Unit1ScienceFictionDiscoverusefulstructures导学案高中英语人教版选择性

2019人教版高中英语单元语法知识选择性必修四Unit1ScienceFiction被动语态语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语中有两种语态:主动语态(activevoice)和被动语态(passivevoice)。当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语用主动语态;当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语要用被动语态。请仔细看下面两个例句,体会主动语态与被动语态的区别。TheladyinredattractedTom.穿红色衣服的那位女士吸引了汤姆。(该句为主动语态,主语Thelady是动作attract的执行者。)Tomwasattractedbytheladyinred.汤姆被那位穿红色衣服的女士吸引了。(该句为被动语态,主语Tom是动作attract的承受者。)一、被动语态的构成被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,be动词随主语的人称、数、时态和语气而变化。常用时态 被动形式 一般现在时 am/is/aredone 一般过去时 was/weredone 一般将来时 shall/willbedone 现在进行时 am/is/arebeingdone 过去进行时 was/werebeingdone 现在完成时 have/hasbeendone 过去完成时 hadbeendone Englishisspokenbymanypeople.很多人都说英语。Theforeignguestsweregivenawarmwelebythechildren.外国来宾受到了孩子们的热烈欢迎。Severalbigmodernpowerplantswillbebuiltinourcity.我市将建造几座大型现代化发电厂。ThemainbuildingofShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityisbeingrepairedbythe workers.工人们正在维修上海交通大学的主楼。Mycarwasbeingfixedbyhimatsixyesterday.昨天六点钟他正在修理我的汽车。Englishhasbeenstudiedbyusforthreeyearsatschool.我们已经在学校学习了三年英语。100tractorshadbeenproducedbytheendoflastyear.截至去年年底,我们已经生产了100辆拖拉机。①含情态动词的被动结构为:情态动词+bedone。②被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词后加not。Theprojecthasn'tbeenfinishedyet.这项工程还没有完成。Measureswillnotbetakentopreventcorrosion.(我们)将不再采取措施来防止腐蚀。二、被动语态的基本用法1.说话人所要表达的语义重心是动作的承受者且没有必要提到执行者时,常用被动语态。Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastontheradionow.现在收音机上正在播英语课。Thisproductcan'tbeonsaleunlessithasbeentestedout.除非经过测试,否则这个产品是不可以销售的。In1976KingKong'sunfortunatestorywasretoldwithamaninasuitwith makeupandarobot.1976年金刚令人惋惜的故事再次被搬上银幕,由真人穿 上猩猩装,外加化妆技术和机器模型来呈现。不太清楚动作的执行者是谁,或者不便道出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态。Thisbridgewasbuiltinthe18thcentury.这座桥建于18世纪。Thereportersweretoldnottoenterthatarea.记者被告知不要进入那片区域。知识拓展：使用被动语态时也可以说出动作的执行者,用“by+动作执行者”表示。MysisterandIwereremendedtosellbooksasasummerjobbyafriend.我和姐姐被一个朋友建议去参加卖书的暑期工作。如果谓语是动词短语,其被动语态一定要保证短语动词的整体性,不能漏掉固定搭配中的介词或副词。Look!Thechildrenarebeingtakencareofbytheiraunt.看!这些孩子们正被他们的阿姨照顾着。(of不可省略)Othersolutionsweretalkedaboutinthemeeting.其他解决方案在会上被讨论了。(about不可省略)三、常见的被动语态句式结构1.主语+被动语态的谓语动词+主语补足语当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变成了被动结构中的主语,原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。WeelectedJames(as)chairman.我们选了詹姆斯当主席。(主动语态)Jameswaselected(as)chairmanbyus.詹姆斯被我们选为主席。(被动语态)主动句中的宾补如果是省略to的动词不定式,变成被动句后,to必须还原,不能省略。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.有人看见一个陌生人走进了大楼。(主动语态)Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.一个陌生人被看到走进了大楼。(被动语态)2.It+被动语态的谓语动词+主语从句.常见的结构有:Itissuggestedthat...,Itissaidthat...,Itisreportedthat...,Itisknowntousthat...,Itisbelievedthat...,Itmustbepointedoutthat...,Itisacknowledgedthat...等。Itisbelievedthathewillpasstheexamination.人们相信他会通过考试。(该句话还可以换成:Heisbelievedtopassthe examination.) Itmustbepointedoutthatmistakesofthiskindshouldnotberepeated.必须指出, 这样的错误不应该再犯。三、不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动词所表示的动作发生的先后顺序,有一般式和完成式两种形式。一般式tobedoneThesearethebookstobegivenouttothestudents.这些是要发给学生的书。Heaskedtobesenttotheplacewherehewasmostneeded.他要求被派往最需要 他的地方。完成式tohavebeendonetohavebeendone表示不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生。Thenovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.据说这部小说已 被译成多种语言。Heappearedtohavebeenquestionedformanytimes.看来他已经被询问过很多次了。动词ing形式的被动式动词ing形式指的是动名词或现在分词。当动词ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,就要用动词ing形式的被动式,即动名词的被动式或现在分词的被动式。动词ing的被动式构成一般式:(not)beingdone完成式:(not)havingbeendone功能动名词的被动式:主语、宾语、表语现在分词的被动式:定语、状语、补语一般式beingdone动名词被动式的一般式表示一个“抽象、习惯”的被动的动作。Noonelikesbeinglaughedat.没人喜欢被嘲笑。现在分词被动式的一般式表示一个被动的动作与谓语动词的动作(几乎)同时发生。Beingprotectedbyathickwall,theyfelttheywerequitesafe.有一堵厚墙保护着, 他们觉得很安全。完成式havingbeendone动名词被动式的完成式表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。ShewasproudofhavingbeentrainedintheUK.她为在英国接受过培训而骄傲。现在分词被动式的完成式也表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。Havingbeencriticisedbyhisgrandpa,hegaveupsmoking.被他爷爷批评以后,他戒烟了。闯关训练1一、同义句转换。1.Thecountryhastopasslawstoprotectchildrenfrombeingabused.→Lawstoprotect____________________________________childrenfrombeingabused.2.Flashinglightsandtheseaoffacessurroundedtwopairsofdancersonaroundstage.→Twopairsofdancersonaround stage______________________flashinglightsandtheseaoffaces.3.Don'tbeanxious,andtheywilltellyouwheretogolater.→Don'tbeanxious,andyou__________________________wheretogobythemlater.4.Inordertoprotecttheenvironment,thegovernmenthastakenaction.→Action___________________________bythegovernmentinordertoprotecttheenvironment.二、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。1.Generallyspeaking,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,_________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.2.[全国甲2021·改编]TheXi'anCityWall_________(build)originallytoprotectthecityintheTangdynastyandhasnowbeenpletelyrestored.3.Moreefforts,asreported,_________(make)intheyearsaheadtoacceleratereform.4.[天津2021年3月·改编]Currently,about35,000works_________(display)inover300roomsintheLouvre,anditwouldtakealifetimetoseeeverything.5.Thissciencefiction_________(translate)intomanylanguagessofar.6.Markisagenius.Bythetimehegraduated,he_(offer)jobsbyadozenputerpanies.7.It_________(report)thathewasdrivingcarelesslyatthattime.8.Thebadweatherwillcontinue,whenacoldfront_________(expect)toarrive.9.Shakespeare'splayHamlet_________(make)intoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.10.ItissaidthattheearlyEuropeanplayingcards_________(design)forentertainmentandeducation.11.[全国新高考I2020]Thepartsofamuseumopentothepublic_________(call)galleriesorrooms.12.Onthelastdayofourweeklongstay,we_________(invite)toattendaprivateconcertonabeautifulfarmontheNorthShoreunderthestars,listeningtomusiciansandmeetinginterestinglocals.三、用被动语态翻译句子。1.这个可怜的孩子小时候经常被他人嘲笑。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.她是一名音乐教师,总是被人听到在弹钢琴。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.他们现在和朋友们住在一起，因为他们的房子正在粉刷。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________闯关训练2一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。Teenagersdidn'twant________(treat)likechildren.2.Itisanhonourforme________(ask)tospeakhere.3.I'dlike________(inform)oftheprocessofyourdealingwithmyplaint.4.Hehurriedtotheairport,only________(find)thestarhadleft.5.Hehurriedtotheairport,only________(tell)thestarhadleft.6.Ittookalongtimeforthenewschool________(build).7.Ittooktheworkersalongtime________(build)thenewschool.8.Thetelephoneisconsidered________(invent)byAlexanderBell.闯关训练3一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。1.Asastudent,Icantellyouthatthereisnothingbetterthan________(praise)bymyteacherbeforemyclassmates.2.WhatdoyouknowmadeSusansoupset?________(charge)withgivingawaysecrets.3.Thebuilding_(build)nowwil