2025版高考英语一轮总复习必修第一册Unit4NaturalDisasters提能训练

Unit4NaturalDisastersⅠ.阅读理解A(2024·浙江1月高考题)OnSeptember7,1991,thecostliesthailstorm(雹暴)inCanadianhistoryhitCalgary'ssouthernsuburbs.Asaresult,since1996agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearontheAlbertaHailSuppressionProject.Airplanesseedthreateningstormcellswithachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangeroushailstones.Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoisture(水分)isbeingstolenfromtheirthirstylandbythecloudseeding.NormanStienwand,whofarmsinthatarea,hasbeenaddressingpublicmeetingsonthisissueforyears.“Basically,theprovincialgovernmentislettingtheinsurancecompaniesprotecttheCalgary-Edmontonurbanareafromhail，”Mr.Stienwandsays,“butthey'reincreasingdroughtriskasfareastasSaskatchewan.”TheAlbertahailprojectismanagedbyTerryKrauss,acloudphysicistwhoworksforWeatherModificationInc.ofFargo,NorthDakota.“Weaffectonlyaverysmallpercentageofthetotalmoistureintheair,sowecannotbecausingdrought，”Dr.Krausssays.“Infact,wemaybehelpingincreasethemoisturedownwindbycreatingwetterground.”OnedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearchscientistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.“In1999,Ipersonallysawsignificanttornadoes(龙卷风)formfromaseededstormcellinKansas，”Dr.Doswellsays.“Doescloudseedingcreatekillerstormsorreducemoisturedownwind?Noonereallyknows,ofcourse,buttheseedinggoeson.”Giventhedegreeofdoubt,Mr.Stienwandsuggests,“itwouldbewisetostopcloudseeding.”Inpractice,doubthashadtheoppositeeffect.Duetothelackofscientificproofconcerningtheirimpacts,noonehassucceededinwinningalawsuitagainstcloud-seedingcompanies.Hence,privateclimateengineeringcanproceedinrelativelegalsafety.语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹攻击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威逼的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成紧急的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农夫们担忧，“冰雹支配”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。1．Whatdoestheprojectaimtodo？BA．Conservemoistureinthesoil.B．Preventtheformationofhailstones.C．Forecastdisastroushailstorms.D．Investigatechemicaluseinfarming.解析：微小环节理解题。依据第一段中“Airplanesseedthreateningstormcellswithachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangeroushailstones.(飞机在有威逼的风暴中心播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成紧急的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B。2．Whoareopposedtotheproject？AA．Farmersineast-centralAlberta.B．Managersofinsurancecompanies.C．Provincialgovernmentofficials.D．ResidentsofCalgaryandEdmonton.解析：微小环节理解题。依据第一段中“Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoisture(水分)isbeingstolenfromtheirthirstylandbythecloudseeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农夫们担忧，“冰雹支配”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农夫反对这个项目。故选A。3．WhydoesDr.Doswellmentionthetornadoeshesawin1999？CA．Tocomparedifferentkindsofseedingmethods.B．Toillustratethedevelopmentofbighailstorms.C．Toindicateapossibledangerofcloudseeding.D．Toshowthelinkbetweenstormsandmoisture.解析：推理推断题。依据倒数其次段“OnedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearchscientistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.‘In1999,Ipersonallysawsignificanttornadoes(龙卷风)formfromaseededstormcellinKansas，’Dr.Doswellsays.‘Doescloudseedingcreatekillerstormsorreducemoisturedownwind?Noonereallyknows,ofcourse,buttheseedinggoeson.’(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马高校退休的探讨科学家，他对人工降雨的平安性持怀疑看法。‘1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，’多斯韦尔博士说。‘人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是削减顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在接着。’)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的紧急。故选C。4．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph？DA．ScientificstudieshaveprovedStienwandright.B．PrivateclimateengineeringisillegalinCanada.C．Thedoubtaboutcloudseedinghasdisappeared.D．Cloud-seedingcompanieswillcontinuetoexist.解析：推理推断题。依据最终一段“Duetothelackofscientificproofconcerningtheirimpacts,noonehassucceededinwinningalawsuitagainstcloud-seedingcompanies.Hence,privateclimateengineeringcanproceedinrelativelegalsafety.(由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的平安条件下进行。)”可推知，从最终一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将接着存在。故选D。B(2024·广州市调研)Ourplanetquakesthousandsoftimesayear,butwestillcan'tpredictexactlywhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.Whatifanimals'oddbehaviorcouldwarnus?Researchershavereviewedhundredsofreportsonpre-quakeabnormalanimalbehavior,butmostwerejustanecdotes.GeologistJimBerklandcountednewspaperadslookingforrunawaycatsanddogs.OnOctober13,1989,hetoldanewspaperreporterabigquakewouldstrikeinaweek.Fourdayslater,theLomaPrietamega-quakehit!ButthescientificcommunitystillrejectedBerkland'stheory.Hedidn'tdocumenteveryprediction,sonobodycouldmeasurehisaccuracyrate.Actualscientificevidencehastoberepeatable.Andaconnectionbetweenacauseandaneffecthastobeshowntobestrongerthanrandomchancethroughcarefulexperimentationanddatacollection.Californiaresearchersinthe1970shappenedtohavebuiltcontrolledhabitatstomonitorthewheel-runningactivityofpocketmice.Thesehabitatshappenedtobeinanactiveearthquakearea.Thenthe1971SanFernandoearthquakestrucknearby.Theresearcherscheckedtheirdataandfoundnobigchangesinhowlongtheanimalsranintheirwheelsorstayedundergroundbeforetheearthquakeactivity.Whatmightthenextexperimentshow?Researchersfrom150universitiesworldwideareworkingonanewstudycalledtheICARUSproject.Theprojecttracksmanysmallanimalspeciessuchasbirds,bats,andturtlesforthepurposeofscientificresearch.Onegroupofresearchersislookingforpossibleconnectionsbetweenanimalbehaviorandearthquakes.Iftheyfindareliableconnection,thiscouldsavehundredsofthousandsofhumanlives.ICARUSaimstopoweranappthatwillgivepeoplehourstogettosafety.However,noteveryoneishopeful.GeologistWendyBohonsaidthatICARUSisdoingsome“coolthings”，butsheknowsanimalbehaviorishardtopindown.“Mycatcouldactcrazilybeforeanearthquake，”shesays.“Butitalsoactscrazilyifsomebodyusesthecanopener.”语篇导读：本文主要介绍了探讨人员对地震前动物异样行为的探讨，以及希望能够供应精确的震前预警。5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“anecdotes”meaninParagraph2?DA．Real-lifenewsstories.B．Randomindividualstudies.C．Repeatedscientificreports.D．Unprovedpersonalaccounts.解析：词义揣测题。依据画线词前的“Researchershavereviewedhundredsofreportsonpre-quakeabnormalanimalbehavior”以及表转折的词but可知，这些地震前动物异样行为的报告大多是传闻，即未经证明的描述，D项符合题意。故选D。6．WhywasBerkland'stheoryrejectedbythescientificcommunity?DA．Heusedunreliabledatafromnewspaperads.B．Hisdocumentwasn'tconsistentwithhistheory.C．Hisstudydidn'tincludeenoughanimalsamples.D．Hefailedtoprovetheaccuracyofhispredictions.解析：微小环节理解题。依据其次段中的“ButthescientificcommunitystillrejectedBerkland'stheory.Hedidn'tdocumenteveryprediction,sonobodycouldmeasurehisaccuracyrate.”可知，科学界照旧拒绝接受伯克兰的理论，因为他没有记录每一个预料，所以没有人能衡量他的精确率。由此可知，伯克兰的理论被科学界拒绝，是因为他没能证明自己预料的精确性。故选D。7．WhatistheultimategoaloftheICARUSproject?AA．Toprovideaccuratepre-quakewarnings.B．Todevelopanapptocallforhelpduringquakes.C．Toseekworldwidecooperationinquakeprediction.D．Tofindconnectionsbetweenanimalbehaviorandquakes.解析：微小环节理解题。依据第四段内容可知，一组探讨人员正在找寻动物行为和地震之间可能存在的联系。假如他们找到牢靠的联系，这将挽救成千上万人的生命。ICARUS旨在驱动一款应用程序，让人们在几小时内到达平安地带。因此，ICARUS项目的最终目标是供应精确的震前预警。故选A。8．WhatisWendyBohon'sattitudetowardtheICARUSproject?BA．Disapproving. B．Doubtful.C．Intolerant. D．Unclear.解析：推理推断题。依据最终一段可知，地质学家温迪·博洪认为动物行为很难确定，比如她的猫，在有人用开罐器的时候也表现得很疯狂。由此可推断，温迪·博洪对ICARUS项目表示怀疑。故选B。Ⅱ.完形填空(2024·济南市模拟)Jess,a14-year-oldgirl,livesinMallacoota,asmalltowninAustralia.Sheisoneofmanychildrenwhohavebeenthroughmental1.BandheartbreakintheNewYearbushfires.She2.Athebushfireswithfear.“Ihadneverbeensoscared.Theskywasturnedtobloodred,andtheembers(余烬)were3.Callaroundus.Itwasmuchworsethanany4.Afilm，”shesaid.Jess,alongwithherfamily,spenttwoterrifyingdaysonthelocalboatwhereresidentsstayedfor5.D,anditwasalsoaplacewhere6.Bcouldnotbebroken.Jessandherlittlecompanionsplannedto7.Ctheircommunitygardenandthehouseforchickens.OneblessingforMallacootaisthatnoone8.Btheirlifeduringthedisaster.Roadsintoandoutofthetownarebeginningtoreopen.Wanderingaloneamongthehouses9.Dtotheground,Jessstillmanagedtofinda10.Asideandsaidatleastnowshewouldnothavetocleanherbedroomanymore.Innotimesheandhercompanions11.Cstartedtorestorethecommunitygardenandeven12.Bafamilyofchickenstothenew“home”，makingsomethingbadintosomethinggood.It'salongroadbackto13.Clife.Butitissurely14.Aifwehavethewill.AsJesssaid,“Mybelovedhometownwill15.Dagain.”语篇导读：本文主要从Jess的视角呈现了森林火灾对其家乡的破坏和居民在火灾过后重建家园的主动看法。1．A.disorder B．sufferingC．growth D．training解析：由下文内容可知，Jess是众多阅历过精神苦痛和哀痛的孩子之一。suffering“苦痛”。故选B。2．A.recalled B．imaginedC．observed D．controlled解析：依据语境可知，Jess已经被救出来了，此处是指她回忆(recalled)森林火灾发生的情形时仍害怕 。故选A。3．A.escaping B．crowdingC．flying D．running解析：依据语境可知，此处是指天空变成了血红色，余烬在我们四周飘舞。故选C。4．A.scary B．artisticC．fancy D．silent解析：依据其次段第一句的“withfear”和Jess对火灾的描述可知，她很恐惊火灾，所以这里应当将火灾与恐怖电影做比较，体现Jess对火灾的恐惊与后怕。故选A。5．Afort B．peaceC．treat D．safety解析：依据空后的“and...couldnotbebroken”和语境可知，Jess和她的家人待在当地的船上，居民在这里应是寻求平安。故选D。6．A.rules B．spiritsC．habits D．promises解析：上文讲解并描述的是身体平安，空处描述的应当是精神平安。spirit“精神；心灵；心情”。故选B。7．A.reserve B．designC．rebuild D．decorate解析：依据常识可知，火灾的后果是毁灭性的，所以此处是指Jess和她的小伙伴们支配重建他们的社区花园和养鸡的房子。故选C。8．A.saved B．lostC．took D．changed解析：依据上文的“Oneblessing”可知，这里讲解并描述的应当是值得庆幸的方面，即无人死亡。故选B。9．A.knocked B．blownC．exploded D．burnt解析：分析句子结构，空处作houses的后置定语。结合语境可知应选burnt,表示被烧毁的房屋。burn...totheground“把……烧光(烧成平地)”。故选D。10．A.positive B．warmC．familiar D．correct解析：依据下文的“atleastnowshewouldnothavetocleanherbedroomanymore”可知，Jess说她“至少再也不用打扫卧房了”，也就是说，她在努力找出灾难带来的主动的方面。故选A。11．A.wisely B．luckilyC．actively D．anxiously解析：这句话描述了她和她的伙伴们马上起先复原社区花园，由此可以推断她的行为看法是相当主动的，故选actively。故选C。12．A.returned B．welcomedC．forced D．contributed解析：这一段在描述Jess的主动看法，所以此处表示Jess甚至欢迎小鸡家族来新家，借此苦中作乐。welcome“欢迎”。故选B。13．A.simple B．commonC．normal D．social解析：依据语境可知，整篇文章都在描述火灾发生的情形和后续的重建，这里是对前面内容的总结，表示“复原正常生活还有很长的路要走”。故选C。14．A.hopeful B．riskyC．special D．tough解析：依据提示词But可知，空处内容与空前内容应构成转折关系，因此此处应当呈现的是一种主动的看法，故选hopeful。故选A。15．A.rest B．expandC．struggle D．shine解析：依据语境可知，此处表示Jess期盼家乡重新闪耀的那一天。故选D。Ⅲ.七选五(2024·福建省毕业班质检)Sciencefictiontelevisionhasdonealottoshapehowweviewthemealsofthefuture,fromaneveningdinnerinpillformtomachinesgivingusanymealwedesire,ondemand.1.DHowever,whiletheseideasforfoodcreationaremorethanfiftyyearsold,thewayweproduceandconsumefoodhasnotchangedverymuch.Eventhoughthereisenoughfoodavailabletodaytofeedtheworld,morethan870millionpeopledonothaveenoughtoeat.2.EWiththeglobalpopulationexpectedtogrowtomorethanninebillionby2050,demandforfoodwillonlyincrease.Nopillsormachineshavesolvedourfoodproblemsyet.However,agriculturalsciencehasbeenresponsibleforsavinghugenumbersoflives.Scienceandtechnologyhelpedusoutofstarvationduringthe1960sand70swhentheworld'spopulationexploded.3.GTheresultofthispanicwasthe“greenrevolution”，whichsawtheintroductiontofarmingofhighproductiongrains,improvedirrigationsystemsandhybridseeds,savingoveronebillionpeoplefromstarvation.4.BHavingenoughfoodisonlythefirststep.Therearecomplicationswithnaturaldisasters,conflict,povertyandenvironmentalproblems.Allthesecanmeanthatthefoodsupplyisputatrisk5.FManypeopleareconcernedabout“playingaroundwithnature”，adjustinghowfoodlooksandtastesandsmells,andotherhumaninterferences(干预),allofwhicharewidespread.Anyhow,theworldhasnotbeencompletelysavedfromstarvation,butweareonthewaytogetthere.A．Agriculturalsciencewasquiteasuccess.B．Therearemanycomplexitieswhendealingwithfood.C．Modernscienceandtechnologyoffoodcontributesalot.D．Nobodywouldeverstarveiffoodwerethiseasytoobtain.E．Anditisunbelievablethathungerkillsmorepeoplethandiseasedoes.F．Thentherearetheissueswefacewhenitcomestofoodexperimentation.G．Atthattimescientistsweregenuinelyworriedthatwewouldrunoutoffood.语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。虽然科幻电视在塑造我们对将来膳食的看法方面做了许多工作，但是世界还没有完全从饥饿中挽救出来。解析：1．依据下文“However,whiletheseideasforfoodcreationaremorethanfiftyyearsold,thewayweproduceandconsumefoodhasnotchangedverymuch.(然而，尽管这些创建食物的想法已经有50多年的历史了，但我们生产和消费食物的方式并没有太大变更。)”可知，上下文是转折关系，故空格处在语意上应承接上文。依据上文“Sciencefictiontelevisionhasdonealottoshapehowweviewthemealsofthefuture,fromaneveningdinnerinpillformtomachinesgivingusanymealwedesire,ondemand.(科幻电视在塑造我们对将来膳食的看法方面做了许多工作，从药丸形式的晚餐到按需为我们供应任何膳食的机器。)”可知，上文讲到科幻电视中对将来膳食的构想，下文说到这种构想可能产生的结果。D项“Nobodywouldeverstarveiffoodwerethiseasytoobtain.(假如食物这么简洁获得，没有人会挨饿。)”承接上文，符合语境。故选D。2．依据上文“Eventhoughthereisenoughfoodavailabletodaytofeedtheworld,morethan870millionpeopledonothaveenoughtoeat.(尽管今日有足够的食物养活全世界，但仍有超过8.7亿人没有足够的食物。)”可知，上文讲到世界上粮食短缺的问题。E项“Anditisunbelievablethathungerkillsmorepeoplethandiseasedoes.(令人难以置信的是，饥饿导致的死亡人数超过了疾病造成的死亡人数。)”进一步补充粮食短缺的现状，符合语境。故选E。3.依据下文“Theresultofthispanicwasthe‘greenrevolution’(这场恐慌的结果是‘绿色革命’)”可知，空格处应说明“这场恐慌”是什么。G项“Atthattimescientistsweregenuinelyworriedthatwewouldrunoutoffood.(当时，科学家们真的很担忧我们会耗尽食物。)”说明科学家的担忧，即恐慌，符合语境。故选G。4．依据下文“Havingenoughfoodisonlythefirststep.Therearecomplicationswithnaturaldisasters,conflict,povertyandenvironmentalproblems.Allthesecanmeanthatthefoodsupplyisputatrisk.(有足够的食物只是第一步。自然灾难、冲突、贫困和环境问题也很困难。全部这些都可能意味着粮食供应处于紧急之中。)”可知，设空处在段首，应为本段主旨句。B项“Therearemanycomplexitieswhendealingwithfood.(在处理食物时有许多困难性。)”能概括本段主旨，complexities与complications相呼应。故选B。5．依据下文“Manypeopleareconcernedabout‘playingaroundwithnature’，adjustinghowfoodlooksandtastesandsmells,andotherhumaninterferences(干预),allofwhicharewidespread.(许多人担忧‘玩弄自然’，调整食物的外观、味道和气味，以及其他人为干扰，这些都是普遍存在的。)”可知此处在讲在食品试验方面面临的问题。F项“Thentherearetheissueswefacewhenitcomestofoodexperimentation.(然后是我们在食品试验方面面临的问题。)”引出下文，符合语境。故选F。Ⅳ.语法填空(2024·新高考专家原创卷)WhengardendesignerJaneGatesmovedtotheSussexcountrysidein2015,shefellinlovewithatraditionalblackbarnconversion(改建的房屋),andsetaboutcreatingadrought-resistantgardenaroundit.1.Whatshedidn'tknowwasjusthowquicklyhergardenwouldbecomerelevanttotoday'schangingclimate.Overtheyears,Gates2.hasexperimented(experiment)withplantsthatsuitthisdryandhotplaceandmadesomeinteresting3.discoveries(discover)．Surprisingly,someplants,knownforlovingwater,haveproved4.adaptable(adapt)todrought.Othershavestruggled.However,manyplantsspecific