美国文学史名词解释

AmericanPuritanism清教

ItcomesfromtheAmericanpuritans,whowerethefirstimmigrantsmovedtoAmericancontinentinthe17thcentury.Originalsin,predestination（预言）andsalvation（拯救）werethebasicideasofAmericanPuritanism.And,hard-working,piousness（虔诚,尽职），thriftandsobriety（清醒）werepraised.Characteristics:特点1.Idealistic:Puritanspursuethepurityandsimplicityinworship.TheyfocusethegloryofGod,andtheangryGod.Theybelieveinthedoctrineofdestiny,originalsin,limitedatonement2.Practical:PuritanscometoAmricantodobusinessandmakeprofitswiththedesireofchasingwealthandstatus.Theyhavetostruggleforsurvivalundertheseverityofthewesternfrontier.3.ThestrugglebetweenthespiritualandthematerialisthebasicsofthePuritanmind.Ontheonehand,Puritanschasethepurityoftheearlychurch.Ontheotherhand,theycometoAmericatoearnmoney.Thiscontradictorywillbereflectedbytheirthoughts.4.Inaword,itrestsonpurity,ambition,hardingwork,andanintensestrugglingforsuccess.Romanticism浪漫主义:theliteraturetermwasfirstappliedtothewritersofthe18thcenturyinEuropewhobrokeawayfromtheformalrulesofclassicalwriting.WhenitwasusedinAmericanliteratureitreferredtothewritersofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulated（刺激）thesentimentalemotionsoftheirreaders.Theywroteofthemysteriousoflife,love,birthanddeath.TheRomanticwritersexpressedthemselvesfreelyandwithoutrestraint.Theywroteallkindsofmaterials,poetry,essays,plays,fictions,history,worksoftravel,andbiography.Transcendentalism先验说,超越论:isaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEngland,particularatConcord,asareactionagainstRationalismandCalvinism(理性主义and喀尔文主义).MainlyitstressedintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.TherepresentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.AmericanRealism现实主义:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperienceLocalcolorism乡土文学:asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s，itisdefinedbyHamlinGarlandashavingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananativestoriesoflocalcolorismhaveaqualityofcircumstantial(详细的)authenticity(确实性),aslocalcoloriststriedtoimmortalize(使不朽)thedistinctivenatural,socialandlinguisticfeatures.Itischaracteristicofvernacular(本国语)languageandsatirical(讽刺的)humorNaturalism自然主义:Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavals（剧变）thatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.Streamofconsciousness意识流：Itisoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly。Modernism现代主义：Itwasacomplexanddiverse（复杂多样的）internationalmovementinallthecreativearts（创造性艺术），originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovided（出现）thegreatestcreativerenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets（方面），suchassymbolism，surrealism（超现实主义），cubism（立体主义），expressionism，futurism（未来主义），ectImagism意象派:It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.JazzAge爵士时代:TheJazzAgedescribestheperiodofthe1920sand1930s，theyearsbetweenWorldWarIandWorldWarII.ParticularlyinNorthAmerica.Withtheriseofthegreatdepression，thevaluesofthisagesawmuchdecline.PerhapsthemostrepresentativeliteraryworkoftheageisAmericanwriterFitzgerald‘sTheGreatGatsby.Highlightingwhatsomedescribeasthedecadenceandhedonism，aswellasthegrowthofindividualism.Fitzgeraldislargelycreditedwithcoiningtheterm“JazzAge”。TheLostgeneration迷惘的一代：Itreferstoagroupofyoungintellectuals（知识分子）whocamebackfromwar，wereinjured（受伤害）bothphysically（身体上）andmentally（精神上）.Theylivedbyindulging（放任）themselvesintheBohemian（波西米亚）wayoflife.TheirAmericandreamwasdisillusioned（破灭了）.ThebestrepresentativeofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway.HemingwayCodeHero海明威式的英雄:alsocalledcodehero，isonewho，woundedbutstrongmoresensitive，enjoysthepleasuresoflife（sex，alcohol，sport）infaceofruinanddeath，andmaintains，throughsomenotionofacode，anidealofhimself.2>barnesinthesunalsoRises，HenryinaFarewelltoarmsandSantiagointheoldmanandtheseaaretypicalofHemingwayCodeHero.Streamofconsciousness意识流：Itisoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly。Postmodernism后现代主义:Itisadisputedtermthathasoccupiedmuchrecentdebateaboutcontemporaryculturesincetheearly1980s.initssimplestandleastsatisfactorysenseitrefersgenerallytothephaseof20thcenturywesternculturethatsucceededthereignofhignmodernism，thusindicatingtheproductsofthe“spaceage”aftersometimeinthe1950s.Moreoftenthoughitisappliedtoaculturalconditionprevailingintheadvancedcapitalistsocietiessincethe1960s，characterizedbyasuperabundanceofdisconnectedimagesandstyles.Inthissensepostmodernityissaidtobeacultureoffragmentarysensations，eclecticnostalgia，disposablesimulacra，andpromiscuoussuperficialityinwhichthetraditionallyvaluedqualitiesofdepth，coherence，meaningoriginalityand