中国历史-Chinese History (中英文)

ChineseHistory中国历史ContentPrimitiveSociety原始社会SlaverySociety奴隶社会FeudalSociety封建社会SocialistSociety社会主义社会01020304中国ChinaChieseHistoryPrimitiveSociety原始社会SocialistSociety社会主义社会SlaverySociety奴隶社会FeudalSociety封建社会1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840TimeLineofChineseHistory历史时间线1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840ADPrimitiveSocietySlaverySocietyFeudalSociety盘古开天辟地Pangucreatestheskyandtheearth.女娲补天造人NvwamendstheskyandcreatesthehumanbeingTheEarliestHumanBeingsinChina元谋人蓝田人北京人大荔人LantianMan(datedbacktoabout1000000and500000yearsago,wasabletowalkuprighton2feet)DaliMan(datedbacktoabout200000and300000years,representativeofthetransitionfromapestoancientman)YuanmouMan(datedbackto1700000yearsago,theearliesthumanbeingseverfoundinChinasofar)PekingMan(datedbackto700000and200000yearsago,skilledatmakingfire,makingandusingstonetools)山顶洞人UpperCaveMan(datedbacktoabout18000yearsago,resemblemodernhumanbeingsinappearance)TheEarliestHumanBeingsinChina元谋人YuanmouMan蓝田人LantianMan北京人PekingMan大荔人DaliMan山顶洞人UpperCaveMan①③②④⑤TheEarliestHumanBeingsinChina①元谋人YuanmouMan②蓝田人LantianMan③北京人PekingMan④大荔人DaliMan⑤山顶洞人UpperCaveMan旧石器时代ThePaleolithicPeriodThePaleolithicPeriodThisperiodissonamedinaccordancewiththestonevesselstheyused–primitivemenusedstonestomakechippedstonevessels.ThePaleolithicPeriodlasedfortwotothreemillionyears,peoplethenlivelifebypickingupwildfruits,huntingandfishingtogether.新石器时代TheNeolithicPeriodTheNeolithicPeriodStartingfromaround8000to9000yearsago,primitivepeoplealreadyusednewkindsofstoneartifacts–artifactsthatweregroundoutratherthanchipped,hencetheperiodtermed“NeolithicPeriod”..Thenewstoneartifactsweremoresophisticatedandhandier,greatlyimprovingthelevelofproductionandlikealike.ItwasduringtheNeolithicPeriodthatagricultureandanimalhusbandryappeared.夏、商、周Xia,ShangandZhouDynasty夏Xia商Shang周Zhou2070BC-1600BC1600BC-1046BC1046BC-771BCAncestorsoftheChineseNation黄帝HuangDi炎帝YanDi蚩尤ChiYou夏XiaDynasty2070BC-1600BC夏

XiaDynasty2070BC-1600BCYutheGreatHarnessestheFloodYuadoptedthedredgingmethodtoleadthefooldwaterstoflowalongrivercoursesintothesea.Yuworkedveryhard.Itwassaidthatduringthe13yearshespentontemingthefloods,hepassedhishomethreetimes,butdidnotenteruntilhistaskwascompleted.Asaresultofhissuccessfulefforts,thepeoplebestowedonhimthetitleYutheGreatandShunchoseYuashissuccessor,withtheapprovalofthetribalchieftains.尧Yao舜Shun禹YuTheFiveHegemonysoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod春秋五霸齐桓公QiHuangong宋襄公SongXianggong晋文公JinWengong秦穆公QinMugong楚庄王ChuZhuangwangTheFiveHegemonsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod春秋五霸春秋五霸齐桓公QiHuangong宋襄公SongXianggong晋文公JinWengong秦穆公QinMugong楚庄王ChuZhuangwang大教育家孔子Confucius,theGreatEducatorConfuciusisoneofthe10internationallreconizedthinkers,andhisthoughtshavehadawide-ranginginfluenceinChinaandEastAsia.孔子是世界公认的世界十大思想家之一，他的思想在中国，在东亚都有广泛的影响。论语AnalectsofConfucius因材施教温故而知新TeachStudentsinaccordasncewiththeiraptitude.Lookfortheoldsoastolearnthenew.有朋自远方来，不亦说乎？Itisagreatpleasuretohavefriendscomingafar,isn'tit?TheSevenPowersoftheWarringStatesPeriod战国七雄QinHanChuWeiZhaoYanQi诸子百家The“HundredSchoolsofThought”andtheirExponentsQinChuZhaoYan秦QinDynasty221BC-206BCQinshihuangendedthelongdividedsituation,andestablishedthefirstunitedmulti-ethnicfeudalcountryonChinesesoil.秦始皇完成了统一大业，结束了长期以来诸侯割据称雄的局面，建立中国历史上第一个统一的多民族的封建国家中国第一位皇帝–秦始皇TheFirstEmperorinChineseHistory--QingshihuangSetfixedstandardsforlength,volumeandweight.BurnthebooksandburytheConfucianscholarsIssuedauniformcurrencyBuilttheGreatWallbylinkingupalreadyexistingdefensivewalls秦始皇QinshihuangTheGreatWall长城Terra-cottaWarriors兵马俑TimeLineofChineseHistory历史时间线1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840AD422BC406BC202BC1840ADPrimitiveSocietySlaverySocietyFeudalSociety220AD8AD25ADQinHanWestHanEastHanWarsbetweenChuandHan楚汉之争ChineseChess中国象棋HanDinasty汉朝（202BC~220AD）1.Political,Economic,ScientificandCulturalDevelepment;2.TerritorialExpension;3.ZhaojunGoesBeyondtheGreatWallasaBride;4.ZhangQian'sMissiontotheWesternRegions.汉代HanDynasty206BC–220AC刘邦战胜项羽后，建立汉朝，定都长安，国号“汉”，刘邦就是汉高祖。LiuBangestalishedtheHanDynasty,withChang'anasthecapital.,whoisknownasHangaozu.中国古代四大发明FourGreatInventionsinAncientChina①Compass②Paper-making③Gunpowder④MovableTypePrinting②③ZhaojunGoesBeyondtheGreatWallasaBride昭君出塞ChuQiZhangQian'sMissiontotheWesternRegions张骞出使西域QinHanChuWeiZhaoYanQiZhangQian'sMissiontotheWesternRegions张骞出使西域QinHanChuWeiZhaoYanQiSilkRoad丝绸之路QinHanChuWeiZhaoYanQiChinaKazakhstanUzbekistanRossiaTurkeyGreeceItalySilkRoad丝绸之路YellowTurbansRevolt黄巾军起义YellowTurbansRevoltTimeLineofChineseHistory历史时间线1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840AD422BC406BC202BCPrimitiveSocietySlaverySocietyFeudalSociety220AD8AD25ADQinHanWestHanEastHan589AD618ADSuiTang907AD三国（魏、蜀、吴）公元220-280ThreeKingdoms(Wei,Shu,Wu)220-280AD晋（西晋、东晋）公元265-420年JinDynasty(WesternJinandEasternJin)265-420AD南北朝公元420-589年SouthernandNorthernDynasty420-589AD隋公元581-618年SuiDynasty581-618ADTheGrandCanalfromHangzhoutoBeijing京杭大运河TheGrandCanalfromHangzhoutoBeijingTimeLineofChineseHistory历史时间线1.7millionyearsago2070BC475BC1840AD422BC406BC202BCPrimitiveSocietySlaverySocietyFeudalSociety220AD8AD25ADQinHanWestHanEastHan589AD618ADSuiTang907ADChang'an长安武则天WuZetian中国历史上第一个也是唯一个女皇帝TheFirstandtheOnlyFemaleEmperorinChinaWomen'sstatuswashigherthaneverbefore.ShebuiltmilitaryoutpostsfarintocenterAsiatosecurepassagesafeallalongSilkRoad.ShewonthesupportofcommonpeoplethroughthereinvigoratedreligionthatwassweepingChina-Buddhsm.Thestoretechnologyduringherreignwasimprovedanditcouldhelphertosolvethefarmingproblems.武则天WuZetian大明宫DamingDongPalace大明宫DamingDongPalace李渊LiYuanTheFounderofTangEmpire

玄武门之变XuanwuGateIncidentDeclineofTangDynasty唐朝的衰落Women'sstatuswashigherthaneverbefore.ShebuiltmilitaryoutpostsfarintocenterAsiatosecurepassagesafeallalongSilkRoad.ShewonthesupportofcommonpeoplethroughthereinvigoratedreligionthatwassweepingChina-Buddhsm.Thestoretechnologyduringherreignwasimprovedanditcouldhelphertosolvethefarmingproblems.五代十国FiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms后梁LaterLiang后汉LaterHan后唐LaterTang后晋LaterJin五代FiveDynasties后周LaterZhou907~960AD十国TenKingdomsTenKingdoms:FormerShu(前蜀)，Wu(吴)，Min(闽)，Wu-Yue(吴越)，Chu(楚)，SouthernHan(南汉),SouthernPing(南平)，LaterShu(后蜀)，SouthernTang(南唐)，NorthernHan(北汉).五代十国FiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms北宋NorthernSongDynasty赵匡胤宋太祖ZhaoKuangyin,theemperor,setupwhatishistoricallyknownastheNorthernSongDynasty,withKaifengasitscapital.NorthernSongwasunderthethreatformostofitsexistencefromstatessetupbyminorityethnicgroups,suchasLiaoandJininthenorthwest.RelievingtheGeneralsoftheirCommandsatafeast宋朝历代皇帝重文轻武TheEmperorsinSongDynastyValued

LiteraryTalentabove

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ArtsTangandSongPoemsjìngyèsī静夜思chuángqiánmíngyuèguāng床前明月光，yíshìdìshàngshuāng疑是地上霜。jǔtóuwàngmíngyuè举头望明月，dìtóusīgùxiāng低头思故乡。ATranquilNightBeforemybedapooloflight,Iwonderifit’sfrostaground.Lookingup,Ifindthemoonbright,Bowing,inhomesicknessI’mdrown.南宋SouthernSongDynasty In1127,theJinarmycapturedKaifeng,theNorthernSongcapital.ZhaoGou,theemperor,escapedtothesouth,andsetupwhatishistoricallyknownastheSouthernSongDynasty,withHangzhouasitscapital.元朝YuanDynasty In1206,TemujinunitedtheMongoliantribesandwasaddressesGenghisKhan.TheMongolswentontobuildahugeempire.In1260,GenghisKhan’sgrandsonKublaifoundedtheYuanDynasty,withitscapitalinBeijing.TheYuanarmyseizedHangzhouin1276,andin1279itcrushedtheremainingforcesoftheSouthernSongDynastyandunitedthewholeofChina.TheYuanDynastycontinuedtoexistuntil1368,whenarebelarmyledbyZhuYuanzhangsaizedBeijingandestablishedtheMingDynasty.成吉思汗GenghisKhan忽必烈Kublai元朝YuanDynasty In1206,TemujinunitedtheMongoliantribesandwasaddressesGenghisKhan.TheMongolswentontobuildahugeempire.In1260,GenghisKhan’sgrandsonKublaifoundedtheYuanDynasty,withitscapitalinBeijing.TheYuanarmyseizedHangzhouin1276,andin1279itcrushedtheremainingforcesoftheSouthernSongDynastyandunitedthewholeofChina.TheYuanDynastycontinuedtoexistuntil1368,whenarebelarmyledbyZhuYuanzhangsaizedBeijingandestablishedtheMingDynasty.元朝YuanDynastyTheterritoryoftheYuanDynastywasbroaderthanthatofanyoftheprecedingdynasties,andBeijingbecameaworld–renownedcommercialmetropolis.AnItalianmerchantnamedMarcoPolocametoChinaduringthereignofEmperorShizu.Hestayedformorethan10years.HedescribedtheprosperityofDadu(today’sBeijing)andotherpartsofChinainhisbookTheTravelsofMarcoPolo.明朝开国皇帝—朱元璋ZhuYuanzhang,theFirstEmperoroftheMingDynasty1368年，朱元璋在应天称帝，定国号为“明”，史称明朝，朱元璋就是明太祖。同年秋天，明军攻克元大都，结束了元朝在全国的统治。此后，他又用了近20年的时间，完成了统一大业。In1368,ZhuYuanzhangproclaimhimselfemperor.HewashistoricallyknownasEmperorTaizuoftheMingDynastyinNanjing.Intheautumnofthesameyear,theMingarmytookDadu,thecapitaloftheYuanEmpire,puttinganendtotheruleoftheMongols.However,ittookZhuYuanzhangnearly20moreyearstoconsolidatehisholdoverthewholecountry.DevelopingagricultureSetupanewinstitutionofspiescalled“GuardsinEmbroideredCoats”AbolishingthepositionofthePrimeMinisterMakingathoroughoverhauloftheexistinglaws朱元璋ZhuYuanzhang明朝开国皇帝—朱元璋ZhuYuanzhang,theFirstEmperoroftheMingDynasty明朝MingDynasty朱元璋ZhuYuanzhangZhuDi,EmperorChenzu,wasthethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty.ZhuBiao,EmperorTaizu’scrownprince,diedwhenhisfatherwasattheageof60,andhisplacewastakenbyZhuBiao’seldestson,ZhuYunwen.Afternewemperorcametothethrone,ZhuYunwen’suncle,ZhuDi,thefourthsonofZhuYuanzhang,dispatchedanarmyfromhispowerbaseofYan(thepresent-dayBeijingarea)inJuly1399,onthepretextofhelpingtorestoreorder.In1402,thisarmycapturedNanjing.ZhuDideclaredhimselfEmperorChengzu.FeelinginsecureinNanjing,EmperorChengzumovedthecapitaltoBeiping,andchangeditsnametoBeijing.朱允炆ZhuYunwen朱棣ZhuDi明成祖迁都EmperorChengzuMovestheCapital明成祖朱棣是明朝的第三个皇帝。明太祖朱元璋60多岁的时候太子朱标死了，于是立朱标的长子朱允炆为皇太孙。朱元璋死后，朱允炆即位（即建文帝）。朱元璋的四子燕王朱棣正拥兵驻守北方，抵御蒙古入侵。朱棣看到皇位落入到了侄子的手里，心中不服。1399年7月，朱棣以帮助皇帝除掉奸臣为名，从北平起兵南下，发动“靖难之役”。1402年攻入了都城南京，建文帝在兵乱中下落不明。朱棣夺取了帝位，为了防范元朝残余势力，把政治、军事中心移向了北方，他把都城从南京迁到了北平，改北平为北京。ZhuDi,EmperorChenzu,wasthethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty.ZhuBiao,EmperorTaizu’scrownprince,diedwhenhisfatherwasattheageof60,andhisplacewastakenbyZhuBiao’seldestson,ZhuYunwen.Afternewemperorcametothethrone,ZhuYunwen’suncle,ZhuDi,thefourthsonofZhuYuanzhang,dispatchedanarmyfromhispowerbaseofYan(thepresent-dayBeijingarea)inJuly1399,onthepretextofhelpingtorestoreorder.In1402,thisarmycapturedNanjing.ZhuDideclaredhimselfEmperorChengzu.FeelinginsecureinNanjing,EmperorChengzumovedthecapitaltoBeiping,andchangeditsnametoBeijing.紫禁城TheForbiddenCity郑和下西洋ZhengHe’sVoyages明朝前期，中国是世界上最先进、最发达的国家之一。为了显示中国富强，扩大明朝在海外各国的政治影响，加强与世界各国的联系，明成祖朱棣派郑和多次出使西洋（指文莱以西的东南亚和印度洋一带）。IntheearlyMingDynasty,Chinawasoneofthemostadvancedanddevelopedcountriesintheworld.Inordertodisplaythenationalpowerandstrengthencontactswithothercountries,EmperorChengzusentZhengHe,aseniorgeneralandeunuch,onsixvoyagestotheWesternSeas(SoutheastAsia,westofBruneiandtheIndianOcean)ondiplomaticmission.大明王朝的覆灭TheDownfalloftheMingEmpireMingEmpireForeignInvasionsPeasant'sUprisingsTheemperorsinthelateyearsoftheMingDynastywerefatuousandincompetent,andpowergraduallyslippedintothehandsofeunuchsforciblyoccupiedlargertractsoffertileland,leavingmanypeasantslandless,Taxesandnaturaldisaster,whichofficialsdidlittletorelieve,addedtotheburdensonthepeasant.清朝的崛起TheBuildingoftheQingEmpireQingEmpireMingEmpireIn1644,MingDynastyChina,thegreatestcivilizationintheworld,wentthroughadevastatingforeignconquest.TheChinesepeoplewerelefthauntedbydreamsoflostpeaceandvisionsofwar.TheinvaderswereManchusfromthenorth,theChinesepeoplesawasbarbarians.TheMingEmperorcommittedsuicideandtheManchuarmiessweptsouth.TheManchuswereforeigners,non-Chinese,butitwastheywhowouldinstitutethenextrebuildingofChina,andbecomingChineseintheprocess,andtheywerethelastimperialdynastyfChina,theQing.康熙KangXi1661-1722雍正YongZheng1722-1735乾隆QianLong1735-1796康乾盛世TheGoldenAgeofThreeEmperors康熙KangXi1661-1722康熙是中国历史上在位时间最长的皇帝，同时也是清朝最贤明的君主，他的文治和武功几乎没有哪位皇帝可以和他相提并论。1661年康熙即位时，还是个孩子，那时清朝的统治还不稳固，明朝的旧臣想推翻清朝，恢复明朝的统治，形势十分危急。为了缓和矛盾，稳定政治局面。康熙把儒家学说定为官方思想，任用汉人做官，提倡汉文化。在他的倡导下，编成了《康熙字典》；他还派遣耶稣会士到各地测量，绘制了中国第一部实测地图《皇舆全览图》。

KangxienjoyedthelongestreigninChinesehistory.HewasalsothewisetemperoroftheQingDynasty.Whenheascendedthethronein1661asachild,theruleoftheQingDynastywasunstable.ManyofficialsoftheoldregimewantedtooverthrewtheQingDynastyandresumetheMing'srule.KangxipromotedaprogramofSinicizationofhisgovernment,includinginstituingConfucianismasthestateideology,appoitingHanofficlalsandpromotingHancultureamongtherulingManchuclass.ItwasalsohewhoproposedtocompiletheKangxiDictionaryandthefirston-the-spotsurveyingmapnamedtheMapofChinainKangxi'sReign.康熙大帝TheEmperor,Kangxi康熙KangXi1661-1722康熙还非常注重农业生产，并采取一系列措施减轻农民的负担，让被战争破坏的经济得到迅速的恢复。他还经常巡视各地，了解民情，关心人民的疾苦。Kangxiattachedgreatimportancetotherestorationofagriculturalproduction,whichhadbeendevastatedbyyearsofwars.Healsoadoptedaseriesofmeasurestolightentheburdenofthepeasants.Heoftentookimperialtoursofinspectiontoknowtheconditionsandsufferingsofpeople.康熙大帝TheEmperor,Kangxi康熙KangXi1661-1722康熙平定了三藩之乱（吴三桂、耿精忠、尚可喜的叛乱）、蒙古准噶尔部的分裂活动和西藏的叛乱，从郑成功后代手中收回了台湾，两次与沙皇俄国在雅克萨作战，阻止了沙俄的扩张，维护了清朝领土的完整，康熙对国家统一作出了很大的贡献。康熙在位期间，社会经济发展，人民生活安定。Kangxisuppressedtherevoltsofthreefeudatories,separatistactivitiesinMongoliaandTibet,andwrestedthecontrolofTaiwanfromthedescendantsofZhengChenggong.Inaddition,encroachmentfromtsaristRussiawashalted.Kangxithusmadegreatcontributionstotheterritorialintegrityofthecountry,aswellasitssecurityandprosperity.康熙大帝TheEmperor,Kangxi雍正在位时间较短，他整顿吏治，重视用人，强调务实，使清朝的社会经济保持稳定和持续的发展。Yongzhengfocusedontheregulationofhisgovernance,attachedgreatimportancetotheappointmentofofficialsandemphasizedonthepracticaltorenderthesocietyandeconomyastableandsustainabledevelopmentduringhis13-yearreign.雍正皇帝TheEmperor,Yongzheng雍正YongZheng1722-1735乾隆皇帝是雍正的儿子。1735年即位后，他鼓励农民开垦荒地，组织移民，并行农业发展，多次减免农民的赋税。他调整了雍正时中央与地方官僚的紧张关系。惩罚官吏结党私营，改善了官吏队伍。平定了回部贵族叛乱，并对西藏进行了政治和宗教改革，加强了对西藏的管理。EmperorQianlong,thesonofEmperorYongzheng,succeededthethronein1735.Heencouragepeasantstousethewastlandandlightentheirtaxburden.HemitigatedtheintenserelationsbetweenthecenterandtheregionalofficialscausedinYongzheng’sreign.Healsostrengthenthecentralgovernment’scontrolovertheethnic-minorityareas.ParticularlyinTibet.乾隆皇帝TheEmperor,Qianlong乾隆QianLong1735-1796乾隆皇帝消灭了西南民族地区的割据政权，这些措施奠定了近代中国的版图，把统一的多民族国家发展到一个新的阶段。乾隆在位期间，清朝经济发展，人口快速增长，进入了最强盛的时期。DuringQianlong’sreign,theeconomydevelopedfast,thepopulationalsoincreased,andtheQingDynastyentereditsstrongestphase.乾隆皇帝TheEmperor,Qianlong乾隆QianLong1735-1796清朝初年，为了防范东南沿海岛屿的反清势力，实行了比明朝更加严厉的海禁政策。后来虽有短暂的开放，允许商人进行有限制的贸易，但在1840年以前的大多时间里，清朝只有广州一地通商口岸，对丝绸、茶叶等传统商品的出口量严加限制，对国内商船到海外贸易规定了很多禁令，这是“闭关政策”。由于清朝的统治集团对当时世界大势缺乏足够的认识，以世界的中心自居，才在全球化贸易的背景下，采取了与西方资本主义自由贸易制度格格不入的消极防御政策，使中国丧失了与先进国家同步发展的机会。IntheearlyofQingDynasty,thegovenmentadoptedthestricterpolicyagainstforeigncommunicationinordertokeepawaytheforceagainstQinggovernmentalongthecoastalareas.Thoughthereweretemporaryopeningsallowingbusinessmentotradeinlimiteditems,theQingDynastyhadonlyonetreatyport,Guangzhou,wherethetraditionalgoodssuchassilkandteawereseverelyrestricted.Bansonoverseascommercealsowereincludedinthispolicywhichwascalled“Closed-doorPolicy.Duetothelackofknowledgeaboutthecurrentsituation,Qinggovernmentadoptedthenegativepolicydifferentfromthefree-tradesystemofthewest,causingChinatolosetheopputunitytomakethesameprogresswiththedevelopedcountries.闭关政策Closed-doorPolicy英国于19世纪30年代末在世界上率先完成了工业革命，成为当时最强大的资本主义国家。为了扩大工业品的销售市场，占领更为广阔的工业原料产地，英国发动了侵略中国的鸦片战争。中国在鸦片战争中战败，被迫与英国签订了中英《南京条约》等不平等的条约。所以，史学界已1840年作为中国近代史的开端，此后110年的历史，是中国的近代史。Inthelate1830s,beingthefirstcountrytoaccomplishtheindustrialrevalution,Britainbecamethemostpowerfulcapitalistcountryofthetime.Inordertoexpandthemarketforindustrialproductsandtosecuremoreresourceofindustrialrawmaterials,BritainlaunchedawaragainstChina-theOpiumWar,inwhichChinawasdefeatedandwasforcedtosignunequaltreaties,includingtheTreatyofNanking.Fromthenon,Chinahegantoloseitssovereigntyandterritorialintergrityandtodeclinetoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalstate.Therefore,thehistorianregard1840asthebegainingofModernhistoryofChina,ahistoryof110years.第一次鸦片战争TheFirstOpiumWar鸦片走私利润很高，不但英国商人能从中赚很多钱，而且英国政府也能从中得到很大的好处。因此，林则徐在广州的禁烟措施，使他们遭受到了巨大的损失。1840年6月，英国派出48艘共装备540门大炮的舰队开到广东海面，发动了侵略中国的第一次鸦片战争。NotonlydidBritishtradersprofitgreatlyfromtheopiumtrade,theBritishgovernmentbenefitedfromitaswell.Therefore,thedestructionofopiumstocksinGuangzhoubyLinZexualsomeanthugelossestotheBritishgovernment.Theydispatched48warshipsequipedwith540cannonstothecoastofGuangdong,launchingtheFirstOpiumWaragainstChinainJune1840.第一次鸦片战争TheFirstOpiumWar清政府投降后，与英方签订了出卖中华民族权益的《南京条约》，内容有：清政府赔款2100万银元；割让香港岛，开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海等5个城市为通商口岸等等。这是外国侵略者强迫清政府签订的第一个不平等条约。中国从此开始沦为半殖民地半封建国家ChinesegovernmentofQingDynastywasforcedtosurrendertoBritainbysigningtheTreatyofNanking.Underthetermsofthetreaty,Chinahastopay21millionsilverdollars,tocedeHongKongIslandtoBritain,andtoopenthecitiesofGuangzhou,Xiamen,Fuzhou,NingboandShanghaiastradinngports.TheTreatyofNankingwasthefirstunegualtreatysignedbytheQingDynasty.ItmarkedthestartofChina'sdeclineintoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalstate.第一次鸦片战争TheFirstOpiumWar第一次鸦片战争太平天国运动第二次鸦片战争洋务运动中日甲午战争戊戌变法义和团辛亥革命新中国成立TheFirstOpiumWar1840TaipingHeavenlyKingdomMovement1851-1964TheSecondOpiumWar1856-1860TheWesternizationMovement1860s–1890sSino-JapaneseWar1894TheWuxuReformMovement1898TheBoxingMovement1900TheXinhaiRevolution1911TheFundingofNewChina1949鸦片战争以后，清政府的统治更加腐败，社会更加黑暗，广大劳动人民生活非常贫困。1851年1月11日，洪秀全领导农民在广西桂平金田村起义，建号“太平天国”。太平军作战勇猛，连连打败清军，队伍从2万人很快扩大到几十万人。1856年9月，就在各方面都轰轰烈烈展开的时候，太平天国领导集团内部却为了争夺权力而爆发了自相残杀的“天京事变”、这场历时两个月的变乱大大消弱了太平天国自身的力量。1864年7月，在中外反动势力的联合绞杀下，历时近14年的太平天国农民运动失败了。SinceChina'sdisastrousdefeatsintheFirstOpiumWar,theQingDynastybecamemorecorruptandweakerthanever,andtherewaswidespreadmiseryandpovertyamongthecommonpeople.OnJanauary11th,1851,HongXiuquan's38thbirthday,heinitiatedapeasantuprisinginJintianVillageanddeclaredtheestablishmentoftheTaipingHeavenlyKingdom.TheTaipingarmyfoughtbravelyandwonagreatnumberofbattlesagainstthearmyoftheQingDynastywhilegrowingfromanarmyof20000tothatofseveralhundredthousand.InSeptember1856,whentheTaipingMovementwasdevelopingvigorously,powerstrugglestookplaceamongtheleaders.ThiswasmarkedbytheTianjingIncident,whichlastedtwomonthsandseverelyweakenedtheTaipingleadership.InJuly1864,underthestranglingoftheunitedreactionaryforcesathomeandabroad,after14years,thepeasantuprisingoftheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomwasfinallyquashed.太平天国运动TheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomMovement1854年英国要求全面修改1842年签订的中英《南京条约》，以进一步扩大在中国已经取得的利益。英国的无理要求得到法国、美国的支持，但遭到了清政府的拒绝。1856年10月，英、法组成联军，发动了侵略中国的第二次鸦片战争。历时4年的第二次鸦片战争仍以中国的失败、签订丧权辱国的不平等条约而告终。In1854,BraitainrequestedtheretificationoftheTreatyofNankingsignedin1842inordertoadvanceitsinterestsinChina.Therequests,thoughsupportedbyFranceandtheUnitedStates,wererejectedbythegovernmentoftheQingDynasty.InOctober1856,thealliedtroopofBritainandFrancewagedtheSecondOpiumWar,whichlastedfouryearsandendedagainwithChina'sdefeatandtheunequaltreatiesofhumiliatuionandforfeitingsoverighty.第二次鸦片战争TheSecondOpiumWar经过两次的鸦片战争和太平天国运动的打击，清政府统治者感到了统治危机在一天天加深。19世纪60年代到90年代，清政府内掌握实权的官僚主张学习、采用一些西方先进的科学技术，发展生产，“求强”、“求富”，以图挽救清朝的封建统治，历史上称为“洋务运动”。洋务运动涉及经济、军事、文化教育、政治、外交等许多领域，虽然没能使中国走上富强的道路，但它引进西方一些近代科学技术，在客观上刺激了中国资本主义的发展，加速了封建生产关系的瓦解，对外国经济势力的扩张也起到了一定的抵制作用。HitbytwoOpiumWarsandtheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomMovement,therulesoftheQin