山东工艺美术学院《大学英语》2020-2021学年期末试卷

山东工艺美术学院《大学英语》2020-2021学年第一学期期末试卷I.Chooseawordthatbestcompleteseachofthefollowingsentences.(20points)1.Duringtheowners’absence,thelawnbecamedreadfully.A.sloppyB.slipshodC.slovenlyD.unkempt2.Thenursethewoundfortheinjuredbeforestitchingit.A.rinsedB.clarifiedC.cleansedD.soaked3.Thelorrylostitsasittriedtoascendthesteephill.A.momentousB.momentumC.mementoD.membrane4.Forstreetchildren,drugsofferthechancetotheirhopelesspoverty.A.slurB.blurC.smearD.smudge5.Whenyouhaveyournotes,pleasesendacopytoMrs.Bakerandkeeptheoriginaltoourfiles.A.subscribedB.transcribedC.prescribedD.inscribed6.andbegginghasbecomerareinthisAsianmetropolis.A.VaccinationB.ValanceC.VagrancyD.Variance7.Sheislookingforamoreplacetolivein.A.congenialB.congressionalC.congaingD.cognizant8.Theirgossipismaliciousanddangerous.A.perpetualB.perfidiousC.wretchedD.wrecked9.Inthinkingonlyofyourpresentneedsandignoringthefuture,youarebeingrather.A.charitableB.courteousC.morbidD.myopic10.Thepatientreadaboutcarracingandexperiencedthrills.A.repulsiveB.elusiveC.vicariousD.covetous11.ThesultryweatherinthetropicsencouragealifeofaccordingtosomeEuropeanresearchers.A.impotenceB.indolenceC.cynicismD.caricature12.ChargesofpoliticalwerebroughtagainsttheHomeMinister.A.chicaneryB.chivalryC.slavishnessD.snobbishness13.Allthesecrimeswerecommittedindisregardofthelaw.A.stridentB.vociferousC.boisterousD.flagrant14.InwhichofthethreeEuropeancountrieswereoldaristocraticinstitutionsdestroyedbytherevolutionary,Sweden,FranceorBritain?A.cataclysmB.disasterC.catastropheD.calamity15.Nomatterhowhardonetries,thereisnowaytotaxes.A.snubB.appraiseC.circumventD.cumulate16.Thewartimeofthetwonationssubsidedintomutualdistrustwhenpeacefinallycame.A.vexationB.animosityC.evolutionD.tension17.AnItalianhostagewasreleasednearKabultodayaftermorethansixweeksof.A.corniceB.captivityC.cloisterD.contemplation18.Contrarytopopularbelief,thissnakeisquite.A.tenuousB.treacherousC.innocuousD.tenacious19.TheRomansusedtocriminalswithawhipthathadthreeknottedstrands.A.clutterB.flagellateC.SalvageD.Recline20.Withpricessomuch,itisimpossibleforthetradingfirmtoplanabudget.A.vibratingB.revoltingC.conductingD.fluctuatingII.FillineachblankinthepassagebelowwithOneappropriateword.(10points)overwheredistancehometankmeanshavequalitiesoriginallycanAsthe20thcenturyneareditsend,therewereincreasingsuggestionsthatthedayofthetankwas21,andthatsuchheavyandexpensiveweaponswerenotonlydifficulttotransporttomanyoftheworld’strouble-spotsbuteasilydestroyedbynewtechnologyliketheanti-tankhelicopter.Yetthejuryisstillout:the22playedanimportantroleintheGulfWar,andtheWarriormechanizedinfantrycombatvehicle,23designedtoservealongsidethetanksintheunfoughtbattleagainsttheWarsawPact,hasprovedusefulinpeace-enforcementmissionsintheBalkans.Thereisgrowingevidenceofthecentralroleofinformationtechnology,whetherintermsofcommunications,targetsurveillanceandacquisition,ornavigation,andwearewithinmeasurable24ofthe“digitizedbattlefield”onwhicheverysoldiercancommunicatebyradio,andbothheandhiscommanderswillknowprecisely25heis.Yetabalancemustbestruckbetweenmanandmachine.Someofourarmy’sgreatestsuccessesinthepastdecadehavestemmedfrom26likecohesion,unitprideandtrainingwhichwouldhavebeenunderstoodintheageofhorseandmusket,reinforcedbysupportfromfamiliesandfriendsat27.Airpowerandindirectfireunquestionably28theirplace,butoftentheriskofcollateraldamageandtheneedtowinheartsandminds29thatitisthesoldieronthegroundwhomustclinchthedealsetupbytechnology.Ultimately,doctrinecanbetaughtandequipmentcanbebought.Butwithoutsoldierswhoarepreparedtorisktheirlives,oftenmilesfromhome,noarmy30canhopetoprosper.III.ProofReading.(10points)(Findtheerrorsonthepassageandputallofyouranswersontheanswersheet.)Sportingactivitiesareessentiallymodifiedformsofhuntingbehavior.Viewingbiologically,themodernfootballerisrevealedasamemberofadisguisedhuntingpack.Hiskillingweaponhasturnedintoaharmlessfootballandhispreyintoagoal-mouth.Ifhisaimisinaccurateandhescoresagoal,enjoysthehunter’striumphofkillinghisprey.Tounderstandhowthistransformationhastakenplacewemustbrieflylookupatourancientancestors.Theyspentoveramillionyearevolvingasco-operativehunters.Theirverysurvivaldependedonsuccessinthehunting-field.Underthispressuretheirwholewayoflife,eveniftheirbodies,becameradicallychanged.Theybecamechasers,runners,jumpers,aimers,throwersandprey-killers.Theyco-operateasskillfulmale-groupattackers.Then,abouttenthousandyearsago,whenthisimmenselylongformativeperiodofhuntingforfood,theybecamefarmers.Theirimprovedintelligence,sovitaltotheiroldhuntinglife,wereputtoanewuse—thatofpenning,controllinganddomesticatingtheirprey.Thefoodwasthereonthefarms,awaitingtheirneeds.Therisksanduncertaintiesoffarmingwerenolongeressentialforsurvival.31__ 32 35 36 __ 40__IV.Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(30points)PassageAWell,forafortnightitwasasplendidparty.NowfortheOlympicbills—andthathangoverwilllastforyears.TheGreekOlympiccommitteereckonsitcanbreakeven:halfofits$2.3billionbudgetforrunningthegameswillcome,viatheInternationalOlympicCommittee,frombroadcasters,mostoftherestfromcommercialsponsors,ticketsalesandmerchandising.Butwhataboutthetaxpayer?Overall,Greekand(modestly)otherEuropeanUniontaxpayershavespent$300mhelpingtorunthegames,nearly$1.5billionkeepingthemsecure,andsome$7billionpreparingfacilitiesforthem.Inall,thatmeansnear5%of2003GreekGDP,roughly$800foreverysingleinhabitant,pensionerorbabe,taxpayerornot.Top-levelsportisabusiness,albeitnot,intheOlympicversion,oneaimingforprofit—noranswerabletooutsideshareholders.Shoulditbesubsidizedtothisextent?MostGreeksthinkso.Theyweretoldthegameswouldbecostly.Fewcanhavedoubtedthecostswouldgowildlyoverbudget;intheevent,byabout50%.Thatfigureof$800perheadwasnotputflatlytothem,butiftheopinionpollsareanyguide,fourGreeksinfivewelcomedthegames—andprobablystilldo:theircountryrebuttedthesneersthatnothingwouldbeready,itrantheshowwell,ithashadaterrifictimeandweeksofexposuretotheworld’scameras,anditisleftwithsomedurableimprovementstoitsinfrastructure.Anyway,theseGreekscansay,anelectedgovernment,backedbypublicopinion,isentitledtodowhatitlikes:otherssendmenintospace,weruntheOlympics—asweshouldhavebeenallowedtodoin1996,centenaryoftheirfirstmoderncelebration。Thatistrue.Butdemocraticgovernmentscandodamn-foolthings;sendingmenintospace,forexample.WastheGreeks’spendingwise?Prestige,publicityandproudmemoriesarenottobeignored.Butwhatelseisleft?AmagnificentstadiumanditsaccompanyingpublicparkinAthens,plusvariousothervenuesinthecityornearby;fourbigprovincialstadiums;somecheaphousinginthecapital;betterroadsthere,abiggerandbettermetrosystem,anewsuburbanraillineandanewtramwaytothesouthernbeaches.AsoneAthenianversionputsit,20years’infrastructureimprovementsinfive。Actually,thatisnotwhattheygot.Lessthan$1.5billionofthemoneyspenthasgoneintotheEU-subsidisedtransportimprovements,sensibleastheymaybe.Twoweeksofsecurityapart,mostoftheresthasgoneintothenewsportsfacilities.Someofthesewillbeusefulinthefuture,somelessso.Itisafairbetthatallwilllosemoney,unlessGreececansomehowachievethatrichandsports-madAustralia,withitsinheritancefromtheSydneygamesof2000,hasnot.Thatseemsunlikely.Granted,sportsfacilitiescanbeapublicgood,andonethatmostvotersapproveof.Butareworld-classsportsfacilitiesreallythepublicgoodonwhichthehugelyindebtedgovernmentofasmallandnotveryrichcountrysuchasGreeceshouldrushtospendover$5.5billion?Whataboutschoolsandhospitals,ortheroadsandotherbitsofinfrastructurethatmightgeneratebusinessinvestment,andsoproducegenuineeconomicgrowth,ratherthanmereprestige?Inthiscontext,theGreekgovernment’sclaimthat“oh,we’llcutspendinginotherways”ishardlypersuasiveoreventothepoint.Ifpublicspendingoughttobeorcanreadilybecut,cutitanyway.Ifyouneedbetterpublicinfrastructure,investinwhatyouneed,notinwhatsuitstheInternationalOlympicCommittee。41.ThemajorityofGreeks,accordingtothetext,aresupportive。[A]preparingasplendidofhorticulturalparty[B]abidingbytheOlympicchapter[C]overfundingthe2003OlympicGames[D]manufacturingcommercialfacilitiesforworldexpo42.ItisimpliedinthesecondparagraphthatGreeksstilldoubt。[A]thecommentmadeIOCmembers[B]thehostingrightof1996OlympicGames[C]centenaryoftheirfirstnationalanniversary[D]the2003failureoftheInternationalOlympicCommittee43.“Sendingmenintospace”isquotedto。[A]surveythecurrentexploitationoftheextraterritorialconditions[B]provethestrengthofanaveragenation[C]reporttherapiddevelopmentofaeronauticalscience[D]exemplifyabsurdconducts44.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheofficialassertionis。[A]denial[B]ambivalence[C]approval[D]confusion45.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleoftext?[A]Greatsport,greatfeat.[B]GreekSportEvents。[C]Pityaboutthemisspentbillions.[D]Moneycanmakethemarego。PassageBInhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebratinginfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe.46.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas47.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems[B]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends48.whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention49.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence[B]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers[C]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential50.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?[A]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersPassageCIamafraidtosleep.Ihavebeenafraidtosleepforthelastfewweeks.Iamsotiredthat,finally,Idosleep,butonlyforafewminutes.Itisnotabaddreamthatwakesme;itistherealityItookwithmeintosleep.Itrytothinkofsomethingelse.Immediatelythewomaninthemarketplacecomesintomymind.IwasonmywaytodinnerlastnightwhenIsawher.Shewassellingskirts.ShemovedwiththesameeaseandlovelinessIoftensawinthewomenofLaos.Herlongblackhairwasasshinyastheblacksilkoftheskirtsshewasselling.Inherhair,sheworethreesilkribbons,blue,green,andwhite.TheyremindedmeofmychildhoodandhowmygirlfriendsandIusedtospendhoursbraidingribbonsintoourhair.Idon’tknowthewordfor“ribbons”,soIputmyhandtomyownhairand,withthreefingersagainstmyhead,Ilookedatherribbonsandsaid“Beautiful.”Sheloweredhereyesandsaidnothing.Iwasn’tsureifsheunderstoodme(Idon’tspeakLaotianverywell).Ilookedbackdownattheskirts.Theyhaddesignsinthem:squaresandtrianglesandcirclesofpinkandgreensilk.Theywereverypretty.Idecidedtobuyoneofthoseskirts,andIbegantobargainwithherovertheprice.ItisthecustomtobargaininAsia.InLaosbargainingisdoneinsoftvoicesandeasymoveswiththesortofquietpeacefulness.Shesmiled,morewithhereyesthanwithherlips.ShewaspleasedbythefewwordsIwasabletosayinherlanguage,althoughtheyweremostlynumbers,andshesawthatIunderstoodsomethingaboutthesoftplayfulnessofbargaining.Weshookourheadsindisagreementovertheprice;then,immediately,wemadeanotherofferandthenanothershakeofthehead.Shewassopleasedthatunexpectedly,sheacceptedthelastofferImade.Butitwastoosoon.Thepricewastoolow.Shewasbeingtoogenerousandwouldn’tmakeenoughmoney.Imovedquicklyandpickeduptwomoreskirtsandpaidforallthreeatthepriceset;thatwayIwasabletopayherthreetimesasmuchbeforeshehadachancetolowerthepriceforthelargerpurchase.Shesmiledopenlythen,and,forthefirsttimeinmonths,myspiritlifted.Ialmostfelthappy.Thefeelingstayedwithmewhileshewrappedtheskirtsinanewspaperandhandedthemtome.WhenIleft,though,thefeelingleft,too.Itwasasthoughitstayedbehindinmarketplace.Ilefttearsinmythroat.Iwantedtocry.Ididn’t,ofcourse.Ihavelearnedtodefendmyselfagainstwhatishard;withoutknowingit,Ihavealsolearnedtodefendmyselfagainstwhatissoftandwhatshouldbeeasy.Igetup,lightacandleandwanttolookattheskirts.Theyarestillinthenewspaperthatthewomanwrappedthemin.Iremovethepaper,andraisetheskirtsuptolookatthemagainbeforeIpackthem.Somethingfallstofloor.Ireachdownandfeelsomethingcoolinmyhand.ImoveclosetothecandlelighttoseewhatIhave.Therearefivelongsilkribbonsinmyhand,alldifferentcolours.Thewomaninthemarketplace!Shehasgiventheseribbonstome!Thereisnodefenseagainstagenerousspirit,andthistimeIcry,andveryhard,asifIcouldmakeupforallthemonthsthatIdidn’tcry.51.WhichofthefollowinginNOTcorrect?A.PeopleinAsiaalwaysbargainwhenbuyingthings.B.Thewriterwasnotusedtobargaining.C.BargaininginLaoswasquietandpeaceful.D.Thewriterwasreadytobargainwiththewoman.52.ThewriterassumedthatthewomanacceptedthelastoffermainlybecausewomanA.thoughtthatthelastofferwasreasonable.B.wasgladthatthewriterknewtheirwayofbargainning.C.thoughtshecouldstillmakemuchmoney.D.wastiredofbargainningwiththewriteranymore.53.Whydidthewriterfinallydecidetobuythreeskirts?A.Shewantedtodosomethingascompensation.B.Shelikedthepatternsontheskirts.C.Theskirtswerecheapandpretty.D.Shewasfedupwithfurtherbargainningwiththewoman.54.Whendidthewriterleftthemarketplace,shewantedtocry,butdidnotbecauseA.shehadlearnedtostaycoolandunfeeling.B.shewasafraidofcryinginpublic.C.shehadtoshowinpublicthatshewasstrong.D.shehadlearnedtofacedifficultiesbravely.55.Whydidthewritercryeventuallywhenshelookedattheskirtsagain?A.shesuddentlyfeltverysad.B.shewasovercomebyemotion.C.shelikedtheribbonssomuch.D.shefeltsorryforthewomanPassageDForeignersareahottopicinBritain.Opinionpollsconsistentlyrateasylumandimmigrationasoneofvoters’mainconcerns,andright-wingpartiesofvaryingdegreesofextremismhavebeenprofitingbyplayingupthethreattotheBritishwayoflifeposedbyafloodofunwashedforeigners。SoareportpublishedthisweekbytheUNHCRwillmakewelcomereadingforthegovernment.Itshowsasylumapplicationstoindustrializedcountriesfallingsharply,continuingthedownwardtrendofthepastthreeyears.Butonestatisticwillbeofspecialsignificance:whileBritainwasthemostpopularrich-countrydestinationin2003,ithasnowfallenintosecondplacebehindFrance。Sowhat’sbehindthedropinapplications?Onereasonissimplythattherearefewerasylum-seekers.TheUNHCRreckonsthat,inthefirsthalfof2004,thenumberofpeopleseekingsanctuaryinrichcountriesfellby22%comparedwiththesameperiodlastyear.Partofthedropisduetotheremovalofunpopulargovernments;IraqisandAfghans,inparticular,havestoppedleavinghomeinsuchlargenumbers.Iraqiswerethebiggestsinglegroupofrefugeesatthestartof2003,marking11,094applications.Bythesecondquarterofthisyearthathadfallentoonly2,070.Afghanshaveseenasimilar,thoughslightlylessprecipitous,decline。Butafallinthegenerallevelofasylum-seekingworldwidedoesn’texplainwhyBritainhaslostitsparticularattractivenessasasanctuary.WhileasylumapplicationsinEuropehavefallenby20%inthepastsixmonths,applicationstoBritainaredownbya37%。Awareofpublicanxiety,thegovernmenthasbeenmakinglifeincreasinglydifficultforanyonetryingtoreachBritain.BritishimmigrationofficersnowconductpatrolsinFrance,aimingtocatchstowawaysontrainsorferries.High-techscanningmachineshavebeeninstalledinEuropeanportstodetectpeoplehidingincargoshipments.“Wethinkit’sthehugenumberofbarriersthathavegoneupthatprevent