会计英语完整版本

《会计英语》教案授课班级：16级会计1，2，3班财管班授课日期：2017年上期Unit1ACCOUNTING:AGENERALINTRODUCTIONLearningObjectives:Afterstudyingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:1.Understandthefunctionsofaccounting2.Understandthedevelopmentofaccounting3.Defineaccounting4.Identifythedivisionsofaccountant’swork5.UnderstandtheaccountingassumptionsandprincipleI.AccountingisanInformationSystem（会计是一项信息系统）Accountingisaninformationsystemnecessitatedbythegreatcomplexityofmodernbusiness.Providethemanagementinsideanorganizationwiththeaccountinginformationneededintheorganization’sinternaldecision-making,whichrelatestoplanning,control,andevaluationwithinanorganization.II.TheDevelopmentofAccounting（会计的发展）Bookkeepingisthepreservationofasystematic,quantitativerecordofanactivity.Bookkeepingsystemscanbeveryprimitive.DistinctionbetweenbookkeepingandaccountingTheaccountantsetsupabookkeepingsystemandinterpretsthedatainit,whereasthebookkeeperperformstheroutineworkofrecordingfiguresinbooks.III.TheDefinitionofAccounting（会计的定义）Accountingisaninformationsystemofinterpreting,recording,measuring,classifying,summarizing,reportinganddescribingbusinesseconomicactivitieswithmonetaryunitasitsmaincriterion.IV.DivisionsofAccountingProfession（会计职业分类）1.Publicaccounting（公共会计）2.Privateaccounting（私人会计）3.Governmentandnonprofitaccounting（政府和非盈利会计）PublicaccountingPublicaccountantwhoaresimilartodoctorsorlawyerscanoffertheiraccountingservicetothepubliconafeebasis.PrivateaccountingTheaccountantsinaprivatebusiness,largeorsmall,mustrecordtransactionandprepareperiodicfinancialstatementsfromaccountingrecords.GovernmentandnonprofitaccountingManyaccountantsworkingovernmentofficesorfornonprofitorganizations.Thesetwoareasareoftenjoinedtogetherunderthetermgovernmentalaccountingandnonprofitaccounting.V.GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples（会计通用原则）1.AccountingAssumptions（基本会计假设）(1)Accountingentityassumption（会计主体假设）(2)Monetaryunitassumption（货币单元假设）(3)Goingconcernassumption（会计分期假设）(4)Accountingperiodassumption（会计周期假设）AccountingentityassumptionAnaccountingentityisanyeconomicunitwhichcontrolsresourceandengagesinaccountingpractice.TransactionsbetweenaccountingentitiesarerecordedintheaccountsofbothentitiesMonetaryunitassumptionMoneyisthecommonunitinwhichaccountingmeasurementsaremadeandmeasured.Alltransactionsaremeasured,recordedandreportedintermsofmoneyunit.GoingconcernassumptionAccordingtothegoingconcernconcept,accountantsassumethatthebusinesswillremaininoperationlongenoughtouseexistingassetsfortheirintendedpurpose.AccountingperiodassumptionMostaccountingentitiesareassumedtohaveanindefinitelife.Butaccountantsareaskedtomeasureoperatingresultandchangesineconomicpositionatrelativelyshorttimeintervalduringthisindefinitelife.2.AccountingPrinciples（会计原则）(1)Costprinciple（成本原则）(2)Therevenuerealizationprinciple（收入实现原则）(3)Thematchingprinciple（配比原则）(4)Theadequatedisclosureprinciple（充分披露原则）3.AccountingConstraints（会计约束）(1)Theobjectiveprinciple（客观性原则）(2)Thematerialityprinciple（重要性原则）(3)Theconsistencyprinciple（持续性原则）(4)Theconservatismprinciple（谨慎性原则）UNIT2ACCOUNTINGELEMENTSANDEQUATIONSLearningObjective:Afterstudyingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:1.Explaintheaccountingelements2.Explaintheclassificationoftheaccountingelements3.Understandtheaccountingequation4.UnderstandtheeffectofbusinesstransactionupontheaccountingequationI.BasicElementsofAccounting(基本会计要素)Financialaccountinginformationisclassifiedintothecategoriesofassets,liabilities,owner’sequity,revenues,expense,andnetincome.1.Assets（资产）ThedefinitionofassetsAssetsareeconomicresources,whicharemeasurablebymoneyvalue,andwhichareownedorcontrolledbyanenterprise.TheclassificationofassetsAssetscanbeclassifiedintocurrentassetsandlong-termassets.Currentassets（流动资产）Currentassetsrefertothoseassetswhichwillberealizedorconsumedwithinoneyearoftheiracquisition.Itincludingcash,accountsreceivable,andinventories,etc.Long-termassets（长期资产）Long-termassetsconsistofthoseeconomicresourcesthatareheldforoperationalpurpose,includingplantandequipmentandintangibleassets,etc.2.Liabilities（负债）Liabilitiesaredebtsbornbyanenterprise,measurablebymoneyvalue,whichwillbepaidtoacreditorusingassetsorservices.TheclassificationofliabilitiesLiabilitiesaregenerallyclassifiedintocurrentliabilitiesandlong-termliabilities.Currentliability（流动负债）Currentliabilitiesrefertothedebtswhichshouldbepaidoffwithinayearoranoperatingcyclelongerthanayear.TheclassificationofcurrentliabilitiesItincluding:notespayable,accountspayable,advancesfromcustomers,accruedexpenses,andtaxespayable,etc;Long-termliability（长期负债）Long-termliabilitiesrefertothedebtswhichwillberepaymentafterayearincludinglong-termnotespayable,bondspayable,andmortgagenote,etc.3.Owner'sequity（所有者权益）Owner'sequityreferstotheinterestortheclaimoftheinvestorsremaininginthenetassetsofanenterprise.Netassetsarethedifferencebetweentheamountofassetsandtheamountofliabilities.Thatissaynetassetsequalowner’sequity.4.Revenue（收入）Revenueistheeconomicresourcesflowingintoabusinessasaresultofrenderinggoodsoldandserviceduringagivenaccountingperiod.TheclassificationofrevenueSalesrevenue,servicerevenue,andinvestmentrevenuearesubdivisionsofrevenue.Increaseinrevenuewillincreaseowner'sequity.5.Expenses（支出）Expensesaretheoutflowofabusiness'seconomicresourcesresultingfromearningrevenueorthecostoftheoperationalactivitiesforthebusiness.TheclassificationofexpenseExpensesincludecostofgoodssold,administrativeexpenses,sellingexpenses,andfinancialexpenses,etc.Increaseinexpenseswilldecreaseowner'sequity.6.Netincome（纯收入）Netincome(ornetloss)istheresultofmatchingrevenuewithexpenses.Whenrevenueexceedsexpenses,netincomeoccurs,otherwisenetlossoccurs.II.AccountingEquations（会计等式）Basicaccountingequations:Assets=EquityAssets=Liabilities+Owner'sEquityAssets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquitySourcesoffundingSourcesoffundingOwners’ClaimsagainstOwners’ClaimsagainstresourcesCreditors’ClaimsagainstresourcesResources IncreasedbyinvestmentsbyownersAndIncreasedbyinvestmentsbyownersAndprofitableoperationsDecreasedbydistributionstoownerAndunprofitableoperationsExpandedaccountingequation:Assets=Liabilities+Owner'sEquity+NetincomeAssets=Liabilities+Owner'sEquity+Revenues–ExpensesAssets+Expenses=Liabilities+Owner'sEquity+RevenuesIII.EffectofBusinesstransactionsupontheAccountingEquation（商业交易对会计等式的影响）1.Increaseanassetandincreaseaequity;2.Decreaseanassetanddecreaseaequity;3.Increaseoneassetanddecreaseanotherasset;4.Decreaseoneequityandincreaseanotherequity.Unit3TheDouble-entryAccountingSystemLearningObjective:Afterstudyingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:1.Definetheaccounts2.Identifythechartofaccountsforatypicalcompany3.Analysetransactionusingdebtsandcredits4.Learndifferenttypesofaccounts5.Understandthedouble-entryaccountingsystemandsingle-entrysystemI.WhatistheAccount(什么是账户)Anaccountisaspecificaccountingrecordthatprovidesanefficientwaytocategorizetransactions.Wemaydesignateassetaccounts,liabilityaccounts,owner’sequityaccounts,revenueaccountsandexpenseaccounts.II.DebitandCredit（借方和贷方）AccountantsoftenuseT-accountasavisualaidforseeingtheeffectofthedebitandcreditonthetwo(ormore)account.AccountnameDr.Cr.III.TypesofAccounts（账户类型）1.AssetaccountsAssetsDrCr(+)(-)Endingbalances2.LiabilityaccountsLiabilitiesDrCr(-)(+)Endingbalances3.Owner’sequityaccountLiabilitiesDrCr(-)(+)Endingbalances4.RevenueandexpenseaccountsRevenueExpenseDrCrDrCr(-)(+)(+)(-)Asanexample:Mr.S.Smithinvested$4,000toopenhiscounselingpractice.CashCapital4,0004,000BoughtofficefurniturefromRobinsonFurnitureCompanyonaccount$2,000.OfficefurnitureAccountspayable2,0002,000IV.TheDouble-entryAccountingSystemandSingle-entrySystem（复式记账和单式记账）Double-entryaccountingsystemmeansthattheamountsofdebitandcreditentriesmustbeequalwhenaccountsrecordeverybusinesstransactions.Thefeaturesofdouble-entryaccountingsystem1.Debitsarealwaysenteredontheleftsideofanaccountandcreditsontherightside.2.Foreverytransaction,theremustbeatleastonedebitandonecredit.3.Debitsmustalwaysequalcreditsforeachtransaction.Single-entrysystemSingle-entrysystemissimilartoacheckbookregisterandischaracterizedbythefactthatthereisonlyasinglelineenteredintheaccountforeachtransaction.V.AccountingEntry（会计分录）AccountingEntryFormat:DateDebitAccount…….amountCreditAccount….amountExplanationAaccountingentryinvolvesathree-stepprocess:1.Identifywhichaccountsareinvolved.2.Foreachaccount,determineifitisincreasedordecreased.3.Foreachaccount,determinebyhowmuchithaschanged.Forexample,Mr.S.Smithinvested$4,000toopenhiscounselingpractice.Cash4,000Mr.S.Smith,Capital4,000Torecordinvest4,000cashopenthebusiness.BoughtofficefurniturefromRobinsonFurnitureCompanyonaccount,$2,000.OfficeFurniture2,000AccountsPayable2,000Torecordbuyofficefurniture$2,000onaccount.Unit4THEACCOUNTINGPROCESSLearningObjective:Afterstudyingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:1.Understandhowtocollecteconomicinformation2.Explaintheaccountingcycle3.Understandthejournalsandledgers4.ExplainthetrialbalanceI.AccountingCycle（会计周期）Duringeachaccountingyear,asequenceofaccountingprocedurescalledtheaccountingcycleiscompleted.ExchangetransactionsExchangetransactionExchangetransactionsPreparereports:1.Adjustingentries2.Preparingfinancialstatement3.ClosingentriesSummarizetheeffectsoftransactions:PostingjournalentriesPreparingatrialbalanceRecordtheeffectsoftransactionsPreparereports:1.Adjustingentries2.Preparingfinancialstatement3.ClosingentriesSummarizetheeffectsoftransactions:PostingjournalentriesPreparingatrialbalanceRecordtheeffectsoftransactionsAnalyzetransactionsCompleteaccountingcycleincludesthefollowingeightsteps:Step1Transactionsareanalyzedonthebasisofbusinessdocumentsknownassourcedocumentsandarerecordedineitherthegeneraljournalorthespecialjournals;Step2Informationistransferred(posted)fromthejournaltoledgeraccounts;Step3Atrialbalanceispreparedfromtheaccountsbalanceintheledgertoprovetheequalityofdebitsandcredits;Step4Adjustingentriesaremadetobringthebalancesofsomeaccountstotheirproperamountsformatchingprinciple;Step5Preparinganadjustedtrialbalance,provingagaintheequalityofdebitsandcreditsintheledgeraccount;Step6Makingclosingentries,journalizingandpostingthemintoledgeraccountsandclosingallrevenueandexpenseaccounts;Step7Preparinganpost-closingtrialbalance;Step8Preparingincomestatementandbalancesheetbasedonthebalanceintheledgeraccount.II.Journals（日记账）Inawesternaccountingsystem,theinformationabouteachbusinesstransactionisinitiallyrecordedinanaccountingrecordcalledaJournal.1.TypesofjournalsGeneralJournal（普通日记账）Thesimplesttypeofjournaliscalledageneraljournal.Ithasonlytwomoneycolumns,onefordebitsandtheotherforcredits;itmaybeusedforalltypesoftransaction.DateDescriptionPost.RefDebitsCreditsJuly,1Cash2,000Accountsreceivable2,000CollectedreceivablefromA.Co5Truck8,000Cash8,000PurchasedatruckonaccountSpecialJournals（特殊日记账）Specialjournalsaredesignedasasimplewaytorecordasingletype

offrequentlyoccurringtransaction.suchassales,purchases,cashreceiptsandcashpaymentsjournals.SalesjournalDateCustomerInvoiceNo.P.R.AmountJan.2LeeSmith1256005RogerSmith1262508JohnAnderson1282162.Usefulnessofusingjournals1.Thejournalshowsallinformationaboutatransactioninoneplaceandalsoprovidesanexplanationofthetransaction;2.Thejournalprovidesachronologicalrecordofinthelifeofabusiness;3.Theuseofajournalhelpstopreventerrors.III.Ledgers（分类账）Thecompletesetofaccountsforabusinessentityiscalledaledger.Theymaybegroupedintogeneralledgerandsubsidiaryledger.1.GeneralLedger（总分类账）Thegeneralledgeristhebookusedtolistalltheaccountsestablishedbyanorganization.Generalledger

Account:CashAccountNo.101DateExplanationPostRef.DebitsCreditsBalances2.SubsidiaryLedger（辅助分类账）Furthersimplificationofthegeneralledgerisbroughtaboutbytheuseofsubsidiaryledger.Inpractice,accountspayableandaccountsreceivablehavesubsidiaryledger.TheRelationoftheGeneralandSubsidiaryLedgersWhiteIncorporatedGeneralledgerAccountspayablesubsidiaryledgerWhiteIncorporatedUnitedcompanyAccountspayableLandUnitedcompanyAccountspayableLandPalmersupplyCo.AccountsreceivablePalmersupplyCo.AccountsreceivableJerryWoolseyAccountsreceivablesubsidiaryledgerJerryWoolseyMikeTaylorMikeTaylorLeeSmithLeeSmithTheadvantagesofsubsidiaryledgers1.Reducesledgerdetail;2.Permitsbetterdivisionoflabor;3.Permitsadifferentsequenceofaccounts;4.Permitsbetterinternalcontrol.3.PostingtransactionsPostingistheprocessofcopyingjournalentryinformationfromthejournaltotheledger.Thestepsofposting1.Recordthedateandtheamountoftheentryintheaccount.2.Insertthenumberofthejournalpageinthepostingreferencecolumnoftheaccount.3.Inserttheledgeraccountnumberinthepostingreferencecolumnofthejournal.VI.TheTrialBalance（试算平衡表）Thetrialbalanceisaworksheetonwhichyoulistallgeneralledger

accountsanddebitorcreditbalance.ABCCo.LTD.TrialBalanceSeptember30,2009AccountsnamesDebitsCreditsCash$5,800Furniture2,000AccountsPayable2,000Capital4,000Sales2,500RentExpense500SalariesExpense200Totals$8,500$8,500HowtoPrepareaTrialBalanceTheprocedureisasfollows:1.Listaccountnamesinnumericalorder;2.Recordbalancesofeachaccount,enteringdebitbalancesintheleftcolumnandcreditbalancesintherightcolumn;3.Addthecolumnsandrecordthetotals;4.Comparethetotals.2.UsesandLimitationsoftheTrialBalanceTypicalofsucherrorsare:◆Theenteringofadebitasacreditorviceversa;◆Arithmeticalmistakesinbalancingaccounts;Unit5AdjustingEntryandClosingProcedureLearningObjective:Afterstudyingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:1.Explainthecashandaccrualbasisofaccounting2.Understandthedifferenceofcashbasisandaccrualbasisofaccounting3.Describethetypesandcharacteristicsofadjustingentries4.PreparetheclosingentriesI.BasisofAccounting（会计基础）1.PeriodicReportingInordertoprovidetimelyaccountinginformation,thetime-periodconceptdividesthelifeofanenterpriseintodistinctandrelativelyshortaccountingperiods.2.CashBasisandAccrualBasisofAccounting（收付实现制和权责发生制）Inaccrual-basisaccounting,anaccountantrecognizestheimpactofabusinesstransactionasitoccurs.Incash-basisaccounting,however,theaccountantdoesnotrecordatransactionuntilcashisreceivedorpaid.Thegenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples(GAAP)requirethatabusinessusetheaccrualbasis.Forexample,initsfirstyearofoperations,HarrisCo.earned$39,000inrevenuesandreceived$33,000cashfromcustomers.Thecompanyincurredexpensesof$22,500,buthadnotpaidfor$2,250ofthematyearend.Inaddition,Harrisprepaid$3,750forexpensesthatwouldbeincurredthenextyear.Calculatethefirstyear’snetincomeunderacashbasisandunderanaccrualbasis.Cashbasis:Revenues(cashreceipts)$33,000Expenses(cashpayments)(22,500-2,250+3,750)24,000Netincome$9,000Accrualbasis:Revenues$39,000Expenses22,500Netincome$16,500Underthetwobasisofaccounting,netincomeisdifferent.II.AdjustingEntries（调整分录）TypesofAdjustingEntries:1.Prepaidexpenses2.Unearnedrevenues3.Unrecordedliabilities4.UnrecordedreceivablesPrepaidexpensesPaymentsthatacompanymakesinadvanceforitemsnormallychargedtoexpenseareknownasprepaidexpense.Anexamplewouldbethepaymentofaninsurancepremiumfor12months.AssumethatJBServiceCompanypaid$2,400premiumonMarch1foroneyear'spropertyinsuranceinadvance.March1,PrepaidInsurance2,400Cash2,400Torecordpayayear’spremium$2,400inadvance.AttheendofMarch,1/12of$2,400premiumor$200hasexpiredorbeenusedupduringtheyear.March31,InsuranceExpense200PrepaidInsurance200Torecordapportionthismonth’spremium$200.UnearnedrevenuesAmountsreceivedbeforetheactualearningofrevenuesareknownasunearnedrevenues.Intheperiodinwhichgoodsorservicesarerendered,anadjustingentryismadetorecordtheportionoftherevenueearnedduringtheperiod.OnDecember1,2009,assumethatJBServiceCompanycollectedinadvance$2,000fromacustomerfortheservicetobecompletedonJanuary31,2010.December1,Cash2,000AdvancesonServiceRevenue2,000Torecordreceivetherevenue$2,000inadvance.OnDecember31,2009,JBServiceCompanyhadalreadyrealizedthathalfofservicerevenue;December31,AdvancesonServiceRevenue1,000ServiceRevenue1,000Torecordrealizedhalfrevenue$1,000.UnrecordedliabilitiesAdjustingentriesarerequiredattheendofanaccountingperiodtorecognizeanyunrecordedliabilitiesintheproperperiodandtorecordthecorrespondingexpenses.Assumethattheemployees'salariesinJBServiceCompanywerepaiduptoDecember29,thesalariesoftwodays(December30and31)werenotpaidtotheemployees.December31:SalariesExpense3,000SalariesPayable3,000Torecordaccruedsalariesexpense$3,000attheendoftheperiod.UnrecordedreceivablesRevenuesmaybeearnedduringthecurrentperiod,butnotyetbilledtocustomersorrecordedintheaccountingrecords.OnDecember31,assumethatJBServiceCompanyhascompletedahalfofservicework.Thetotalamounttobereceivedwhentheworkiscompletedwillbe$5,000.December31,AccountsReceivable2,500ServiceRevenue5,000Torecordnotreceivetherevenue$2,500.Characteristicsofadjustingentries◆Everyadjustingentryinvolvestherecognitionofeitherrevenueorexpenses.◆Adjustingentriesarebasedontheconceptsofaccrualaccounting,notuponmonthlybillsormonth-endtransactions.III.Closingtheaccounts（结账）1.Realandnominalaccounts（真实与名义账户）Realaccounts(assets,liabilities,andowners'equity)arepermanent;theyarenotclosedtoazerobalanceattheendofeachaccountingperiod.nominalaccountsTheseaccounts(revenues,expenses,anddividends)aretemporary;theyarereallyjustsubcategoriesofIncomeSummaryandarereducedtoazerobalancethroughtheclosingprocessattheendofeachaccountingperiod.2.Purposeofclosingentries（结账目的）Attheendofanaccountingperiod,anincomestatementisprepared.Therevenueandexpenseaccountshaveservedtheirpurposeindeterminingtheperiod'snetincome.3.Preparingtheclosingentries（准备结账）Inshort,theprocessesofclosingtheaccountsincludethefollowingfoursteps:(1)Closerevenues(creditbalances)toincomesummary;(2)Closeexpenses(debitbalances)toincomesummary;(3)Closeincomesummary(thebalanceisnetincomeorloss)totheowner‘scapit