclock1Hereishowtomakeone.

•2Inordertomakeachange,youneedtodecidewhyit'simportant.Doyouwanttoget

upintimetohavebreakfastwithyourfamily,getinsomeexercise,orjustbebetterpreparedfor

yourday?Onceyouareclearaboutyourreason,tellyourfamilyorroommatesaboutthechangeyou

wanttomake.

•Rethinkmornings.Nowthatyouknowwhyyouwanttowakeup,considerre-arranging

yourmorningactivities.Ifyouwanttimetohavebreakfastwithyourfamily,savesometimethe

nightbeforebysettingoutclothes,shoes,andbags.3That'saquarter-hourmoreyoucouldbe

sleepingifyouboughtacoffeemakerwithatimer.

•Keepyoursleep/wakescheduleonweekends.Ifyou'retiredoutbyFridaynight,sleeping

inonSaturdaycouldsoundwonderful.Butcompensatingontheweekendsactuallyfeedsintoyour

sleepinessthefollowingweek,arecentstudyfound._4

•Keeparecordandevaluateitweekly.Keeptrackofyoureffortsandwritedownhowyou

feel.Afteryou'vetriedanewmethodforaweek,takealookatyourrecord.5Ifnot,take

anotherlookatothermethodsyoucouldtry.

A.Getasleepspecialist.

B.Findtherightmotivation.

C・Abetterplanfbrsleepcanhelp.

D.Andconsidersettingasecondalarm.

E.Ifthestepsyoutakeareworking,keepitup.

F.Sticktoyoursetbedtimeandwake-uptime,nomattertheday.

G.Reconsiderthe15minutesyouspendinlineatthecafetogetcoffee.

Passage2.

Everyanimalsleeps,butthereasonforthishasremainedfbggy.Whenlabratsarenot

allowedtosleep,theydiewithinamonth._1

Oneideaisthatsleephelpsusstrengthennewmemories.2Weknowthat,whileawake,

freshmemoriesarerecordedbyreinforcing（力口强）connectionsbetweenbraincells,butthememory

processesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.

Supportisgrowingforatheorythatsleepevolvedsothatconnectionsbetweenneurons（神经元）

inthebraincanbeweakenedovernight,makingroomforfreshmemoriestoformthenext

day.3

Nowwehavethemostdirectevidenceyetthatheisright.4Thesynapsesinthemicetaken

attheendofaperiodofsleepwere18percentsmallerthanthosetakenbeforesleep,showingthat

theconnectionsbetweenneuronsweakenwhilesleeping.

IfTononi'stheoryisright,itwouldexplainwhy,whenwemissanighfs,wefinditharder

thenextdaytoconcentrateandlearnnewinformation—ourbrainsmayhavesmallerroomfornew

experiences.

Theirresearchalsosuggestshowwemaybuildlastingmemoriesovertimeeventhoughthe

synapsesbecomethinner.Theteamdiscoveredthatsomesynapsesseemtobeprotectedand

stayedthesamesize.5"Youkeepwhatmatters,“Tononisays.

A.Weshouldalsotrytosleepwellthenightbefore.

B.It9sasifthebrainispreservingitsmostimportantmemories.

C.Similarly,whenpeoplegofbrafewdayswithoutsleeping,theygetsick.

D.Theprocessestakeplacetostopourbrainsbecomingloadedwithmemories.

E.That'swhystudentsdobetterintestsiftheygetachancetosleepafterlearning.

F.”Sleepisthepricewepayforlearning,“saysGiulioTononi,whodevelopedtheidea.

G.Tononi'steammeasuredthesizeoftheseconnections,orsynapses,inthebrainsof12mice.

Passage3.

HowtoDoMan-on-the-StreetInterviews

Theman-on-the-streetinterviewisaninterviewinwhichareporterhitsthestreetswitha

cameramantointerviewpeopleonthesport.]Butwiththesetips,yourfirstman-on-the-street

interviewexperiencecanbeeasy.

•Whenyourbossorprofessorsendsyououttodoman-on-the-streetinterviewsforastory,

thinkaboutthetopicanddevelopalistofabouttengeneralquestionsrelatingtoit.Forexample,

ifyourtopicisaboutenvironmentalproblemsinAmerica,youmightask,“Whydoyouthink

environmentalprotectionisimportantinAmerica?^^_2_

•Hitthestreetswithconfidence.3Say,“Excuseme,IworkforXYZNews,andIwas

wonderingifyoucouldshareyouropinionaboutthistopic."Thisisaquickwaytogetpeopleto

warmuptoyou.

•Moveontothenextpersonifsomeonetellsyousheisnotinterestedintalkingon

camera.Don'tgetdiscouraged.

•4Eachinterviewthatyougetonthestreetshouldn'tbelongerthantenminutes.Assoon

asyougettheansweryouneed,moveontothenextperson.Makesurethatasyougofrom

interviewtointerview,youaregettingavarietyofanswers.Ifeveryoneisgivingyouthesame

answer,youwon'tbeabletouseit.Asafenumberofinterviewstoconductisaboutsixto

ten._5

•Ifyournewsstationorschoolrequiresintervieweestosignreleaseformstoappearontheair,

don'tleaveworkwithoutthem.

A.Limityourtime.

B-Asyouapproachpeople,bepolite.

C.Ifyoudon'townacamera,youcanbuyone.

D.Fornewreporters,thiscanseemlikeachallengingtask.

E・Togetgoodandusefulresults,askthemthesamequestion.

F.Thatnumberofinterviewsshouldgiveyoualltheanswersyouneed.

G.Withaquestionlikethis,youwillgetmorethana"Yes"or"No"reply.

Passage4.

Everyoneknowsthatfishisgoodforhealth.]Butitseemsthatmanypeopledon'tcook

fishathome.Americanseatonlyaboutfifteenpoundsoffishperpersonperyear,butweeattwice

asmuchfishinrestaurantsasathome.Buying,storing,andcookingfishisn'tdifficult.2

Thistextisabouthowtobuyandcookfishinaneasyway.

3Freshfishshouldsmellsweet:youshouldfeelthatyou'restandingattheocean's

edge.Anyfishyorstrongsmellmeansthefishisn'tfresh.4Whenyouhaveboughtafishand

arrivehome,you'dbetterstorethefishintherefrigeratorifyoudon'tcookitimmediately,butfresh

fishshouldbestoredinyourfridgeforonlyadayortwo.Frozenfishisn'tastastyasthefreshone.

Therearemanycommonmethodsusedtocookfish.5First,cleanitandseasonitwith

yourchoiceofspices(调料).Putthewholefishonaplateandsteamitinasteampotfor8to10

minutesifitweighsaboutonepound.(Alargeronewilltakemoretime.)Then,it'sreadyto

serve.

A.Donotbuyit.

B.Theeasiestistosteamit.

C.Thisishowyoucandoit.

D.Itjustrequiresalittleknowledge.

E.Thefishwillgobadwithinhours.

F.Whenbuyingfish,youshouldfirstsmellit.

G.Thefatsinfisharethoughttohelppreventheartdisease.

Passage5.

TheScienceofRisk-Seeking

SometimesWedecidethatalittleunnecessarydangerisworthitbecausewhenweweighthe

riskandthereward,theriskseemsworthtasking.]Someofusenjoyactivitiesthatwould

surpriseandscaretherestofus.Why?Expertssayitmayhavetodowithhowourbrainswork.

Thereasonwhyanyofustakeanyrisksatallmighthavetodowithearlyhumans.Risk­

takerswerebetterathunting,fighting,orexploring.2AsthequalityofRisk-takingwas

passedfromonegenerationtothenext,humansendedupwithasenseofadventureandatolerance

forrisk.

Sowhyaren'twealljumpingoutofairplanesthen?Well,even200,000yearsago,toomuch

risk-takingcouldgetonekilled.Afewdaringsurvived,though,alongwithafewstay-in-the-cave

types.Asaresult,humansdevelopedarangeofcharactertypesthatstillexiststoday.Somaybe

youlovecarracing,ormaybeyouhateit._3

Nomatterwhereyouareontherisk-seekingrange,scientistssaythatyourwillingnesstotake

risksincreasesduringyourteenageyears.4Tohelpyoudothat,yourbrainincreasesyour

hungerfornewexperiences.Newexperiencesoftenmeantakingsomerisks,soyourbrainraises

yourtoleranceforriskaswell.

5Fortherisk-seekers,apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebecomesactive,whilefortherest

ofus,apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbecomesactive.

Asexpertscontinuetostudythescienceofrisk-seeking,we'Hcontinuetohitthemountains,the

wavesortheshallowendofthepool.

A.Italldependsonyourcharacter.

B•Thosearetherisksyoushouldjumptotake.

C.Beingbetteratthosethingsmeantagreaterchanceofsurvival.

D.Thus,thesewell-equippedpeoplesurvivedbecausetheywerethefittest.

E.Thisiswhenyoustarttomoveawayfromyourfamilyandintothebiggerworld.

F.However,wearenotallusingthesame