中考英语二轮复习语法突破课件-构词法

构词法新课标规定的构词法主要有四种：合成法、转化法、派生法、缩写和简写。其中，缩写和简写为2022年版课标新增的内容，仅作理解要求。1．合成法由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法被称为合成法。合成的词叫作合成词，也叫复合词。如：outside,sunrise,blackboard,newspaper,man­made,English­speaking,warm­hearted,everywhere,without等。2．转化法一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性，而词形不变，词性转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。转化方式例子动词↔名词stopv．停止↔n.车站；lookv．看↔n.看havealook;watchv．观看↔n.手表；handn．手↔v.上交；shown．展示↔v.表演；watern．水↔v.给……浇水形容词↔动词openadj.开着的↔v.打开；cleanadj.清洁的↔v.打扫；clearadj.清楚的↔v.清理3.派生法派生法是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。(1)前缀前缀含义例子un­，dis­，in,im­，ir­，mis­，non­表示否定意义unhappy,disagree,incorrect,impolite,irregular,misunderstand,non­smokerre­再；又rethink,retell,recycleself­自己；本身self­confident,self­controlunder­在……下面underline,undergroundover­太多；过分overwork,oversize(2)后缀类别后缀及含义例子名词后缀­er,­or,­ess(女性)“人”farmer,teacher,visitor,actor,actress,hostess­ese,­ian“某国/大陆的人”Chinese,Japanese,Asian,Russian­ist从事某种职业的“人”scientist,tourist,artist,pianist­ment“行为或状态”government,movement,achievement­ness“性质；状态”illness,sadness,carelessness­tion“动作；过程；结果”invention,invitation,translation­ance/­ence“行为；性质；状态”importance,appearance,absence类别后缀及含义例子名词后缀­th“性质；情况”depth,warmth,truth­dom“处于……状态；性质”freedom,wisdom­age“状态；行为；身份及其结果”shortage,marriage形容词后缀­ful“充满……的”careful,hopeful,successful,peaceful,beautiful­less“没有的”careless,hopeless,homeless,helpless­able“能……的”changeable,comfortable,forgettable,suitable­y“有……特性的”sunny,windy,snowy,healthy,funny,cloudy­al“与……有关的”traditional,international,natural­ing“令人……的”，­ed“感到……的”relaxing,relaxed,interesting,interested­ive“具有……性质的”active,creative,collective­ish“带有……特征”foolish,childish副词后缀­ly“方式；程度”

freely,truly,angrily,sadly,strongly,busily4.缩写和简写缩写和简写主要采取“截头”、“去尾”、“截头又去尾”或“首字母缩写”的方法。截头telephone→phone,bicycle→cycle去尾laboratory→lab,mathematics→math截头又去尾refrigerator→fridge首字母缩写UN(UnitedNations)联合国

CPC(CommunistPartyofChina)中国共产党PRC(People'sRepublicofChina)中华人民共和国PLA(People'sLiberationArmy)中国人民解放军WHO(WorldHealthOrganization)世界卫生组织

⁠

⁠构词法在语法选择中的应用近几年广东中考语法选择考查了两次同根词，考生们可利用构词法推测词性和词义，从而选出正确答案。(2022·广东·语法选择节选)WangYiyipassedthetest

C

⁠andbecameastudentofthatschool.A.successB．successfulC．successfullyC

此题所给的三个选项为名词success及其不同词性的同根词，只要判断出所填词的词性即可选出正确答案。分析句子结构可知，空格处修饰动词短语passedthetest，应用副词，故选C。

(2023张家界改编)DoyouknowtheLanternFestival?Itisa

1⁠festivalinChina.Peoplecelebrateitonthe15thdayofthefirstmonthofthelunar(农历)year.AschoolinChangshaheld

2⁠kindsofactivitiesforteenagers.Inthemorning,theteenagersmadeyuanxiaowiththeirparents.(

B

)1.A.tradition

B．traditional

C．traditionally(

A

)2.A.different

B．difference

C．differentlyBAYuanxiaoisthetypicalfoodofthefestival.Withthehelpoftheirparents,they

3⁠madesweetanddeliciousyuanxiao.Theyalsofeltthe

4⁠ofworkingtogether.Howdoyouspendthe

5⁠festivalinyourcity?(

C

)3.A.success

B．succeed

C．successfully(

B

)4.A.happy

B．happiness

C．happily(

A

)5.A.important

B．importance

C．importantlyCBA⁠

⁠构词法在阅读理解C篇中的应用在广东中考的配对阅读中，会出现左右栏同根词复现的情况。考生们在解答此题时，可利用构词法找到语段之间的联系。(2021·广东·阅读理解C节选)(

)64.Samisanewcomertoahighschool.Hefeelsalittlenervousintheclassroomwithalotofstrangersaroundhim．G.Fishliveinwater.Apersonwhoisinastrangeoruncomfortableenvironmentmayfeellikeafishoutofwater．G

此题中最后一句话提到“withalotofstrangersaroundhim”，与G选项“inastrange...environment”相对应，stranger和strange属于同根词，且语段表述相近，故选G。

(2023珠海三模)配对阅读。左栏是五位对中国文学感兴趣的外国学生，右栏是对七本中国名著的介绍。请为每位学生选择一本最合适的名著。A.Water

MarginsisoneofChina'sfourgreatclassicnovels.Wu

Song

fights

the

tigerisawonderfulstoryinthebook.ItshowsWuSongissobravethathefightsthetiger.B.Analects

of

ConfuciusisacollectionofsayingsofConfuciusandhisstudentsduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Thesayingsinitareeasytounderstandbuthavedeepmeanings.C.The

Classic

of

Mountains

and

Riversincludesancientgeography,history,animals,plants,medicineandsoon.Ithasalwaysbeenregardedasbothapracticalgeographybookandanencyclopedia(百科全书)ofancienttimes.D.The

Ordinary

WorldisanovelwrittenbyLuYao.Thebookmainlytellsthestoryoftwobrothers,SunShaopingandSunShaoan.Theyworkhardtogetabetterlife.Thewriterthoughthighlyofworkersandheputthisfeelingintothework.E.Records

of

the

HistorianwaswrittenbySimaQian.Beingagreatwork,itopensanewwayofrecordinghistoricalevents.Italsohasagreatinfluenceonlaterworks.F.The

Border

TownwaswrittenbyShenCongwen.Itisaclassicnovel.ThewritertellsthespecialcustomsofHunanwiththelovestoryofCuicui,ayounggirl.G.Poetic

Remarks

on

the

Human

WorldisagreatworkwrittenbyWangGuowei.IttalksaboutChineseclassicalpoetry,suchassomefamousTangandSongpoetry,fromdifferentlevels.(C)1.JaneisdeeplyattractedbyChinesehistoryandculture.ShewantstolearnsomegeographicalfactsaboutancientChina.(B)2.Boblikestocollectdifferentsayings.InChineseculture,hisfavoritesayingis“Learningwithoutthoughtiseffortlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisdangerous.”(G)3.DaisyisabigfanofChineseTangandSongpoetry.SheenjoyedreadingpoetryevenmoreaftershecametoChinalastyear.(E)4.OdomisveryinterestedinChina'shistory.Ifpossible,hewouldliketolearnalloffivethousandyearsofChinesehistory.(A)5.AlexisagreatfanofWuSong.WhenhefirstheardthestoryofWuSong,hewasinterestedinhim.HealsowantstobeaherolikeWuSong.CBGEAA.Water

MarginsisoneofChina'sfourgreatclassicnovels.Wu

Song

fights

the

tigerisawonderfulstoryinthebook.ItshowsWuSongissobravethathefightsthetiger.B.Analects

of

ConfuciusisacollectionofsayingsofConfuciusandhisstudentsduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Thesayingsinitareeasytounderstandbuthavedeepmeanings.C.The

Classic

of

Mountains

and

Riversincludesancientgeography,history,animals,plants,medicineandsoon.Ithasalwaysbeenregardedasbothapracticalgeographybookandanencyclopedia(百科全书)ofancienttimes.D.The

Ordinary

WorldisanovelwrittenbyLuYao.Thebookmainlytellsthestoryoftwobrothers,SunShaopingandSunShaoan.Theyworkhardtogetabetterlife.Thewriterthoughthighlyofworkersandheputthisfeelingintothework.E.Records

of

the

HistorianwaswrittenbySimaQian.Beingagreatwork,itopensanewwayofrecordinghistoricalevents.Italsohasagreatinfluenceonlaterworks.F.The

Border

TownwaswrittenbyShenCongwen.Itisaclassicnovel.ThewritertellsthespecialcustomsofHunanwiththelovestoryofCuicui,ayounggirl.G.Poetic

Remarks

on

the

Human

WorldisagreatworkwrittenbyWangGuowei.IttalksaboutChineseclassicalpoetry,suchassomefamousTangandSongpoetry,fromdifferentlevels.(C)1.JaneisdeeplyattractedbyChinesehistoryandculture.ShewantstolearnsomegeographicalfactsaboutancientChina.(B)2.Boblikestocollectdifferentsayings.InChineseculture,hisfavoritesayingis“Learningwithoutthoughtiseffortlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisdangerous.”(G)3.DaisyisabigfanofChineseTangandSongpoetry.SheenjoyedreadingpoetryevenmoreaftershecametoChinalastyear.(E)4.OdomisveryinterestedinChina'shistory.Ifpossible,hewouldliketolearnalloffivethousandyearsofChinesehistory.(A)5.AlexisagreatfanofWuSong.WhenhefirstheardthestoryofWuSong,hewasinterestedinhim.HealsowantstobeaherolikeWuSong.CBGEA⁠

⁠构词法在短文填空中的应用2023年广东中考短文填空由盲填改为12选10的考查方式，其中有1题涉及构词法(动词→名词)。考生们在备考过程中要熟练掌握构词法中的派生法，方可填写正确答案。可能涉及的变形有：动词→名词，形容词→副词，形容词→名词，名词→形容词等。(2023·广东·短文填空节选)Aroundthe15thcentury,theChinesetoothbrushfounditswayintoEurope...The

49

⁠oftoothbrusheswasnotasfamousasthatofpaper­making,butitwasveryusefulindailylife.

it

either

be

because

what

else

by

invent

clean

popular

habit

hundred

invention

本句意为“牙刷的……不像造纸