上海高中定语从句-刘青华

定语从句授课教师：刘青华句子句子的类型简单句并列句复合句复合句名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句定语从句状语从句定语从句的根本概念

定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，

一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。Forexample:Thisisabook

which

tellsaboutspaceknowledge.先行词关系代词定语从句关系词的分类关系代词

2.

关系副词关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有：when,where,why二.关系词的分类关系代词和关系副词的作用:1引导定语从句,起引导词作用.2代替被修饰词.3在从句中充当句子成分TheboywhoisreadingisTom.Haveatry指出关系代词〔副词〕在定语从句中的成份：1.ThemanwhocametoourschoolisMr.Wang.()2.Thegirl(whom)ImetisLucy.()3.AchildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledTom.()4.Ilikethebook(which)youboughtyesterday.()主语宾语定语宾语关系代词的讲解。关系代词先行词充当从句的成分who人主语、宾语whom人宾语which物主语、宾语that人或物主语、宾语、表语whose人或物定语①who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。Theman

whospoketoyou

isTom.Theman

(who)weinvited

isTom.②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

Theman

(whom)weinvited

isTom.who,whom关系代词的根本用法和注意点1.关系代词的根本用法③

which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

Chinaisacountry

whichhasalonghistory.Thisbook

(which)

heisusing

ismine.whichHeistheman

(that)

Ihityesterday.④that指人或物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。做宾语时，可省略。Aplaneisamachine

thatcanfly.thatHeisnottheman

thatheusedtobe.⑤whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。Weliveinahouse

whosewindowsfacesouth.Thisisthegirl

whoseEnglishbookwaslost.whose35.Haveyousentthank-younotestotherelativesfromyoureceivedgifts?A.whichB.themC.thatD.whom〔2012上海〕【解析】此题考查定语从句。介词之后只用whom，which，此题指人，所以，用whomexercises

(5)You'dbetterbuyvegetablesfromfarmers_____growthem.

(6)Don'tdrinkwater_____hasnotbeenboiled.

(7)Hesawahouse_____windowswerebroken.(8)Theman_____livesnexttoussellsvegetables.(9)Afish______hasbrighteyesisfresh.who/thatwhich/thatwhosewho/thatwhich/thatwhose只能用that不能用which的情况先行词为序数词/形容词最高级或被这些词修饰时。

Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.Thisisthehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthecity.that和which都可指物关系代词的注意点先行词是不定代词，如all,little,few,much,everything,anything,nothing,none,some等时。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.先行词被any,all,every,no,noneof,theonly,thevery,thejust,(恰好)等词修饰时。Theonlythingthatshecandoistostudyhard.先行词既有人又有物时。Theytalkedabouttheschoolsandteachers

(that)theyhadvisited.

当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。Whoisthemanthatisreadingthebook?领先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。Thisisthebookthatwasboughtyesterday.Tomisn’ttheboythatheusedtobe.先行词前有such或thesame修饰ThisisthesamebikethatIlostaweekago.在there+be句型中TherearetwonovelsthatIwanttoread.我要读的有两本小说只能用which不能用that的情况引导非限定性定语从句时。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedalloverworld.当关系代词前有介词时。Thisisthehouseinwhichhelived.领先行词本身就是that时。ThatwhichyoutoldmeiswhatIwanttoknow.

只能用who不能用that的情况(2)用who不用that的情况①先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one，all,

anyone，noone,nobody,anybody,none等。Allwhoheardthenewswereexcited.②先行词为those且指人时：Thosewhowanttogohaveto

signtheirnameshere.在therebe结构中，先行词指人时。

Thereisayoungladywhoasksforyou.that和who都可指人Exercise1:用关系代词填空Theboy____________isplayingping-pong

ismyclassmate.Thee-mail___________Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.Ihatepeople______________talkmuchbutdolittle.Thecar_____________myfatherboughtlastmonthisverybeautiful.who/that(which/that)who/that(which/that)5.Theman______hairiswhiteishisgrandfather.6.Isthereastudent_________fatherisabusinessman?7.Thisisthehousein________wehavelivedfor10years.8.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthings________youtalkedaboutjustnow.whosewhosewhichthat领先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词只能用that.Exercise2.Myfatherandhisfriendtalkedaboutsomething______

theycouldn’tremember.Sayall________

youknow.Isthereanything______Icandoforyou?thatthatthat领先行词是something,anything,nothing,all等词时，关系代词只能用that.4.Thisisthefirstplay________IhaveseensinceIcamehere.5.Thisisthebestnovel_______Ihaveread.thatthat领先行词被序数词，最高级等词修饰时，关系代词只能用that.6.Whoisthegirl_______isstandingunderthetree?7.Whichisthemachine____weusedlastSunday.当主句是who或which引导的特殊疑问句，而中心词指人或物时，关系代词只能用that.thatthat课堂小结关系副词的讲解关系副词when,where和why的用法五.关系副词的根本用法关系副词指代的先行词充当从句的成分when表时间的名词/名词词组时间状语where表地点的名词/名词词组地点状语why表原因的名词原因状语A.whereB.whenC.thereD.which(2009上海)34.Mozart’sbirthplaceandthehouse______hecomposed“TheMagicFlute”arebothmuseumsnow.句意：Mozart的出生地以及他创作《魔笛》的房子现在都成了博物馆。考查目标：考察句子结构的分析及定语从句的使用。应对策略：横线所在句子为定语从句，对先行词thehouse进行修饰。首先排除C，there不能充当连词。其次，分析定语从句句子结构，可见先行词在从句中充当地点状语，因此选择表地点的关系副词where。用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：Istillremembertheday

when(=onwhich)IfirstcametoNanjing.Myfatherwasbornintheyear

when(=inwhich)WorldWarⅡbrokeout.1.when1.when用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语，where可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：Thisisthefarm

where(=onwhich)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.Theschool

where(=inwhich)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity.2.where2.where用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语从句中作原因状语，why可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：Thereareseveralreasons

why(=forwhich)theboysshouldbepunished.Tomcouldn’tgivetheteacherthereason

why(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.3.why用适当的关系词填空1.Theroom___________________heoncelivedisstillthere.Theroom___________________Ihavetocleaneverydaybelongstomymother.where/inwhich(that/which)比照练习：用适当的关系词填空2.Iwillneverforgettheday_______________

Imetyou.Iwillneverforgettheday______________wespenttogether.when/onwhich(that/which)

Thereason_____________Idon’tknowisknowntohim.(that/which)why/forwhich3.

Thereason________________Idon’tknowthething

isthatIwasnotthereatthattime.38.Wewentthroughaperiod______communicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.which B.whose C.inwhichD.withwhich〔2008上海〕【解析】此题考查定语从句的用法。Period后面的定语从句中缺少时间状语，要用when,而此题中没有when,所以要选择inwhich相当于intheperiod,表示时间，作句中的状语。which要在定语从句中作主语或宾语，而此处的“介词+which”中要选择介词in,而不选择with.定语从句中“介词+which”中介词的选择，一要看先行词，二要看与定语从句谓语动词的搭配，三要看句意。关系副词的用法注意点(1)领先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系词that或省略。Thisisthefirsttime_____thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.(2)当position，stage，point,situation,case等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，如：Canyouthinkofasituation

______thisexpressioncanbeused?4.关系副词的用法注意点(that)where稳固练习：用适当的关系词填空

1)October1,1949wastheday______(________)Chinawasfounded.2)Beijingistheplace______(__________)Icame.

3)Isthisthereason____(________)hedidn’twanttoseeme?

whenonwhichwherefromwhichwhyforwhich稳固练习：用适当的关系词填空

4)Isthistheroom______(________)wewerelivinglastwinter?5)Thedaysaregone_____(____________)weused“foreignoil”.6)

Yesterday,wehadameeting______(________)wediscussedmanyproblems.

whereinwhichwhenduringwhichatwhichwhere定语从句的分类限定性从句非限定性从句限定性定语从句对先行词起修饰和限定作用,是不可缺少的成分,没有了附加信息,我们就不知道谈论的是谁或是什么事,在这样的从句中不使用逗号.ThehousethatIboughtlastyearhasgotalovelygarden.2.非限定性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如假设将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，前后都需要用逗号隔开。Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.翻译方法：限制性定语从句翻译在先行词前，非限制性定语从句翻译成一个独立的句子。如：1)ThebookthatIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.〔限制性定语从句〕我昨天买的那本书很有趣。2〕Mybrother,whoisasoldier,istalkingwithmyteacher.(非限制性定语从句〕我哥哥正在和我的老师谈话，他是当兵的。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，假设省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句那么不然。试比较：ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是局部或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词as或which引导。(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中那么可以。(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非限制性定语从句那么不能。(5)关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：(6)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。Hehastwodaughters,theelderofwhomismarried.Heisill,inspiteofwhichhekeepsonstudying.as与which引导的定语从句两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但以下情况多用as。1.关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。e.g.Asweallknow,theearthisround.2.当与such或thesame连用时，一般用as。e.g.Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou.3.当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之那么用which。e.g.Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.4.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如beknown，besaid，bereported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。e.g.Shehasbeenlateagain,

aswasexpected.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.介词+关系代词”结构引导非限制性定语从句，一般有以下几种结构：(1)名词+介词+关系代词：Theyliveinahouse,thedoorofwhichfacessouth.4.“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句的几种结构(2)代词+介词+关系代词：Therearefourstudentsintheclassroom,allofwhomareworkinghard.(3)数词+介词+关系代词：LastSundayIboughtabookfromthebookstore,threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.(4)形容词比较级/最高级+介词+关系代词：Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.35.AlotofloverschosetogetmarriedonDec.12,2012,_______thedate,themonthandtheyearmatch.that B.onwhich C.inwhich D.which〔2013浦东新一模〕定语从句的特殊句

定语从句必须注意的特殊例子1.先行词为抽象概念situation,case,stage,point,position关系词要用where,eg.Canyouimagingthesituationwhere/inwhichyoucanusetheword.2.先行词为theway,关系词要用that,inwhich或省略eg.Doyouknowtheway(that/inwhich/--)heworkedtheproblem.定语从句的必须注意的两个句型。Isthisschooltheonewevisitedthatyear?Isthistheschoolthatwevisitedthatyear