医学英语词汇概述专家讲座

医学英语词汇概述

BriefIntroductiontoMedicalTerminology

创伤骨科韩巍医学英语词汇概述第1页介绍医学词汇起源基本构词方法读音规则医学英语词汇概述第2页介绍医学英语词汇概述第3页语言大致有三要素:

语音、语法、词汇从语音上看,医学英语与普通英语读音规则、发音方法没有显著差异。从语法上看,医学英语即使有自己一些特点,如大量使用被动语态、非谓语动词等，但仍属于普通英语范围，并没有形成独立语法体系。医学英语词汇概述第4页PublicEnglishEnglishProfessionalMedicineMedicalEnglish医学英语词汇概述第5页而就词汇而言,医学英语中大量出现专业词汇和术语（terminology），可占到全文10%～20%。因为医学是一门复杂科学,历史悠久,分支众多,所以其词汇量也就尤其大,而且有着一些显著特点。普通来说，词形较复杂、长度较长医学英语词汇都包含了一定医学英语词根词缀。医学英语词汇概述第6页在一本中等容量字典里医学专业词汇有多少?保守预计大约100,000个而且在一个发展中领域，这个数字还在快速地扩大memorization!医学英语词汇概述第7页

LearnMedicalTerminologyNewstudentstoMedicalTerminologyoftenbewilderedbystrangespellingandpronunciation.

医学英语词汇概述第8页pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisAnkylosingSpondylitisDysplasiaepiphysealishemimelicaFibromyalgiaTenosynoritisMyeloradiculopathyOsteomalaciaScoliosisSpondylolysisChonechondrosternonCavoequinovarusEnchondromatosisOsteomyelitis医学英语词汇概述第9页各个领域造就最长单词不一而论，大部分情况下公认最长单词是：共1934个字母“色氨酸合成酶A蛋白质”（一个含有267种氨基酸酶）全称：

MethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleucylphenylalanylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylarginyllysylglutamylglycylalanylphenylalanylvalylprolyphenylalanYlvalythreonylleucylglycylaspartylprolylglycylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylsErylleucyllysylisoleucylaspartylthreonylleucylIsoleucylglutamylalanylglycylalanylasparthlalanylleucylglutamylleucylglycylisoleucylprolylphenylalanylseRylaspartylprolylleucylalanylaspartylglycylpRolylthreOnylisoleucylglutaminylasPfraginylalanylthreonylleucylarfinylalanylphenylalanylalanylalanylglycylvalythreonylprolylalanylglutaminylcysteinylphenylalanylglutamylmethionylleucylalanylleuOylisoleucylarginylglutaminyllysyhistidylprolylthreonylisoleucylprolylisoleucylglycylleucylmethionyltyrosylalanylasparaginylleucylvalylphenylalanylasparaginyllysyglycylisoleucylaspartylglutamylphenylalanylthrosylalanylglutaminylcysteinylglutamyllysylvalylglycylvalylaspartylserylvalylleucylvalylalnylaspartylvalylprolylvalylglUtaminylglutamylserylalanylprolylphenylalanylarginylglutaminylalanylalanylleucylarginylhistidylasparaginyvalylalanylprolylisoleucylprolylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylcysteinylprolylprolylaspartylalanylaspartylaspartylaspartylleucylleucylarginylglutaminylisoleucylalanylseryltyrosylglycylarginylglycyltyrosylthreonyltyrOsylleucylleucylserylarginylalanylglycylvalylthreonylglycylalanylglutamYlasparainylarginylalanylalanylleucylprolylleucylasparaginylhistidylleucylValylalanyllysylleucyllysylglutamyltyrosylasparaginylalanylalanylprolylprolylleucylglutaminylglgycylphenylalanylglycylisoleucylserylalanylprolylaspartylglutaminylvalyllysylalanylalanylisoleucylaspartylalanylglycylalanylalanylglycylalanylisoleucylserylglycylserylalanylisoleucylvalyllysylisoIeucylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylHistidylasparaginyliSoleucylglutamylprolylglutamyllysylmethionylleucylalanylalanylleucyllysylvalylphenylalanylcalylglutaminylprolylmethionlysylalanylalanylthreonylarginylserine（1934个字母）医学英语词汇概述第10页医学英语词汇概述第11页学习和记忆医学专业词汇有一定方法，也能够帮助“理性”猜出不熟悉词汇意思这么，需要记住词汇限于400到500个左右(惯用)，但它们组合是无限医学英语词汇概述第12页electrocardiogram

+

-gram

书写、图；统计electro-电、电子+cardio-

心脏医学英语词汇概述第13页pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis[′nju:mənəu′ʌltrə′maikrəs′kɔpik′silikəvɔl′keinəukəuni′əusis][医]硅酸盐从容病,矽肺病pneumono-(oflung)ultra-(beyond)micro(verysmall)scopic-(ofviewingorobserving)silico-(ofsilicon)volcanoconi-(koni,ofdust)osis-(formingthenameofadisease)医学英语词汇概述第14页Everythingsolved?---Farfromit!医学英语词汇概述第15页医学词汇起源医学英语词汇概述第16页

医学英语在其长久发展过程中受到各种语言影响,其词汇大约75%起源于Greek(希腊语)及Latin(拉丁语):Anglo-Saxon(古英语):医学英语中人体部分名称主要起源于此，如

hand foot arm,eye,ear,chin,heart,boneetc.这些词汇至今应用频率仍很高医学英语词汇概述第17页Greek(希腊语):主要是大部分医学复合词汇: dyspepsia

消化不良

pharyngeal

咽医学英语词汇概述第18页Latin(拉丁语):很多医学术语起源于此,如: mammal哺乳动物

pectorals胸肌

abdominal腹部

1895年,国际公认拉丁语为世界医药界国际用语，正规处方或药名应该用拉丁语书写。医学英语词汇概述第19页French(法语):对医学英语影响比不上Greek(希腊语)及Latin(拉丁语)，位居第三，如： massage按摩

goitre甲状腺肿Italian(意大利语):如：

influenza流行性感冒

malaria疟疾医学英语词汇概述第20页Spanish(西班牙语):如：

mosquito

蚊子

Japanese(日语):如：

Ginseng

人参医学英语词汇概述第21页Chinese？

阴

yin

阳

yang

气功

qigong

拔火罐

(fire)cupping

……医学英语词汇概述第22页

基本构词方法医学英语词汇概述第23页threeelementsusedtomakeupamedicalterm:wordrootsSuffixesPrefixes医学英语词汇概述第24页WordRoots(WR)Themainpartorfoundationofthewordistheroot.UsuallyderivedformGreekorLatinFrequentlyindicatesabodypartMostmedicaltermshaveoneormorewordroots医学英语词汇概述第25页Identifythewordrootinthefollowingnon-medicalwords:teacher,teaches,teaching(teach)speaking,speaker,speaks(speak)reader,reading,reads(read)WordrootsinmedicalterminologyareusuallyderivedfromGreekorLatinandusuallyrefertoabodypart.医学英语词汇概述第26页ExamplesofWordRoods医学英语词汇概述第27页CombiningForm(CF)isaWordRoot(WR)plusavowel,usuallyan“o”UsuallyindicatesabodypartCombiningForms(CF)医学英语词汇概述第28页CombiningFormsExamplesCardi/+o=cardi/o heartgastr/+o=gastr/o stomachhepat/+o=hepat/o livernephr/+o=nephr/o kidneyoste/+o=oste/o bone医学英语词汇概述第29页CompoundWordCompoundwordscanbeformedwhen2ormorewordrootsareusedtobuildtheword.Sometimeswordrootsarewords.Wordroot+wordroot=CompoundwordChicken+Pox=ChickenpoxWordrootwordrootcompoundwordExamples:underage,shorthand,download,brainstem医学英语词汇概述第30页CompoundWordCompoundwordcanalsobeformedfromacombiningformandawholeword.Therm/o+meter=Therm/o/meterCombiningformwordcompoundword医学英语词汇概述第31页SuffixesAsuffixisaddedtotheendofawordroottomodifyitsmeaning.Thesuffixwillusuallytellwhatishappeningtotheroot.Acombiningvowelisoftenusedtoconnectasuffixtoarootterm.Suffixusuallyindicatesaprocedure,condition,disease,orpartofspeechUsuallyderivedfromGreekorLatin医学英语词汇概述第32页ExamplesofSuffixArthr/o -centesis Arthrocentesis

joint puncturepunctureofajointthroac/o-tomyThoracotomy

chestincisionincisionofthechestgastr/o-megalyGastromegaly

stomachenlargementenlargementofthestomach医学英语词汇概述第33页Suffix:Singularvs.PluralGreekSingularSuffixes-on

Spermatozoon,ganglion-maCarcinoma,lipoma-sisCrisis,prognosis-nxLarynx,pharynxPluralSuffixes-aSpermatozoa,ganglia-mataCarcinomata,lipomata-sesCrises,prognoses-gesLarynges,pharynges医学英语词汇概述第34页Suffix:Singularvs.PluralLatinSingularSuffixes-a

Vertebra,conjunctiva-usBacillus,bronchus-umBacterium,ilium-isTestisPluralSuffixes-aeVertebrae,conjunctivae-iBacilli,bronchi-aBacteria,ilia-esTestes医学英语词汇概述第35页Suffix:Singularvs.PluralLatinSingularSuffixes-ex

cortex-ixAppendix-axthoraxPluralSuffixes-icescortices-icesappendices-acesthoraces医学英语词汇概述第36页PrefixesWordelementlocatedatthebeginningofawordChangesthemeaningoftheword.Itwillusuallytellsomethingmorespecificaboutthewordroot.Usuallyindicatesanumber,time,position,direction,color,orsenseofnegation医学英语词汇概述第37页ExamplesofPrefixA-mast-ia

withoutbreastconditionhyper-therm-iaexcessiveheatcondition

intra-muscul-ar

inmusclerelatingto医学英语词汇概述第38页WordAnalysisHEMATOLOGYHEMAT/O/LOGYRoot Suffix(blood) (Studyof) Combining VowelWhenyouanalyzeamedicalterm,beginattheendoftheword.Theendingofawordiscalledasuffix.Allmedicaltermscontainsuffixes.医学英语词汇概述第39页WordAnalysisHEMATOLOGYHEMAT/O/LOGYRoot Suffix(blood) (Studyof) Combining VowelRoot+combiningvowel+suffixStartatthesuffixLogy=StudyofThengobacktothebeginningoftheword.Hemat=bloodAnalysis(putittogether)Studyofblood医学英语词汇概述第40页WordAnalysisBIOLOGISTBI/O/LOGISTRoot Suffix(Life) (Specialistin) Combining VowelRoot+combiningvowel+suffixStartatthesuffixLogist=specialistin(thestudyof)GotothebeginningBi=lifeAnalysisSpecialistin(thestudyof)life医学英语词汇概述第41页WordAnalysisELECTROCARDIOGRAMELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

Root+CV+root+CV+suffixStartatthesuffixGram=recordGothetobeginningElectr=electricityCardi=heartAnalysisRecordoftheelectricityintheheart医学英语词汇概述第42页WordAnalysisRootsCardi/o=heartGastr/o=stomachHemat/o=bloodDermat/o=skinSuffix-logy=studyof-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertainingto-itis=inflammationCARDIOLOGYCARDI/O/LOGYStudyoftheheartCARDIOLOGISTCARDI/O/LOGISTSpecialistintheheartHEMATOLOGISTHEMAT/O/LOGISTSpecialistinblood医学英语词汇概述第43页WordAnalysisRootsCardi/o=heartGastr/o=stomachHemat/o=bloodDermat/o=skinSuffix-logy=studyof-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertainingto-itis=inflammationCARDIACCARDI/ACPertainingtotheheartWhat’sdifferent?Thecombiningvowelisdroppedwhenthesuffixbeginswithavowel.医学英语词汇概述第44页WordAnalysisRootsCardi/o=heartGastr/o=stomachHemat/o=bloodDermat/o=skinSuffix-logy=studyof-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertainingto-itis=inflammationDERMATITISDERMAT/ITISInflammationoftheskin医学英语词汇概述第45页WordAnalysisRootsCardi/o=heartGastr/o=stomachHemat/o=bloodDermat/o=skinSuffix-logy=studyof-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertainingto-itis=inflammationGASTRITISGASTR/ITISInflammationofthestomach医学英语词汇概述第46页WordAnalysisRootsCardi/o=heartGastr/o=stomachHemat/o=bloodEnter/o=intestinesSuffix-logy=studyof-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertainingto-itis=inflammationGASTROENTEROLOGYGASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGYStudyofthestomachandintestinesBetweenrootsthecombiningvowelisnot

dropped,evenifthesecondrootbeginswithavowel.医学英语词汇概述第47页WordAnalysisRootsElectr/o=electicityEncephal/o=brainGastr/o=stomachSuffix-logy=studyof-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertainingto-itis=inflammationELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAMRecordoftheelectricityinthebrain医学英语词汇概述第48页WordAnalysisPrefixBrady=slowTachy=fastRootCardi/o=heartSuffix-ia=condition/diseaseBRADYCARDIABRADY/CARD/IAConditionofaslowheart医学英语词汇概述第49页WordAnalysisPrefixBrady=slowTachy=fastRootCardi/o=heartSuffix-ia=condition/diseaseTACHYCARDIATACHY/CARD/IAConditionofafastheart医学英语词汇概述第50页WordAnalysis-ReviewRoot=givestheessentialmeaningofthetermSuffix=thewordendingPrefix=asmallpartaddedtothebeginningofatermCombiningvowel=connectsrootstosuffixesandrootstootherrootsCombiningform=combinationoftherootandacombiningvowel医学英语词汇概述第51页WordAnalysis-RulesReadthemeaningofmedicalwordsfromthesuffix,thentothebeginningofthewordandacrossDropthecombiningvowelbeforeasuffixthatstartswithavowelKeepthecombiningvowelbetweenroots,eveniftherootbeginswithavowel医学英语词汇概述第52页

读音规则

医学英语词汇概述第53页医学英语词汇概述第54页医学英语词汇概述第55页

医学英语术语读音要用英语语音,防止用拉丁语音。普通英语发音规则有不少可适合用于医学英语术语，但拉丁语读音规则对它有很大影响。医学英语词汇概述第56页1、医学术语重音普通规律（1）遵照拉丁语词汇重读体系，重音永不在最终一个音节。重音！！！Sacrum？Patient？医学英语词汇概述第57页（2）假如倒数第二个音节是长音，重读在该音节上。

Acid’osis酸中毒

Laryngotracheobronch’itis

喉气管支气管炎医学英语词汇概述第58页（3）假如倒数第二个音节是短音，重读音节则在倒数第三个音节上。如’

Oviduct输卵管医学英语词汇概述第59页（4）有时倒数第二个音节变短，有维持词根重音现象。医学英语词汇概述第60页倒数第二音节中元音后面跟两个辅音，大多数情况下，其元音读短音，重音在该音节上。如bronch’ismus支气管痉挛医学英语词汇概述第61页(4)复合词读音规则:假如复合词后面有影响重音位置后缀或词尾,依最末一个词(根)重音位置;其余复合词重音依照前一个词.

如cytobi’ology细胞生物学

’bronchoscope支气管镜医学英语词汇概述第62页

2、元音字母读音规则

重读元音：在重读音节中元音，发音清楚、显著，读音强。非重读元音：在非重读音节元音，发音含糊、艰涩。强调：对重读元音必须正确发音。而非重读音节中不一样元音之间发音差异很小，有时即使读错也无妨。

医学英语词汇概述第63页

（1）在重读闭音节中，元音字母一律读它短音。但也有例外，如gross。（2）在重读开音节中元音读长音（3）两个元音在一起，前面一个元音重读时，则此重读元音读长音。（4）元音字母在结尾时，不论重读，都读长音，以a，e结尾例外，如zona。（5）有双重元音，按字母组合规则读一个音.如ae/oe,eu,ei,ai医学英语词汇概述第64页3、辅音字母读音规则（1）c在e,ae,oe,i或y之前读软音[s]，在a,o,u或oi之前读硬音[k]。医学英语词汇概述第65页（2）g在e,ae,oe,i,y前读[dg],在a,o,u,oi前读[g]。（3）双辅音ps,pt,ct,cn,gn,mn作为单词开头，第一个辅音不发音（4）ch多数情况下发[k]医学英语词汇概述第66页Thankyouforattention医学英语词汇概述第67页MathematicalFormulasandEquation (4+7⅝-5.88×6)2½=-9.462Thisformulaisgenerallyreadas:fourplussevenandfive-eighthsminusfivepointeighty-eightmultipliedbysix,alldividedbytwoandahalf,equalsminusninepointfoursixtwo.MathematicalSymbols医学英语词汇概述第68页SymbolReadingExampleMeaninginFull+plusu+vuplusv–minusv–uvminusu´,∙times,multiplym´vmtimesv(massmultipliedbyvelocity)¸,∕divide,over120¸40onehundredandtwentydividedbyforty=equalbeequalto1ton=1000kg

Onetonequals(isequalto)onethousandkilograms.¹notequalx¹yXdoesnotequalY.ºbeequivalentto1mmverticalº5NOnemillimeterverticalisequivalenttofivenewtons.≌beidenticallyequaltoDABC≌

DA’B’C’Triangle