![畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译_第1页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view3/M01/08/3D/wKhkFmaRMTqAdAR0AAPDYXpxc_w274.jpg)
![畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译_第2页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view3/M01/08/3D/wKhkFmaRMTqAdAR0AAPDYXpxc_w2742.jpg)
![畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译_第3页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view3/M01/08/3D/wKhkFmaRMTqAdAR0AAPDYXpxc_w2743.jpg)
![畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译_第4页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view3/M01/08/3D/wKhkFmaRMTqAdAR0AAPDYXpxc_w2744.jpg)
![畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译_第5页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view3/M01/08/3D/wKhkFmaRMTqAdAR0AAPDYXpxc_w2745.jpg)
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
The
joints
of
the
skeleton
need
oiling
to
reduce
wear.
Where
the
bones
meet,they
are
covered
with
a
pack
of
cartilage
which
acts
as
a
shock
absorber
and
provides
a
wear-resistant
surface.
Over
the
cartilage
is
a
membrane
which
produces
a
fluid
to
lubricate
the
joint.骨骼关节需要上油,以减少磨损。倘骨头满足,它们覆盖软骨它作为一个减振器,并提供了一个耐磨的外表与一包。超过产生的流体润滑关节软骨是一种膜。Movement
in
joints
is
caused
by
the
contraction
and
expansion
of
muscles
associated
with
that
joint.在关节中的运动是由与该关节相关联的肌肉的收缩和膨胀。Lesson
2
muscle
Muscle
cells,like
neurons,con
be
excited
chemically,electrically,and
mechanically
to
produce
an
action
potential
that
is
transmitted
along
their
cell
membrane.
They
contain
contraction
proteins
and,unlike
neurons,
they
have
a
contractile
mechanism
that
is
activated
by
the
action
potential.肌肉细胞,如神经元,浓度被激发化学,电和机械地产生沿其细胞膜上的动作电位被发送。它们包含收缩蛋白和不同于神经元,它们有一个收缩的机制被激活的动作电位。Muscle
is
generally
divided
into
3
types,
skeletal,cardiac,and
smooth,although
smooth
muscle
is
not
a
homogeneous
single
category.Skeletal
muscle
comprises
the
great
mass
of
the
somatic
musculature.
It
has
well-developed
cross-striations,does
not
normally
in
the
absence
of
nervous
stimulation,lacks
anatomic
and
functional
connections
between
individual
muscle
fibers,and
is
generally
under
voluntary
control(1).Cardiac
muscle
also
has
cross-striations,but
it
is
functionally
syncytial
in
character
and
contracts
rhythmically
in
the
absence
of
external
innervation
owing
to
the
presence
in
the
myocardium
of
pacemaker
cells
that
discharge
spontaneously.
Smooth
muscle
lacks
cross-striations.
The
type
found
in
most
hollow
viscera
is
functionally
syncytial
in
character
and
contains
pacemakers
that
discharge
irregularly.
The
type
found
in
the
eye
and
in
some
other
locations
is
not
spontaneously
active
and
resembles
skeletal
muscle.
There
are
contractile
proteins
similar
to
those
in
muscle
in
many
other
cells,and
it
appears
that
these
proteins
are
responsible
for
cell
motility,mitosis,and
the
movement
of
various
components
within
cell.肌肉一般分为3种类型,骨骼肌,心肌,光滑,虽然不是一个均一的单category.Skeletal肌肉包括躯体肌肉组织带来了大量的平滑肌。它有兴旺的交叉条纹,一般不会在紧张刺激的情况下,缺乏单个肌纤维的解剖和功能之间的连接,一般在自愿的控制〔1〕。心脏肌肉也有横条纹,但它是功能合胞在有节奏的性格和合同在没有外部支配,因为在心肌起搏细胞放电自发的存在。平滑肌缺乏交叉条纹。最空腔脏器中发现的类型是在性质和功能合胞体,不规那么的心脏起搏器放电。发现的眼睛,在其他一些地方的类型是不自发活动的,类似于骨骼肌。有类似的那些肌肉在许多其他细胞中的收缩蛋白,它出现这些蛋白是负责细胞的运动性,有丝分裂和细胞内的各种组件的移动。Lesson
3
The
circulatory
system
is
the
transport
system
that
supplies
O?
and
substances
absorbed
from
the
gastrointestinal
tract
to
the
tissues,returns
CO2
to
the
lungs
and
other
products
of
metabolism
to
the
kidneys,functions
in
the
regulation
of
body
temperature,and
distributes
hormones
and
other
agents
that
regulate
cell
function.
The
blood,
the
carrier
of
these
substances,is
pumped
through
a
closed
system
of
blood
vessels
by
the
heart,which
in
mammals
is
really
2
pumps
in
series
with
each
other(1).From
the
left
ventricle
,blood
is
pumped
through
the
arteries
and
arterioles
to
the
capillaries,where
the
blood
equilibrates
with
the
interstitial
fluid.The
capillaries
drain
throuth
venules
into
the
veine
and
back
to
the
right
atrium.This
is
the
major(systemic)
circulation.
From
the
right
atrium,
blood
folws
to
the
right
ventricle
,
which
pumps
it
through
the
vessels
of
the
lungs---the
lesser(pulmonary)
cirulation---and
the
left
atrium
to
the
left
ventricle(2).In
the
pulmonary
capillaries,the
blood
another
system
of
closed
vessels,the
O2
and
CO2
in
the
alveolar
air.Some
tissue
fluids
enother
system
of
closed
vessels,the
lymphatics,which
drain
lymph
via
the
thoracic
duct
and
the
right
lymphatic
duct
into
the
venous
system(the
lymphatic
circulation).The
cirulation
is
controlled
by
multiple
regulatory
systems
that
function
in
general
to
maintain
adequate
capillary
blood
flow---when
possible,in
all
organs,
but
particularly
in
the
heart
and
brain.
Lesson
4
metabolism
The
endocrine
system,like
the
nervous
system,adjusts
and
correlates
the
activities
of
the
various
body
systems,making
them
appropriate
to
the
changing
demands
of
the
external
body
systems,making
them
appropriate
to
the
external
and
internal
environment(1).
Endocrine
integration
is
brought
about
by
hormones,chemical
messengers
produced
by
ductless
glands
than
are
transported
in
the
circulation
to
target
cells,where
they
regulate
the
metabolic
processes(2).
The
term
metabolism
,meaning
literally
'
change
',is
used
to
refer
to
all
the
chemical
and
energy
transformations
that
occur
in
the
body.The
animal
organism
oxidizes
carbohydrates,proteins,and
fats,producing
principally
CO2,H2O,and
the
energy
necessary
for
life
processes.CO2,H2O
and
energy
are
also
produced
when
food
is
burned
outside
the
body.However
,in
the
body,oxidation
is
not
a
onestep
,semiexplosive
reaction
but
a
complex
,
slow,stepwise
process
called
catabolism,
which
liberates
energy
in
small,
usable
amounts.
Energy
can
be
stored
in
the
body
in
the
from
of
special
energy-rich
phosphate
compounds
and
in
the
form
of
proteins,fats,and
complex
carbohydrates
synthesized
from
simpler
molecules
.formation
of
these
substances
by
processes
that
take
up
rather
than
liberate
energy
is
called
anabolism.对动物有机体的碳水化合物,蛋白质和脂肪的氧化,生产主要CO2,H2O,和必要的能量,对生命processes.CO2,H2O和能量也烧以外的body.However食物时,在体内产生,氧化是不一个一步,semiexplosive的反响,而是一个复杂的,缓慢的,渐进的过程叫分解代谢,释放出的能量小,可用金额。能量可以被存储在身体在从特别富含能量的磷酸盐化合物和从更简单的分子合成的蛋白质,脂肪,和复杂的碳水化合物的形式形成这些物质的进程所占用,而不是解放的能量被称为合成代谢。Lesson
5
the
gonadsModern
genetics
and
experimental
embryology
make
it
clear
that,in
many
species,the
multiple
difference
between
the
male
and
the
female
depend
primarily
on
a
single
chromosome
(the
Y
chromosome)
and
a
single
pair
of
endocrine
structures
the
testes
in
the
male
and
the
ovaries
in
the
female.
The
differentiation
of
the
primitive
gonads
into
testes
or
ovaries
in
utero
is
genetically
determined
in
domestic
animals,but
the
formation
of
male
genitalia
depends
upon
the
presence
of
a
functional
,secreting
testis.there
is
evidence
that
male
sexual
behavior
and,in
some
species,the
male
pattern
of
gonadotropin
secretion
are
due
to
the
action
of
male
hormones
on
the
brain
in
early
development.
After
birth,
the
gonads
remain
quiescent
until
puberty,when
they
are
activated
by
gonadotropins
from
the
anterior
pituitary.
Hormones
secreted
by
the
gonads
at
this
time
cause
the
appearance
of
features
typical
of
the
adult
male
or
female
and
the
onset
of
the
sexual
cycle
in
the
female.in
males,the
gonads
remain
more
or
less
active
from
puberty
onward.In
both
sexes,the
gonads
have
a
dual
function:the
production
of
germ
cells(gametogenesis)
and
the
secretion
of
sex
hormones.
The
androgens
are
the
steroid
sex
hormones
that
are
masculinizing
in
their
action;the
estrogens
are
those
that
are
feminizing.
Both
types
of
hormones
are
normally
secreted
in
both
sexes.The
testes
secrete
large
amounts
of
androgens,
principally
testosterone
,but
they
also
secrete
small
amounts
of
estrogens.
The
ovaries
secrete
large
amounts
of
estrogens
and
small
amounts
of
androgens
.
Androgens
and,
probably
,small
amounts
of
estrogens
are
secreted
from
the
adrenal
cortex
in
both
sexes.
The
ovaries
also
secrete
progesterons,a
steroid
that
has
special
funtctions
in
preparing
the
uterus
for
pregnancy.
During
pregnancy,the
ovaries
secrete
the
peptide
hormone
relaxin,which
loosens
the
ligaments
of
the
pubic
symphysis
and
softens
the
cervix
,
facilitating
delivery
of
the
fetus.
In
both
sexes,the
gonads
also
secrete
inhibin
,
a
polypeptide
that
inhibin
FSH
secretion.男性和女性的性腺具有双重功能:生产的生殖细胞〔配子〕和性激素分泌。雄激素是性激素在他们的行动是男性化的,雌激素是那些女性化。激素这两种类型,通常在两个sexes.The睾丸分泌大量的雄激素,主要是睾酮分泌的,但它们也分泌少量雌激素,孕激素。卵巢分泌大量的雌激素和雄激素的少量。雄激素,少量的雌激素,可能是在男女两性的肾上腺皮质分泌的。的卵巢也分泌progesterons的,一种类固醇,具有特殊funtctions在准备怀孕的子宫。在怀孕期间,卵巢分泌的肽类激素松弛,耻骨联合韧带放松和软化宫颈,促进胎儿的交付。
,男性和女性的性腺分泌抑制素,抑制FSH分泌的多肽。
The
secretory
and
gametogenic
functions
of
the
gonads
are
both
dependent
upon
the
secretion
of
the
anterior
pituitary
gonadotropins,FSH,and
LH.
The
sex
hormones
and
inhibin
feed
back
to
inhibit
gonadotropin
secretion.
In
males,gonadotropin
secretion
is
noncyclic;
but
in
postpuberal
females
an
orderly,sequential
secretion
of
gonadotropins
is
necessary
for
the
occurrence
of
estrous
cycle,
pregnancy
,
and
lactation.性腺功能的分泌和gametogenic都取决于垂体前叶促性腺激素,FSH和LH的分泌。抑制促性腺激素分泌的性激素和抑制饲料。在男性,促性腺激素分泌非循环但在postpuberal女性分泌的促性腺激素一个有序的,连续的动情周期,妊娠和哺乳期的发生是必要的。lesson
6The
gastrointestinal
system
is
the
portal
through
which
nutritive
substances,vitamins,minerals
and
fluids
enter
the
body.Proteins,fats,and
complex
carbohydrates
are
broken
down
into
absorbable
units(digested),principally
in
the
small
intestine.The
products
of
digestion
and
the
vitamins,minerals
,and
water
cross
the
mucosa
and
enter
the
lymph
or
the
blood(absorption).胃肠道系统的门户网站,通过它的营养物质,维生素,矿物质和流体进入的body.Proteins,脂肪和复杂的碳水化合物被分解成可吸收的单位〔消化〕,主要是在消化的的小intestine.The产品和维生素,矿物质,和水穿过粘膜和输入淋巴或血液〔吸收〕。Digestion
of
the
major
foodstuffs
is
an
orderly
process
involving
the
action
large
number
of
digestive
enzymes.Some
of
there
enzymes
are
found
in
the
secrtions
of
the
salivary
glands,the
stomach,and
the
exocrine
portion
of
the
pancreas.Other
enzymes
are
found
in
the
luminal
membranes
and
the
cytoplasm
of
the
cells
that
line
the
small
intestine.The
action
of
the
enzymes
is
aided
by
the
hydrochloric
acid
secreted
by
the
stomach
and
the
bile
secreted
by
the
liver.消化的主要食品是一个有序的过程,涉及大量的有酶存在于唾液腺,胃,和外分泌部的pancreas.Other酶的secrtions的的消化enzymes.Some的行动被发现的腔膜和该行的辅助酶的的小intestine.The行动由盐酸,由胃和由肝脏分泌的胆汁分泌的细胞的细胞质中。The
mucosal
cells
in
the
small
intestine
have
a
brush
border
made
up
of
numerous
microvilli
lining
their
apical
surface.This
border
is
rich
in
enzymes.It
islined
on
its
luminal
side
by
a
layer
that
is
rich
in
neutral
and
amino
sugars,the
glycocalyx(1).The
membranes
of
the
mucosal
cells
contain
glycoprotein
enzymes
that
hydrolyze
carbohydrates
and
peptides,and
the
glycocalyx
is
made
up
in
part
of
the
carbohydrate
portions
of
these
glycoproteins
that
extend
into
the
intestinal
lumen(2).Next
to
the
brush
border
and
glycocalyx
is
a
100
or
400υm
unstirred
water
layer(UWL)
similar
to
the
UWL
to
other
biologic
membranes.Solutes
must
diffuse
across
the
UWL
to
mucosal
cells.
The
mucous
coat
overlying
the
cells
also
constitutes
a
significant
barrier
to
diffusion.在小肠的粘膜细胞有无数的微绒毛衬他们的心尖surface.This边界由刷子边界是富含enzymes.It
islined丰富的中性糖和氨基糖,糖萼〔1层是由在其管腔侧〕。粘膜细胞的膜含有糖蛋白的酶水解的碳水化合物和肽,糖萼在肠腔中〔2〕延伸到这些糖蛋白的碳水化合物局部的一局部。往下的刷状缘和蛋白质复合物是100或400υm搅拌的水层〔UWL〕类似UWL其他生物membranes.Solutes的必须通过UWL黏膜细胞扩散。粘膜的外衣上覆的细胞也构成了重大障碍扩散。Substances
pass
from
the
lymph
of
the
gastrointestinal
to
the
extracellular
fluid
and
thence
to
the
lymph
and
blood
by
diffusion,
facilitated
diffusion,
solvent
drag,active
transport,secondary
active
transport(coupled
transport),and
endocytosis.Most
substances
must
pass
from
the
intestinal
lumen
into
the
mucosal
cells
and
then
out
of
the
mucosal
cells
to
the
extracellular
fluid,and
the
processes
responsible
for
movement
across
the
luminal
cell
membrane
are
often
quite
different
from
those
responsible
for
movement
across
the
basal
and
lsteral
cell
membranes
to
the
extracellular
fluid.
物质传递从淋巴结的胃肠道的细胞外液,并从那里通过扩散的淋巴结和血液,促进扩散,溶剂拖动,主动运输,次级主动运输〔加上运输〕,和endocytosis.Most物质必须通过从肠腔黏膜细胞,然后黏膜细胞的细胞外液,并负责整个管腔细胞膜的运动的过程往往是完全不同的运动整个根底和lsteral的细胞膜,细胞外液的负责。lesson
7The
respiratory
system
is
made
up
of
the
gas-exchanging
organs(the
lungs
and
respiratory
passages)
and
a
pump
that
ventilates
the
lungs.The
pump
consists
of
the
chest
wall,the
respiratory
muscles,which
increase
and
decrease
the
size
of
the
thoracic
cavity;the
centers
in
the
brain
that
control
the
muscles
;and
the
tracts
and
nerves
that
connect
the
brain
to
the
muscles.呼吸系统的气体交换的器官〔肺和呼吸道〕和,通风的lungs.The的泵的泵由胸壁,呼吸肌,从而增加和减少的胸腔的大小;中心在大脑中控制肌肉和的大片和神经连接大脑到肌肉。Respiration,as
the
term
is
generally
used,includes
2
processes:External
respiration,
the
absorption
of
02
and
removal
of
CO2
from
the
body
as
a
whole
;and
interal
respiration,the
utilization
of
O2
and
production
of
CO2
by
cells
and
the
gaseous
exchanges
between
the
cells
and
their
fluid
medium.呼吸,作为一般使用的术语,包括2个过程:外呼吸,吸收02脱除CO2的身体作为一个整体和INTERAL的呼吸,利用O2和CO2生产的细胞之间的气体交换的细胞和它们的流体介质。The
respiratory
passages
that
lead
from
the
exterior
to
the
alveoli
do
move
than
serve
as
gas
conduits(1).They
humidify
and
cool
or
warm
the
inspired
air
so
that
even
very
hot
or
very
cold
air
is
at
or
near
body
temperature
by
the
time
it
reaches
the
alveoli(2).Bronchial
secretions
contain
secretory
immunoglobulins
(IGA)
and
other
substances
that
help
to
resist
infections
and
maintain
the
integrity
of
the
mucosa.从外观到肺泡,导致呼吸道移动加湿和降温或升温,甚至极热或极冷的空气吸入空气,使体温到达或接近的时候,它作为气体导管〔1〕。到达肺泡〔2〕支气管分泌物中含有分泌型免疫球蛋白〔IGA〕和其他物质,以帮助抵抗感染,保持粘膜的完整性。The
pulmonary
alveolar
macrophages
(PAMS),the
dust
cells,are
important
components
of
the
pulmonary
defence
,mechanisms.Like
other
macrophages,these
cells
come
originally
from
the
bone
marrow
.They
are
actively
phagocytic
and
ingest
inhaled
bacteria
and
small
particles.肺泡巨噬细胞〔PAMS〕,尘细胞的重要组成局部的肺防御,mechanisms.Like的其他巨噬细胞,这些细胞来最初是从骨髓中,他们都在积极吞噬,和摄取吸入的细菌和小颗粒。In
addition
to
the
gas
exchange
and
defence,the
lungs
have
a
number
of
metabolic
functions.They
manufacture
surfactant
which
adjiusts
surface
tension
during
breathing,helps
to
prevent
pulmonary
edema
and
aids
to
the
infant
respiration
.They
also
contain
a
fibrinolytic
system
that
lyses
close
in
the
pulmonary
vessels.In
lungs,
some
biologically
active
substances
are
removed
from
the
blood,but
some
are
synthesized
and
released
into
the
blood,The
lungs
also
activate
one
hormone;the
physiologically
inactive
decapeptide
angiotensin
Ⅰ
is
converted
to
the
pressor
,aldosterone-stimulating
octapeptide
angiotesin
Ⅱ.除了气体交换和国防,肺部有一些的代谢functions.They制造adjiusts外表张力的外表活性剂,呼吸过程中,有助于防止肺水肿和艾滋病的婴儿呼吸。它们还包含一个纤溶系统,溶解接近的的肺vessels.In肺部,一些生物活性物质从血液中去除,但一些合成和释放进入血液,肺也可以激活一种激素,醛固酮刺激的升压,八肽的生理活性的十肽血管紧张素ⅰ转换血管紧张素ⅱ。lesson
8
In
the
kidneys,a
fluid
that
resembles
plasma
is
filtered
through
the
glomerular
capillaries
into
the
renal
tubules(glomerular
filtration).As
this
glomerular
filtrate
passes
down
the
tubules,its
volume
is
reduced
and
its
composition
altered
by
the
processes
of
tubular
reabsorption(removal
of
water
and
solutes
from
the
tubular
fluid)to
the
urine
that
enters
the
renal
pelvis.A
comparison
of
the
composition
of
the
plasma
and
an
average
urine
specimen
illustrates
the
magnitude
of
some
of
theses
changes(table1)
and
amphasizes
the
manner
in
which
wastes
are
eliminated
while
water
and
important
electrolytes
and
metabolites
are
conserved(1).Furthermore,the
composition
of
the
urine
can
be
varied,and
many
homeostatic
regulatory
mechanisms
minimize
or
prevent
changes
in
the
composition
of
the
ECF
by
changing
the
amount
of
water
and
various
specific
solutes
in
the
urine.From
the
renal
pelvis,the
urine
passes
to
the
bladder
and
is
expelled
to
the
exterior
by
the
process
of
urination,or
micturition.
The
kidneys
make
prostaglandins
and
kinins,
and
they
are
also
endocrine
organs,secreting
renin
and
renal
erythropoietic
factor
and
forming
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol(2).流体,类似于等离子在肾脏过滤通过肾小球滤过进入肾小管,肾小球毛细血管。由于这肾小球滤液通过肾小管,它的体积减少和结构改变的过程肾小管重吸收〔去除水和溶质从管状的流体〕的尿液进入肾pelvis.A等离子体的组合物,比拟和一个平均的尿液样本的一些这些变化〔表1〕示出的幅值和amphasizes废物被消除的方式在其中而水和重要的电解质和代谢物是保守的〔1〕。此外,尿中的组合物,可以是多种多样的,和许多稳态的调控机制减少或防止通过改变水和各种特定溶质的量的变化的组合物中的ECFurine.From肾盂,尿液传递到膀胱排尿过程中,或排尿被排出到外部。肾脏,前列腺素和激肽,并且它们也是内分泌器官,分泌肾素和肾的促红细胞生成因子和形成1,25
-二羟基〔2〕的。lesson
9
The
basic
unit
of
integrated
neural
activity
is
the
reflex
arc.
This
arc
consists
of
a
sense
organ,an
afferent
neuron,one
or
more
synapses
in
a
central
integrating
station
or
sympathetic
ganglion,an
efferent
neuron
,and
an
effector.Inmammals,the
connection
between
afferent
and
efferent
somatic
neurons
is
generally
in
the
brain
or
spinal
cord
.The
afferent
neurons
enter
via
the
dorsal
roots
or
cranial
nerves
and
have
their
cell
bodies
in
the
dorsal
root
gantlia
or
in
the
homologous
ganglia
on
the
cranial
nerves.The
efferent
fibers
leave
via
the
ventral
roots
or
corresponding
motor
cranial
nerves.The
principle
that
in
the
spinal
cord
the
dorsal
roots
are
sensory
and
the
ventral
roots
are
motor
is
known
as
the
Bell-Magendie
low(1)Inpulses
generated
in
the
axons
of
the
afferent
and
efferent
neurons
and
in
muscle
are
“all
or
none〞in
character.On
the
other
hand,there
are
3
junctions
or
junctionlike
areas
in
the
reflex
arc
where
responses
are
graded
.There
are
the
receptor-afferent
neuron
region,the
synapse
between
the
afferent
and
efferent
neurons,and
the
myoneural
junction.At
each
of
these
points,
a
nonpropagated
potential
proportionating
in
size
to
the
magnitude
of
the
incoming
stimulus
is
generated(2).The
graded
potentials
serve
to
electrotonically
depolarize
the
adjacent
nerve
or
muscle
membrane
and
set
up
all
or
none
responses.The
number
of
action
potentials
in
the
afferent
nerve
is
proportionate
to
the
magnitude
of
the
applied
stimulus
at
the
sense
organ,there
is
also
a
rough
correlation
betwnnm
the
magnitude
of
the
stimulus
and
the
afferent
and
efferent
neurous
is
usually
in
the
central
nervous
system,and
activity
in
the
reflex
arc
is
modified
by
the
multiple
inputs
converging
on
the
efferent
neurons(3).传入和传出的神经元中的轴突的和肌肉中产生的inpulses是“全或无〞在character.On另一方面,有3路口或junctionlike的区域在反射弧响应分级。有受体传入神经传入和传出的神经元之间的突触,神经元的区域,和的的myoneural
junction.At每个这些点,nonpropagated潜在需求量比例传入刺激的幅度的大小〔2〕产生的梯度电位用于electrotonically去极化相邻的神经或肌肉膜,并设置高达全部或没有responses.The的动作电位的传入神经是在感官的刺激的大小成比例,也有一个粗糙的相关betwnnm的的巨大的刺激和传入和传出neurous通常是在中枢神经系统中,并在反射弧活性改性聚光上的传出神经元〔3〕的多个输入。The
simplest
reflex
arc
is
one
with
a
single
synapse
between
the
afferent
and
efferent
neurons.
Such
arcs
are
monosynaptic,
and
reflexes
occurring
in
them
are
monosynaptic
reflexes.
Reflex
arcs
in
which
one
or
more
interneurons
are
interposed
between
the
afferent
and
efferent
neurons
are
polysynapitc,the
number
of
synapses
in
the
arcs
varying
from
2
to
many
hundreds.In
both
types,but
especially
in
polysynaptic
reflex
arcs,activity
is
modified
by
spatial
and
temporal
facilitation,
occlusion,subliminal
frings
effects,and
other
effects.最简单的反射弧是一个单一的传入和传出的神经元之间的突触之一。这样的弧是单突触反射,和发生在他们是单突触反射。反射弧传入和传出的神经元之间的其中一个或多个的interneurons
polysynapitc,在圆弧的突触的数量从2变化到这两种类型,但特别是在多突触反射弧许多hundreds.In,活动空间和改性时间的便利,闭塞,的影响潜意识弗林斯,和其他效果。lesson
10The
chemical
moiety
on
or
in
the
target
cell
that
provides
recognition
of
the
chemical
messenger
is
presumed
to
be
the
same
as
the
binding
site
for
the
chemical
messenger
and
is
the
minimal
unit
referred
to
as
“receptor〞(1).Not
only
must
the
chemical
messenger
be
recognized,but
the
combination
of
it
with
receptor
must
initiate
the
series
of
biochemical
events
that
resulr
ultimately
in
a
biological
event.Thus,the
concept
of
receptor
implies
that
the
same
molecule
that
has
the
binding
or
recognition
site
can
participate
normally
in
the
initiating
event
in
cell
activation
(2).This
part
of
the
molecule
may
be
referred
to
as“effector〞.In
all
likelihood,the
same
molecule
contains
both
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 服务营销培训教育课件
- 范文新学期学习计划范文合集六篇
- 南京劳动合同条例
- 魔芋收购合同
- 河南省五市2024-2025学年高二语文下学期第三次联考6月试题
- 广东省汕头市龙湖实验中学2024-2025学年初三下第一次摸底考试化学试题含解析
- 山东省泰安肥城市2024-2025学年高二生物下学期期中试题
- 西藏拉萨中学2024-2025学年高一数学上学期期中试题含解析
- 广东省汕头市濠江区金山中学2024-2025学年高三数学试题第二次检测试题理含解析
- 广东省汕头潮南区四校联考2024-2025学年初三考前抢分(三)英语试题含答案
- 高校学生突发事件应对策略(课堂PPT)
- 中国古代山水画_
- 基坑支护工程SWM工法桩施工专项方案
- 营养学基础知识(讲稿)
- 检验科各种流程图
- 义务教育(艺术)新课程标准(2022年修订版)
- 关于成立半导体公司可行性研究报告【模板】
- 心血管科重点专科建设规划
- 生物电形成机制与心电图解读
- 网络安全管理制度汇编
- 口腔正畸学考试题目
评论
0/150
提交评论