2015年考研英语一真题和答案

2015年考研英语一真题及答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,

sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(l)_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityof

CaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyof

Sciences,has_(2)_.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_(3)_1,932uniquesubjects

which_(4)_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewere

usedinboth_(5)_.

While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professor

ofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_(7)_their

fourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_(8)_ourkin.”

Thestudy_(9)_fbundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriends

butnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficultto

explain,fornow,_(10)_,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbut

thereismore_(ll)_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat

_(12)_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_(13)_"fimctionalKinship"ofbeing

friendswith_(14)_!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobe

evolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_(16)_whyhumanevolution

pickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor

_(17)_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople9s_(18)_tobefriendthoseofsimilar

_(19)_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfroma

populationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_(20)_thatallsubjects,friends

andstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

1.fA]when[B]why[C]how[D]what

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by

4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected

5.fA]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know

8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass

9.[A]againfB]also[C]instead[D]thus

10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]aboutfB]to[C]from[Dllike

12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[Clregardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits

15.[A]later[B]slower[C]fasterfD]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express

17.[A]unpredictable[BJcontributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency

19.[A]politicalfBlreligious[C]ethnicfD]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40

points)

Text1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,theydareintheir

sleep."Butembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftinthe

recentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doesthe

Spanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthe

writingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsand

majesticlifestyle?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.When

publicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranco

regime,monarchscanriseabove"mere”politicsand"embody“aspiritofnational

unity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs9continuing

popularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemost

monarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCity

andAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyal

familieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfora

non-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnational

unityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory一andsometimesthewaytheybehave

today-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.Atatime

whenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandthe

increasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamilies

shouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocratic

ways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(or

helicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,

andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsome

timetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy\reputationwithherrather

ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohas

bothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehas

failedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovidea

service-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Charlesoughttoknow

thatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy's

worstenemies.

21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

fA]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats9excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles

[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

Text2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupreme

Courtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephone

withoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularly

onethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessions

ofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassess

theimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia^advice.Enough

oftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshould

provideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthe

contentsofasmartphone一avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation一issimilarto,

say,riflingthroughasuspecfspurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatethe

FourthAmendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarrestee

withoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorher

home.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreadinghistory,financialhistory,

medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.The

developmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuch

theeasier.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheii*digitalprivacy.Butkeeping

sensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.

Citizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotected

bytheConstitution'sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.

Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeof

line-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtaina

warranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourth

Amendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycould

takereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhilea

warrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocite

situationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,

dismptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution's

protections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityof

digitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasa

virtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenew

personaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourth

Amendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimate

to

fA]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[B]searchforsuspects9mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[C]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof

[A]disapproval.

[B]indifference.

[C]tolerance.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto

[A]gettingintoone'sresidence.

[B]handlingone'shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone'swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

fA]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]citizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.

[D]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

[A]theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

[B]newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

[C]California^argumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

[D]principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoits

peer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicy

followssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasic

mistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublished

researchfindings.

"Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,

writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,the

journalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).

ManuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejoumaPsinternaleditors,

orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.The

SBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:

“Thecreationofthe"statisticsboard9wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththe

applicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience's

overalldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.^^

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,a

memberoftheSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyan

advisoryrole."Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindthe

establishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.

ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefully

throughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproach

afterScience.^^

Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthe

policyis“amostwelcomestepfbrward^^and“longoverdue."Mostjournalsare

weakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithink

that,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessential

thanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsof

InternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancet

paystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatistical

errorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acell

biologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournals

shouldalsotakeatougherline,"engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateand

editorswhocanverifytheprocess”.VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepapers

tostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardof

reviewingeditorstoidentify'thepapersthatneedscrutiny,inthefirstplace”.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewprocess.

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

32.Thephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

[A]found.

[B]marked.

[C]revised.

[D]stored.

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

fA]poseathreattoallitspeers.

[B]meetwithstrongopposition.

[C]increaseScience'scirculation.

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals.

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

[A]addstoresearchers9workload.

[B]diminishestheroleofreviewers.

[C]hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

[D]istofailintheforeseeablefuture

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers.

[B]ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

[C]DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors5Desks

[D]StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe"unsettling

dearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions"Integrityhadcollapsed,she

argued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism”in

societyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeople

whocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthatthe

absenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscould

becomeoneofthemostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismandfreedom."Thissame

absenceofmoralpuiposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,

shieldthought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwith

widespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsofthe

World,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,

RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewinderissueofdearthofintegrity

stillstandstill,Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500

people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlenn

Mulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonfor

phonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuch

widespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneofthe

astonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninher

newsroom,wowlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthe

storiesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday9sworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwell—paidexecutivesshouldnot

beaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshould

notbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesorting

mechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,

flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,

innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,

tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereader

understandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.It

wastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynot

havehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskedno

questions,gavenoinstructions一norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

[B]companies9financiallossduetoimmoralpractices.

[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

[A]GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdeference

[A]revealedacunningpersonality

[B]centeredontrivialissues

[C]washardlyconvincing

[D]waspartofaconspiracy

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

[A]generallydistortedvalues

[B]unfairwealthdistribution

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle

[D]arigidmoralcote

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

[B]Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.

[C]Moralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.

[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41・45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofit

intoeachofthenumberedblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseof

identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetween

them,drawingonyourexplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)youbegin

toinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindof

speecheventisinvolved:whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.

Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveassimilationbutofactive

engagementinferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriter

hasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackfor

eachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”

meaningthatcanbereadoffandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationof

thetexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44)This

doesn't,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Precisely

becausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiences

producedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincluding

fortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplay

animportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterest

inreadingit.(45)suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlater

inthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendato

anyactofreading.Itdoesn'tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,

moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreading

informeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestoone

another.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracyor

relationshiptoyoursuiToundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilsthe

requirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitfor

information?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderably

fromreadinginaseminarroom.

[BlFactorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender

ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutat

thesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,using

cluespresentedinthecontest.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,

youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygiven

sentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthor

intended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetestmaybe

significanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity——inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonal

responseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreated

bytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhat

wemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationor

patterningweperceiveinatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguage

structures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethat

webringtothetext.

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyon

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenth

centuries,atideofemigration一oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—swept

fromEuropetoAmerica.46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiverse

motivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacter

anddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.

47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationof

Europeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsand

theimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonial

AmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsof

Englishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmany

otherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.

48)But,thefo】ceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayof

thevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintaining

old-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechanges

weregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpattern

which,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthat

wasdistinctlyAmerican.

49)Thefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheteicitoiywhichisnowthe

UnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and

16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanish

colonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.These

travelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.During

theirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysubsistedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedto

them.Manyoftheshipwerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,and

infantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheir

course,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.

“TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmost

inexpressiblerelief."saidonerecorderofevents,uTheairattwelveleagues'distance

smeltassweetasanew-blowngarden."Thecolonists'firstglimpseofthenewland

wasasightofdensewoods.50)Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftrees

wasaveritablerealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydownto

Georgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhouses

andfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.

SectionIVWriting

PartA

Directions:Youaregoingtohostaclubreadingsession.Writeanemailofabout

100wordsrecommendingabooktotheclubmembers.

Youshouldstatereasonsforyourrecommendation.

Youshouldwrite