进出口业务教程 课件 Chapter9 Transport Dcuments、Chapter10 Negotiable Instruments

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TransportDocumentsChapterNineSection1.BillofladingSection2.ShipmentadviceCONTENTSSection3.ExercisesTransportdocumentslieattheheartofinternationaltradetransactions.Thesedocumentsareissuedbytheshippingline,theairline,theinternationaltruckingcompany,therailroad,thefreight-forwarderorthelogisticscompany.Totheshippingcompanyandthefreightforwarder,transportdocumentsprovideanaccountingrecordofthetransaction,instructionsonwhereandhowtoshipthegoodsandastatementgivinginstructionsforhandlingtheshipment.Therearevarioustransportdocumentsusedininternationalshipment,suchasthebilloflading,thepackinglist,theshippinginstructions,theforwarder’sinstructions,thedockreceipt,themate’sreceiptandthecaptain’s(ormaster’s)protest.Amongallthedocumentsissued,thebilloflading(B/L)isthemostimportantone.Section19.1BillofladingThisisoneofthethreecrucialdocumentsininternationaltrade,whichisissuedbyacarrierthatlistsgoodsbeingshippedandspecifiesthetermsoftheirtransporttoensurethatexportersreceivepaymentandimportersreceivethemerchandise.Theothertwodocumentsareapolicyofinsuranceandacommercialinvoice.Section

ONE9.1.1DefinitionAbilloflading(sometimesabbreviatedasB/LorBOL)isadocumentissuedbythecarrieroritsagenttoashipper,signedbythecaptain,theagent,ortheownerofavessel,furnishingwrittenevidenceregardingreceiptofthegoods(cargo),theconditionsonwhichtransportationismade(thecontractofcarriage),andtheengagementtodelivergoodsattheprescribedportofdestinationtothelawfulholderofthebilloflading.Abillofladingmustbetransferable,andservesthreemainfunctions:1.Itisaconclusivecargoreceipt,i.e.,anacknowledgementthatthegoodshavebeenloaded;Theprincipaluseofthebillofladingisasareceiptissuedbythecarrieroncethegoodshavebeenloadedontotheship.Thisreceiptcanbeusedasproofofshipmentforcustomsandinsurancepurposes,andalsoascommercialevidenceofcompletingacontractualobligation,especiallyundersuchtermsasCFRandFOBunderINCOTERMS.2.Itcontainsorevidencesthetermsofthecontractofcarriage;Thebillofladingfromcarriertoshippercanbeusedasanevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebythefactthatthecarrierhasreceivedthegoodsanduponthereceiptthecarrierwoulddeliverthegoods.Inthiscase,thebillofladingwouldbeusedasacontractofcarriage.Manypeoplethinkthat1)aB/Lisacontractbetweenthesellerandthebuyer.2)aB/Lisacontractofcarriagebetweenthecarrierandtheshipper.BothnotionsarewronginthatThecontractbetweenabuyerandasellerwasalreadyestablishedwhenthebuyerplacedtheorderwiththesellerandtheybothdiscussedandagreed(verballyorinwriting)thewhat,where,when,howandhowmuchofthetransactionindetail;Thecontractbetweentheshipperandthecarrierwasalreadyestablishedwhentheshipperorhisagentmadeabookingwiththecarrier(theshippingline)tocarrythecargofromportAtoportB;3.Itservesasatitletothegoods.Whenthebillofladingisusedasadocumentoftitle,itisparticularlyrelatedtothecaseofbuyer.Whenthebuyerisentitledtoreceivegoodsfromthecarrier,thebillofladinginthiscaseperformsasadocumentoftitletothegoods.Therearetwotypesofbillofladingthatcanperformasdocumentoftitle.Theyarestraightbillofladingandorderbilloflading.Thestraightbillofladingisabillofladingissuedtoanamedconsigneethatisnotnegotiable.Inthiscase,thebillofladingshouldbedirectedonlytoonespecificconsigneeindicatedonthebilloflading.Anorderbillofladingistheoppositefromastraightbillofladingandthereisnospecificornamedconsignee.Therefore,anorderbillofladingcanbenegotiatedtoathirdparty.9.1.2TypesofbillofladingBillsofladingmaytakevariousforms,suchason-boardandreceived-for-shipment,etc.9.1.2.1Shipped(On-board)B/Landreceived-for-shipmentB/LTheshippedB/Lisissuedbytheshippingcompanyafterthegoodsareactuallyshippedonboardthedesignatedvessel.Sincetheshippedbillofladingprovidesbetterguaranteefortheconsigneetoreceivethecargoatthedestination,theimporterwillnormallyrequiretheexportertoproducetheshippedB/Landmostbillofladingformsarepreprintedas“ShippedBill”.9.1.2.2CleanB/LanduncleanB/LAcleanbillofladingistheonethatstatesthatthegoodshavebeen“shippedinanapparentgoodorderandcondition”.Itisissuedwhenthegoodsdonotshowanydefectsontheirexteriorsatthetimeofloadingattheportofshipment.Thistypeisfavoredbythebuyerandthebanksforfinancialsettlementpurposes.Thestraightbillofladinghasadesignatedconsignee.Underthisbill,onlythenamedconsigneeatthedestinationisentitledtotakedeliveryofthecargo.Asitisnottransferable,itisnotcommonlyusedininternationaltradeandnormallyappliestohigh-valueshipmentorgoodsforspecialpurposes.TheblankB/LalsocalledopenB/LorbearerB/L,meansthatthereisnodefiniteconsigneeofthegoods.Thereusuallyappearintheboxofconsigneewordslike“Tobearer”.Anyonewhoholdsthebillisentitledtothegoodsthebillrepresents.Noendorsementisneededforthetransferoftheblankbill.Duetotheexceedinglyhighriskinvolved,thisbillisrarelyused.TheorderB/Liswidelyusedininternationaltrade.Itmeansthatthegoodsareconsignedordestinedtotheorderofanamedperson.Intheboxofconsignee,“Toorder”“Toorderoftheshipper”or“Toorderoftheconsignee”ismarked.9.1.2.4Direct,transshipment,throughbillofladingAdirectbillofladingisusedwhenthegoodsarepickedupbyvesselandthesamemessagewillbedeliveredtoitsfinaldestination.AtransshipmentB/Lmeansthatthegoodsneedtobetransshippedatanintermediateportasthereisnodirectservicebetweentheshipmentportandthedestinationport.Itissometimesnecessarytoemploytwoormorecarrierstogetthegoodstotheirfinaldestination.Inthiscase,usuallythefirstcarrierwillsignandissueathroughbilloflading.Theon-carriagemaybeeitherbyasecondvesselorbyadifferentformoftransport.9.1.2.5LinerB/L,containerB/LandcombinedtransportB/LThelinerbillofladingisissuedbyalinercompanyforshipmentonthescheduledportthroughscheduledroutes.ThecontainerB/Lisbecomingmorecommoninusewiththedevelopmentofcontainerization.Itcoversthegoodsfromporttoportorfromaninlandpointofdeparturetoaninlandpointofdestination.ThecombinedtransportB/Lisissuedbyacombinedtransportoperatorthatcoversthemulti-modaltransportonadoor-to-doorbasisinonecontractofcarriage.Itisidealforcontainermovements.Itdiffersfroma“throughB/L”inthatcombinedtransportisoperatedbyonlyonecarrier.9.1.2.6LongformB/LandshortformB/LThelongformB/Lismoredetailedwithshippingcontractclausesprintedonthebackofthepage.TheshortformB/L,asthenameimplies,isanabbreviatedtypeofdocument,smallerandnotcontainingthelonglistofdetailedclausesthatgenerallyappearonbillsoflading.Incertaincircumstancesitmaynot,therefore,beconsideredasuitableformofevidenceofcontractoraffreightment.9.1.2.7OnDeckB/L,staleB/L,ante-datedB/LandadvancedB/LAnondeckB/Lisissuedwhenthecargoisloadedontheship’sdeck.Itappliestogoodslikelivestock,plants,dangerouscargo,orawkwardly-shapedgoodsthatcannotfitintotheship’sholds.Inthiscase,thegoodsareexposedtogreaterrisksandthereforeusuallyspecificinsurancemustbetakenoutagainstadditionalrisks.Ante-datedB/LmeanswhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthatstipulatedintheL/C,thecarriersometimes,attheshipper’srequest,issuesaB/Lwithadateofsignaturethatsuitstherequirementsoastoavoidnon-acceptancebythebank.AnadvancedB/LisissuedwhentheexpirydateoftheL/Cisduebuttheexporterhasn’tyetgotthegoodsreadyforshipment.9.1.3ThemaincontentsandnotesofaB/L(ontheface)9.1.4TheMainClausesofaB/L(acrosstheface)9.1.5Relativedescriptionsofabillofladingintheletterofcreditorcontract9.1.6DetailsinfillinginabillofloadingSee1649.1.7Samplesofbillsoflading167Section29.2ShipmentadviceTheusualpracticeofinternationaltradeunderFOBtermsisforthesellertosendanoticetothebuyerbeforetheagreedshipmentdatesothatthebuyercanarrangetherelevantdeliveryvesselfordeliveringtheconsignment.Thebuyer,afterreceivingtherelevantnoticebytheseller,shouldimmediatelynotifythesellerofthenameofthevesselandtheETA(EstimatedTimeofArrival).Thesellershouldnotifythebuyerofthedetailedinformationonshipmentsothatthebuyercanmakenecessaryarrangementsforinsuranceandtakedeliveryattheportofdestination.Thusintheletterofcredit,therequireddocumentsmayincludethebeneficiary’scertifiedcopyoffaxdispatchedtotheimporterwithinseveraldaysaftershipmentadvisingthenameofthevessel,thedate,thequantity,theweight,thevalueofshipment,theL/Cnumberandthecontractnumber.Apieceofshipmentadviceusuallycontainsthefollowingpoints:1)Thedateandthenumberofthebilloflading2)Thedateandthenumberofthecontract3)ThenameofcommoditiesandtheirqualityandvalueContinued4)Thenameofthecarryingvessel5)Thenameoftheshippingport/theloadingport6)Theestimatedtimeofdeparture7)Theestimatedtimeofarrival8)Thenameofthedestinationport9)AlistoftherelevantshippingdocumentsSamplefrom168-170Section3Exercises71%71%71%71%71%71%Thankyou!PracticalCourseforImport&ExportBusiness

NegotiableInstrumentsChapterTenSection1.BillofexchangeSection2.MakingabillofexchangeCONTENTSSection3.PromissorynoteandcheckSection4.ExercisesSection1Ininternationaltrade,paymentcanbemadebynegotiableinstruments.Anegotiableinstrumentisaspecializedtypeofcontractforthepaymentofmoneywhichisunconditionalandcapableoftransferbynegotiation.Thenegotiableinstrumentsasreferredinthisunitincludethebillofexchange,thepromissorynoteandcheck.10.1BillofexchangeIndocumentarytransactions,sellersmakeawrittendemanduponeitherabankorthebuyertopayfortheshipmentofgoods.Thisdemandaccompaniesthedocumentationpackagethesellerpresentstothebank.Suchaformalwrittendemandforpaymentiscalled“BillofExchange”or“Draft”,whichisalwaysusedintheforeigntrade.Adraftinvolvesthreeparties:thedrawer(usuallythepersonwhomakes,signsanddeliversit),thedrawee(thepersononwhomthedraftisdrawn)andthepayee(thepersontowhomthemoneyistobepaid).Usuallythedrawerandthepayeearethesameperson.Thecontentofadraftmustbeinconformitywiththatoftherelativecontract.Section

ONEAbillofexchange(draft)isusuallydrawnintwosets,whicharedispatchedseparatelysothatifthereisanydelayinthereceiptofthefirstcopyofthebill,thesecondcopycanbepresented.Usuallythistakestheformof:“At…sightoftheFIRSTBillofexchange(SECONDbeingunpaid)”andthedraweemustbecarefultoacceptonlyonecopyofthebill.10.1.1WhatisabillofexchangeAbillofexchangeisanunconditionalorderinwritingpreparedbyoneparty(thedrawer)andaddressedtoanother(thedrawee)directingthedraweetopayaspecifiedsumofmoneytoorderofathirdperson(thepayee),ortothebearer,ondemandoratafixedanddeterminablefuturetime.10.1.2PartiestoabillofexchangeTherearethreepartiestoabillofexchange:thedrawer/creditor,thedrawee/payerandthepayee.10.1.2.1DrawerThedraweristheonewhoissuesthebillofexchange,throughwhichheinvitesthedraweetopaythesumofmoneyspecified.Thedraweristhefirstpartyofthedraft.Incertaintransaction,thedrawerisnormallythesupplier,thesellerortheexporter.Thepayeeisthepersontowhomthedraweehastopayontheduedate.Thepayeecanbethedrawerhimselforathirdpartytowhomhemightowemoney.10.1.2.2DraweeThedrawee/payeristheoneuponwhomthedraftisdrawn.Inotherwords,heisthepersonwhohastopaythesumofmoneyontheduedate.Andhemusthavealiabilitytowardsthedrawer.Itisquiteusualthatthedraweeisthebuyerortheimporterinatransaction.Ifthedraweeacceptsthetimebillofexchangebywritinghisnameortheword“accepted”togetherwithhisnameandthedateonthebill,henowbecomestheacceptor.Byacceptingthebill,theacceptoracceptstheobligationtopayitwhenthebillmatures.10.1.2.3PayeeThepayeeistheholderortheendorseeofadraftthatisinpossessionofitorthebearerofit.Theholderisnormallythepersonwhoislegallyentitledtothebillofexchange.Theendorseristhepersonwhoendorsesabillofexchange.Hewritessuchwordsas“PayBankofChina”onthebackofabillofexchangeandsignshisnametotransferthebill.Usually,theselleristhefirstendorser.10.1.2.4OtherpartiesTheacceptoristhepartywhosignsonatimebillwithhisassenttotheordergivenbythedrawer.Theendorserisapayeeoraholderwhosignshisnameonthebackofabillforthepurposeofnegotiation.Theendorseeisthepersontowhomabillofexchangeisendorsedbytheendorser.Iftheendorseeendorsesthebillofexchangetoanotherperson,theendorseewillbecomeasubsequentendorser.Aholderisapartywhoisinpossessionoftheinstrument.Aholdercanbethepayee/bearerortheendorsee.Aguarantorisanotherthirdpartywhoguaranteestheacceptanceandthepaymentofabillofexchange.10.1.3ClassificationofbillsofexchangeOnthebasisofdifferentcriteria,billsofexchangemaybeclassifiedintothesightortimebill,thedocumentaryornon-documentarybill,commercialacceptanceorthebanker’sbill,etc.1)Accordingtothetender,thebillofexchangecanbedividedintothesightbill(demandbill)andthetimebill(usancebill).Asightbillofexchangeisadraftthatispayablewhenpresented.Asightbillofexchangeisusedinthecasewheretheexporterwantstosellgoodstotheimporterforimmediatepayment.Atimeorusancebillofexchangeisadraftpayableatafuturefixed(specific)dateoradeterminablefuturedate.2)Accordingtowhethercommercialdocumentsareaccompaniedornot,wehavethedocumentarybillandthenon-documentarybill(cleanbill).Adocumentarybillofexchangeisonethatshouldbepaidonlywhencertaindocumentshavebeenattachedtoandpresentedtogetherwiththebillofexchange.Theaccompanieddocumentsareacommercialinvoice,abilloflading,aninsurancepolicyandsoon.Adocumentarybillofexchangeisoftenusedininternationaltrade.Acleanbillofexchangeisonethathasnodocumentsattachedandisusuallyhandedtoabankforcollectioninaforeigncountry.Suchadraftmaybedrawnformanypurposes,amongwhicharethecollectionofanopenaccount,thesaleofstocksandbonds,thepaymentforservices,andothertransactionsthatariseininternationaltradebutforwhichnoshippingdocumentsexist.Bankdraftsareusuallycleandrafts.3)Accordingtodifferentacceptors,thebillofexchangecanbedividedintothecommercialacceptancebillandthebanker’sacceptancebill.Acommercialacceptancebillofexchangeisacommercialtimedraftthatisacceptedbycommercialfirms.Boththedrawerandtheacceptorarecommercialfirms,soacommercialacceptancebillofexchangebasesonthecommercialcredit.Abanker’sacceptancebillofexchangeisatimedraftdrawnbyabusinessfirmthatisacceptedbythebank.Abank,onceithasacceptedadraft,caneitherholdthepaperuntilmaturityorsellitinthemoneymarket.Theacceptingbankassumessomerisk,althoughinmostcasesthecreditriskisminimal,asbanksgenerallydealonlywithtoleratedcompanies.4)Accordingtodifferentdrawers,thebillofexchangecanbedividedintothecommercialbillandthebanker’sbill.Acommercialbillofexchangeisdrawnbyacommercialfirmonanothercommercialfirmorbank.Acommercialbillofexchangeisoftenusedininternationaltrade.Abanker’sbillofexchangeisdrawnbyonebankonanotherbank.Itisusedinsettlingpaymentobligationsbetweenbanks.10.1.4TheessentialsofabillofexchangeAbillofexchangeisanimportantsecurity.Onlybillsofexchangethathavethestatutoryformalrequirementsandspecifythestatutoryitemsshallhavelegaleffect.Relevantmattersinclude:from177—17910.1.5ActsofabillofexchangeTheactsofabillofexchangerefertothelegalactscarriedouttobeartheobligationstoadraft.Theactsofabillofexchangeincludedrawing,presentation,acceptance,payment,endorsement,dishonorandrecourse,amongwhichtodrawisthemainact.From179--18410.1.6Proceduresofaccommodatingabillofexchange1)Thetraderdrawsatimebillonanacceptinghousepayabletohimselfandpresentsthebilltothedraweeforacceptance.2)Theacceptinghouseacceptsthebillandreturnsittothepayee.3)Beforematurity,thepayeediscounts(sells)thebilltothediscounthouse.4)Thediscounthousediscounts(buys)thebillandmakesthepaymenttothepayeeatanamountlessthanthefacevalueofthebill.5)Thetraderprovidesfundstotheacceptinghousejustbeforematuritysothatthedraweecanhonorthebillatmaturity.6)Atmaturity,thediscounthouse,asthenewholderofthebill,presentsthebilltotheacceptinghouseforpayment.7)Thedraweemakespaymenttothediscounthouseatthefacevalue.10.1.7TheGeneraltermsofabillofexchangeusedintheL/C1)Thedraftisdrawnonusat30days’sightfor100%oftheinvoicevalue.2)Thedraftisdrawnonourbank(payingbank)atsight.3)Alldraftsmustbemarked“DrawnundertheRoyalBankofCanada,MontrealL/CNo.×××dated×××andCitiBankTokyo