2025版高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第二册Unit1ScienceandScientists提能训练

Unit1ScienceandScientistsⅠ.阅读理解A(2024·浙江省丽水、湖州、衢州三地市质检)Bornonherfamily'sfarminRay,NorthDakota,MaryShermanMorganhadbeenhelpingherfatherwithfarmworkbeforeshecouldattendthesmall-townschoolhouse.Beingafewyearsbehinddidn'tholdherbackandshegraduatedfromhighschoolwithhonors.Awareofherintelligence,sheranawayfromRaytoattendMinotStateUniversityasachemistrymajor,whereherskillwasevident.TheoutbreakofWorldWarⅡresultedinanationalshortageofchemistsandscientists.Inspiteofthefactthatshewasstillastudentandawoman,shewasofferedajobasachemicalanalystduetohertalents,producingexplosives(爆炸物)forthewartimeeffort.SheputherdegreeonholdandmovedtoOhio,takingonthedangerousjobofanalyzingunstablechemicalstoproduceweapons.Afterthewarendedtherewasafallindemandforexplosives,soshemadeamovetothefieldofaeronautics,movingtoCaliforniatoworkforNAA(NorthAmericanAviation)．Theonlywomanoutof900engineers,shewassoonpromotedtoarolewhichinvolvedcalculatingtheperformanceofrocketpropellants(推动剂)anddesigningspecialityfuelstoworkwithdifferentengines.However,neverhavingreturnedtocompleteherdegree,shewasnotaffordedtherankorhigherpayofanengineer,eventhoughshehadalltheskillsandknowledgeofone.HerexperiencewithpropellantsmeantthatwhenNAAwastaskedtofindafuelcapableofliftingtheredesignedRedstonemissilesintospace,Moganwasappointedtechnicalleadontheproject.Nationalpridewasontheline,soMorgansetaboutinvestigatingfuels.Aftercountlesstrails,shefinallydesignedherownmixture,whichwasnamedHydyne.HydynetestedwellwiththeRedstonemissilesandsubsequentlyotheraircraft(飞行器)，suchasJupiter-Crockets,provingtobeaquicksolutiontogettingtospacewithoutatotalrocketredesign.ThefuelmadethefirstsuccessfulUSsatellitelaunchpossible,evenifMorgansilentlyslippedawayfromhersuccess,retiringtofocusonherfamilyandleavingherchemistrycareerbehind.语篇导读：本文介绍了科学家MaryShermanMorgan的人生阅历，她在中学时发觉自己的天赋，又在斗争后转移至航天领域，探讨创建出访美国成功放射的卫星的燃料。1．WhatdoweknowaboutMary？CA．Sheattendedschoolwhilehelpingwithfarmwork.B．Shewasofferedajobasachemistryanalystaftergraduation.C．Sheshiftedherworkingfocusasthedomesticdemandchanged.D．ShelaunchedthefirstUSsatellitebeforeretiringfromhercareer.解析：依据第三段第一句可知，当斗争爆发后爆炸物的需求削减，她就转移到了航空学的领域，因此C项“依据国内需求变更变更自己的工作重心。”正确。故选C。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“aeronautics”probablymean？DA．Analyzingchemicals.B．Producingexplosives.C．Mixingandsavingfuels.D．Designingandbuildingaircraft.解析：后几句讲她的工作包括计算火箭推动器的表现、涉及特殊的燃料来适配引擎，下一段的第一句又提到“liftingtheredesignedRedstonemissilesintospace”，因此可以推想出aeronautics是航天领域的意思，因此D“设计和建立飞行器。”正确。故选D。3．WhatmadeMarythetechnicalleadontheprojectofNAA？CA．HerdiscoveryofHydyne.B．Herrankasanengineer.C．Herspecialknowledgeinfuels.D．Hersenseofnationalpride.解析：依据前两段可知，Mary在化学领域有极高的天赋，在第三段最终说她的“knowledgeofone”她在燃料领域独一无二的学问，因此C“她在燃料领域的特殊学问。”正确。故选C。4．WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeMaryShermanMorgan？BA．Caringanddetermined.B．Courageousandcreative.C．Intelligentbutsensitive.D．Accomplishedbutproud.解析：Mary能设计独创出全新的燃料Hydyne说明她很有创建力，由前两段她努力追寻自己天赋、从事紧急工作的阅历，也可以看出她的英勇。故选B。B(2024·湖北省七市调测)Scientistshavemadea“breakthrough”inhandlingnuclearfusion(聚变)．TheU．S.DepartmentofEnergyofficiallyannouncedthemilestoneinfusionenergyresearch.Forthefirsttime,researcherscreatedanuclearfusionreactionthatproducedmoreenergythantheyputintotheprocess.Theexperiment,conductedatLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratoryinCalifornia,generated3.15megajoulesofenergy,morethanthe2.05megajoulesputintocreatingit.Nuclearfusionworksbyforcingtogethertwoatoms—mostoftenhydrogen—tomakeaheavierone—likehelium(氦)．Thisexplosiveprocessreleasesmassiveamountsofenergy,theDepartmentofEnergyexplains.Fusionistheoppositeoffission(裂变),thereactionthatpowersnuclearreactorsusedcommerciallytoday.FusionoccursnaturallyintheheartoftheSunandthestars,providingthesecosmic(宇宙的)objectswithfuel.Sincethe1950s,scientistshavebeentryingtoreproduceitonEarthinordertomakeuseoftheso-calledclean,cheap,andalmostlimitlesselectricity.AccordingtotheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,fusiongeneratesfourtimesmoreenergyperkilogramthanthefissionusedtopowernuclearplants,andnearly4milliontimesmoreenergythanburningoilorcoal.What'smore,unlikefossilfuels,fusiondoesn'treleasecarbondioxide—thegreenhousegasthat'sthemaindriverofclimatechange—intotheatmosphere.Andunlikenuclearfission,fusiondoesn'tcreatelong-livedradioactivewaste,accordingtotheDepartmentofEnergy.Butsofar,nuclearfusionhasn'tsolvedourenergyproblemsonagrandscale.Therecentannouncementisahugestepforwardinnuclearfusionenergy,butapplyingthetechnologyatcommercialscaleislikelystillyearsaway.ChandaPrescod-Weinstein,atheoreticalphysicist,pointedoutthattheprocesstheDepartmentofEnergyusesrequirestritium(氚),arareandradioactiveisotope(同位素)ofhydrogen.“Itmayyetconveyimportantinformationthatisultimatelytransformative.Wedon'tknowyet，”Prescod-Weinsteintweeted.Investorshavepouredbillionsintocleanenergyfieldtryingtomakefusioncommerciallyworkable,andtherecentannouncementislikelytocontinuethattrend.语篇导读：本文主要介绍科学家们在核聚变反应上取得的突破，同时也科普了核聚变的原理，强调了它在能源制造上的价值以及其对将来的意义。5．Whatisthebreakthroughinnuclearfusionreaction?DA．Itreleasesmassiveamountsofenergy.B．Itproduces3.15megajoulesofenergy.C．Itworksbyforcingtogethertwoatoms.D．Itgeneratesmoreenergythanthatputintoit.解析：微小环节理解题。依据其次段的“Forthefirsttime,researcherscreatedanuclearfusionreactionthatproducedmoreenergythantheyputintotheprocess.”和“...generated3.15megajoulesofenergy,morethanthe2.05megajoulesputintocreatingit.”可知，这一巨大突破是指首次产生了能量产出大于投入的核聚变反应。故选D。6．Whyhavescientistsbeenconductingnuclearfusionexperiments？DA．Toavoidthecommercialuseoffission.B．Torecyclethebyproductofradioactivewaste.C．Toreduceemissionofgreenhousegas.D．Toaimforthehighefficiencyinproducingenergy.解析：微小环节理解题。依据第四段的“Sincethe1950s,scientistshavebeentryingtoreproduceitonEarthinordertomakeuseoftheso-calledclean,cheap,andalmostlimitlesselectricity.”和“...fusiongeneratesfourtimesmoreenergyperkilogramthanthefissionusedtopowernuclearplants,andnearly4milliontimesmoreenergythanburningoilorcoal.”可知，科学家们始终致力于在地球上进行核聚变试验，目的在于利用这种清洁、廉价、几乎无限的能源，使其效能更高。故选D。7．WhatdoesParagraph5focuson？BA．Theattitudeofinvestors.B．Theprospectoffusionenergy.C．Thesignificanceoftheannouncement.D．Thedifficultyinproducingfusionenergy.解析：主旨大意题。依据第五段的首句即主旨句“Therecentannouncementisahugestepforwardinnuclearfusionenergy,butapplyingthetechnologyatcommercialscaleislikelystillyearsaway.”可知，虽然目前核聚变探讨取得了突破，但以商业规模应用该技术可能还须要几年时间；另外，普雷斯科德－魏因施泰因的话和投资者们纷纷向这一领域倾注巨资，都表明白各方对这一技术前景的看法。故选B。8．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetofusionenergy？CA．Critical. B．Negative.C．Optimistic. D．Doubtful.解析：推理推断题。依据第一段的“TheU．S.DepartmentofEnergyofficiallyannouncedthemilestoneinfusionenergyresearch.”和第五段的“Therecentannouncementisahugestepforwardinnuclearfusionenergy”以及“Investors...tryingtomakefusioncommerciallyworkable,andtherecentannouncementislikelytocontinuethattrend.”可知，作者对核聚变能量的探讨持乐观看法。故选C。C(2024·湖北省名校联考)Scientistshavesuccessfullyimplantedandintegratedhumanbraincellsintonewbornrats,creatinganewwaytostudycomplexpsychiatricdisorderssuchasschizophrenia(精神分裂症),andperhapseventuallytesttreatments.Scientistscanassemblesmallsectionsofhumanbraintissuemadefromstemcellsinaspecialcontainer.Butinsuchacontainer,“neurons(神经元)don'tgrowtothesizetowhichahumanneuroninanactualhumanbrainwouldgrow，”saidSergiuP．Pasca,thestudy'sleadauthorfromStanfordUniversity.Toovercomesuchrestrictions,researchersimplantedthegroupingsofhumanbraincells,calledorganoids,intothebrainsofyoungrats.Humanneuronshavealsobeenimplantedintoadultratsbefore,butananimal'sbrainstopsdevelopingatacertainage,limitinghowwellimplantedcellscanintegrate.“Bytransplantingthemattheseearlystages,wefoundthattheseorganoidscangrowrelativelylargeandreceivenutrients,andtheycancoveraboutathirdofarat'sbrain，”saidPasca.Totesthowwellthehumanneuronsintegratedwiththeratbrainsandbodies,airwasblownoutacrosstheanimals'whiskers,whichpromptedelectricalactivityinthehumanneurons.Thatshowedthatexternalstimulationoftherat'sbodywasprocessedbythehumanbraintissue.Thescientiststhenconductedanothertestintheoppositeorder:Theyimplantedhumanbraincellswhichcouldrespondtothebluelight,andthentrainedtheratstoexpecta“reward”ofwaterfromapipewhenthebluelightshoneontheneuronsviaacableintheanimals'brain.Aftertwoweeks,theyfoundshiningthebluelightsenttheratsscramblingtothepipe.TheteamhasnowusedthetechniquetoshowthatorganoidsdevelopedfrompatientswithTimothysyndromegrowmoreslowlyanddisplaylesselectricalactivitythanthosefromhealthypeople.TaraSpires-Jones,aprofessorattheUniversityofEdinburgh'sUKDementiaResearchInstitute,saidthework“hasthepotentialtoadvancewhatweknowaboutpsychiatricdisorders.”语篇导读：本文主要介绍了科学家们成功地将人类脑细胞植入新生大鼠体内，为探讨精神分裂症等困难精神疾病创建了一种新方法。9．Whydidscientistsresearchonratsinsteadofthespecialcontainer？CA．Psychiatricdisordersaretoocomplex.B．Ratsalsosuffersimilarpsychiatricillnesses.C．Thecontainerlimitsthegrowthofhumanbrainneurons.D．Humanbrainneuronsgrowtooquicklyinthecontainer.解析：微小环节理解题。依据其次段中的“Butinsuchacontainer,‘neurons(神经元)don'tgrowtothesizetowhichahumanneuroninanactualhumanbrainwouldgrow，’saidSergiuP．Pasca...”可知，在特殊容器中，人类大脑神经元的生长会受到限制。故选C。10．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3？AA．Rats'agehasasignificantinfluenceontheresearch.B．Humanbraincellscan'tbeimplantedintoadultrats.C．Rats'brainwon'tdevelopiftheyreceivehumanneurons.D．Humanneuronscangrowlargerinadultrats'brainthanyoungrats'.解析：推理推断题。11．Whydidtheresearcherscarryoutonemoretest？DA．Totrainratstorespondtoexternalstimulation.B．Toshowsimilaritiesbetweenratsandhumantissues.C．Toconfirmhumanbraincellscouldgrowwellinrats'brains.D．Tocheckwhethersignalscouldbesentbacktorats'body.解析：推理推断题。依据第五段中的“Theyimplantedhumanbraincellswhichcouldrespondtothebluelight,andthentrainedtheratstoexpect...”和“Aftertwoweeks,theyfoundshiningthebluelightsenttheratsscramblingtothepipe.”可知，科学家们再做一次试验是为了核实信号是否会被反射回老鼠体内。故选D。12．Whatisthesignificanceoftheresearch？BA．Itcanadvancemoreexperimentsonrats.B．Itcanfurtherourstudyofpsychiatricillnesses.C．Itcanprovidesomeusefulexperimentalmethods.D．Itcanpromoteourknowledgeofhumanbraincells.解析：微小环节理解题。依据最终一段“TaraSpires-Jones...saidthework‘hasthepotentialtoadvancewhatweknowaboutpsychiatricdisorders.’”可知，这项探讨有助于推动探讨者对精神疾病的了解。故选B。Ⅱ.七选五(2024·湖北省八市联考)Thereasonsskiersandsnowboardersweargoggles(护目镜)orglassesmightseemalittleobvious,especiallyifyou'veeverhittheslopesyourself.Sunlightreflectedoffthesnowcanmakeithardtosee,andUV(紫外的)rayscanevendamageyoureyesight.Specialcoloredlenses(镜片)alsocreatecontrast,soyourwholepathwon'tlooklikeoneflatexpanseofwhiteness.1.FOlympicspeedskaters,meanwhile,areracinginsideonsmoothice.2.BAccordingtoNBCOlympics,glassescanincreasevisibilityonindoortracks,too.3.DAndwhiletheicemaylooksmoothfromadistance,thosesharpbladescankickupicechipsthatcouldposeproblemsiftheyendupinyoureyes.Intheeventofacrash,shatter-proofglassesalsoprotectskaters'eyesfromerrantblades.4.GShort-trackspeedskaters(whoracearoundaroughly111-metertrack)cangoasfastas30milesperhourormore,andlong-trackspeedskaters(whosetrackis400meterslong)sometimeshitabout35milesperhour.Thewindresistancegeneratedbysuchspeed—inachillyarena(圆形运动场)—isenoughtomakeanyskater'seyesstartstreamingwithtears.Pictureleaningyourheadoutofthewindowofacarthat'sgoingaround35milesperhouronacoldday：You'dprobablywanttobewearingglasses,too.Thatsaid,glassesaren'tarequirement.5.EBelgium'sStijnDesmet,forexample,hasracedinBeijing2024OlympicWinterGameswithouteyewear,ashasChina'sZhangChutong.A．Howdotheywearglasses?B．Sowhydotheywearglasses?C．Someskiersareafraidofthesunlight.D．Someskaters'lensesaretintedtohelpwiththat.E．You'lloccasionallyseespeedskaterswithuncoveredvisages.F．Nottomentionthateyewearshieldsyoureyesfromanysnowyoudisplace.G．Butthebiggestreasonspeedskatersoptforeyewearjustmightbetheirspeed.语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。从科学的角度说明白速滑运动员佩戴眼镜的缘由。解析：1．考查语境推断。依据上文可知，本段介绍了滑雪者佩戴护目镜或眼镜的缘由，本句为本段最终一句，应承接上文接着说明缘由。故F项(更不用说眼镜防止飞溅的雪跑进你的眼睛里了。)符合语境。故选F。2．考查语境&复现推断。依据上文“Olympicspeedskaters,meanwhile,areracinginsideonsmoothice.”可知，室内竞赛的速滑选手也要佩戴眼镜，且由下一段中的“AccordingtoNBCOlympics,glassescanincreasevisibilityonindoortracks,too.”可知，下一段内容对其进行了说明，由此可知，本句为过渡句，应提出他们为什么要佩戴眼镜的问题。故B项(为什么他们要佩戴眼镜呢？)符合语境。B项中的glasses为原词复现。故选B。3．考查语境推断。依据设空处前一句可知，佩戴眼镜也可以增加在室内冰场的可视度，本句应接着说明上文中的内容，说明戴眼镜是为了看得更清楚。故D项(为了看得更清楚，一些速滑选手的镜片会进行着色。)符合语境。故选D。4．考查语境&复现推断。依据下文“Short-trackspeedskaters...long-trackspeedskaters...”以及“Pictureleaningyourheadoutofthewindowofacarthat'sgoingaround35milesperhouronacoldday”可知，本段主要说明，速滑时速度过快、风阻过强，所以运动员须要戴眼镜来疼惜眼睛。故G项(但是速滑选手选择佩戴眼镜最主要的缘由可能就是他们的速度。)符合语境。G项中的speed为原词复现。故选G。5．考查语境推断。依据上文中的“glassesaren'tarequirement”以及下文“Belgium'sStijnDesmet...withouteyewear,ashasChina'sZhangChutong.”可知，下文的例子说明有选手不佩戴眼镜的状况。故E项(你间或会看到不戴眼镜的速滑选手。)符合语境。故选E。Ⅲ.语法填空(2024·八省八市高三第一次学业质评)TheSanyaNanfan(南繁)SeedBreeding(繁殖)Base，locatedinsouthChina'sHainanProvince，playsavitalroleasaseedcentreinChina.1.Uniquely(unique)blessedwithnature'sgiftsandawealthofthecountry'sresources，itservesasthededicatedground2.whereskilledagriculturalexpertscontributetofeedingournationandaddressingglobalhunger.Dr.XiaoFengstandsattheforefrontofagriculturalinnovationinNanfan.Jokingly3.referring(refer)tohimselfasa“mudskipper”，heisoftenspottedwithrolled-uptrouserlegsknee-deepinthe4.muddy(mud)fields.Dr.Xiao，alongwithotherNanfanresearchers,5.iscommitted/commits(commit)wholeheartedlytoimprovinggrainproduction，ensuringthatpeople'sdinnertablesarefilled.“Lifecanbecomparedtoaseed，”remarksDr.Xiao.“Occasionally，itmayeithernotgrowasexpected6.orremaininactive.Nevertheless，hopeandopportunitypersist.Theseedoflifewillalwaysmanage7.toemerge(emerge)throughtheground.”Theterm“Nanfan”itselfimpliestothepracticeoftransplantingsummertimecropsfromnorthernlatitudestoHainanduringitswinter.Thismakesforan8.extension(extend)ofgrowingseasons.Shorteningthebreedingcycle9.byhalformore，Nanfanacceleratesthebreedingprocess.Hopeisahumbleseed，when10.planted(plant)infertileground，i