新教材2024版高中英语Unit12InnovationPartEGrammar-形容词和短语介词学生用书北师大版选择性必修第四册

PartEGrammar——形容词和短语介词一、形容词1．形容词的概念(1)形容词表示事物的形态、性质和状态等。如大、高、细致、生动、漂亮、精明、可爱、冰凉、初级、高级、简洁、困难等。(2)形容词是一种主要用来描写或修饰名词或代词的词类，可以用来表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征或属性，常用作定语，也可作表语、补语或状语。(3)形容词通常置于其修饰的名词之前，并且多数形容词有比较等级。2．形容词的句法功能(1)作定语(前置定语或后置定语)Hehasworkedasateacherinaremoteareasincehegraduatedfromcollege.他高校毕业后始终在偏远地区当老师。(remote作area的定语)Heisthehappiestpersonalive.他是世上最欢乐的人。(若语境须要，alive,alike,alone等表语形容词可用于名词后作后置定语)Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme？你有什么重要的事情要告知我吗？(形容词修饰复合不定代词，作后置定语)Thatisthebestbookavailable.那是可用的书中最好的一本。(以-able或-ble结构尾的形容词可作前面有形容词最高级或theonly等修饰的名词的后置定语)Thisisabooksuitableforchildren.这是一本适合孩子们的图书。(形容词短语作后置定语)(2)作表语Hissuggestionsareveryvaluable.他的建议很有价值。Hefeltashamedofwhathehaddonetohisfriend.他为自己对挚友所做的事感到惭愧。(3)作宾语补足语Iconsiderhissuggestionveryvaluable.我认为他的建议很有价值。Ifinditannoyingwhenaflyisflyingaround.我觉得苍蝇飞来飞去很烦人。(annoying作宾补，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的从句)3．合成形容词的构成(1)副词＋分词，如：hard-working勤劳的(2)名词＋过去分词，如：man-made人造的(3)名词＋现在分词，如：time-consuming耗时的(4)名词＋形容词，如：world-famous世界著名的(5)数词＋名词，如：five-star五星级的(6)数词＋名词-ed，如：three-legged三条腿的(7)数词＋名词＋形容词，如：five-year-old5岁的(8)形容词＋过去分词，如：ready-made现成的(9)形容词＋名词-ed，如：kind-hearted好心的(10)形容词＋现在分词，如：ordinary-looking相貌一般的(11)形容词＋形容词，如：red-hot炙热的4．形容词比较级和最高级的构成规则(1)一般加-er或-eststrong—stronger—strongest(2)以字母e结尾的词只加-r或-stlate—later—latest(3)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写这一辅音字母后再加-er或-esthot—hotter—hottestbig—bigger—biggest(4)以“辅音字母＋-y”结尾的单词，将y变为i，再加-er或-estugly—uglier—ugliestearly—earlier—earliest(5)多音节词和部分双音节词，在其前加more或mostenthusiastic—moreenthusiastic—mostenthusiastic(6)不规则变更单独记忆[学法点拨](1)词尾为“元音字母＋y”时，y不变，干脆加-er或-est。(2)有少数几个双音节词以及以-er和-le结尾的词，可以有两种比较级和最高级形式。clever—cleverer/moreclever—cleverest/mostclever(3)一些合成形容词的比较等级good-looking—better-looking/moregood-looking—best-looking/mostgood-looking(4)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，故没有比较级和最高级。如：right正确的，wrong错误的，excellent极好的，final最终的，possible可能的，east东部的，empty空的，wooden木制的，favourite最宠爱的，impossible不行能的。5．构成形容词的常见后缀(1)名词＋-al:cultural,global,industrial(2)名词＋-ic:scientific(3)名词＋-ish:foolish,childish(4)名词＋-ful:peaceful,helpful(5)名词＋-less:careless,homeless(6)名词＋-ary:revolutionary(7)名词＋-en:wooden,golden(8)名词＋-y:rainy,snowy,windy,healthy(9)名词＋-ous:dangerous,humorous(10)动词＋-ive:attractive,impressive(11)动词＋-ed:excited,surprised,annoyed(12)动词＋-ing:exciting,surprising,annoying(13)动词/名词＋-able/-ible:accessible,reliable(14)动词/名词＋-some:troublesome(15)动词/名词＋-ant/-ent:pleasant,different,convenient即学即练1写出下列单词的形容词形式①practice____________②nature____________③energy____________④wonder____________⑤end____________⑥west____________⑦product____________⑧sleep____________⑨reason____________⑩gift____________⑪distance____________⑫comfort____________⑬poison____________⑭please____________⑮noise____________写出下列单词的比较级和最高级⑯slim________________________⑰thin________________________⑱bad________________________⑲important________________________⑳good________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))well-known________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))small________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))happy________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))annoying________________________eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))far________________________单句语法填空eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))TheWallacegiantbeeistheworld's________(large)bee,withabodythesizeofahumanthumbandwingsthatcanspreadtoabout2.5inches.eq\o(○,\s\up1(27))Heisalittleweakinallhissubjectsbutheis________(gift)indancingandsinging.eq\o(○,\s\up1(28))Thedoctorexplainedthesituationtoherlittlebrother,andaskedthelittleboyifhewouldbe________(will)togivehisbloodtohissister.eq\o(○,\s\up1(29))“Wearenowthinkingaboutdevelopment,allowingthepaintingstobemore________(create)，”hesaid.eq\o(○,\s\up1(30))Itisoneofthemost________(amaze)TVshowsfromanartisticpointofview.eq\o(○,\s\up1(31))InthemovieCoco,forinstance,the12-year-oldMiguelandhisfamilydanceandsingtocelebratetheDayoftheDead,a________(tradition)festivalinMexico,whencolourfulpaper-cutsarehungonthestreet.eq\o(○,\s\up1(32))Heisso________(sorrow)becausehecan'tgotothegraduationceremonybecauseofhisillness.eq\o(○,\s\up1(33))Thisgivesthebrightestandbeststudentsanopportunitytoexperiencethebenefitsofstudyingata________(globe)Top100university.eq\o(○,\s\up1(34))Afterall,familybondsarethemost________(significance)thinginChinesepeople'shearts.eq\o(○,\s\up1(35))Thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierand________(productive)livesthanthosewhohadnot.二、短语介词1．短语介词的概念短语介词是用作介词的短语(如withaviewto)，不行独立运用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名词、代词或动名词等。2．短语介词的构成(1)连词＋介词becauseof因为asfor/to至于butfor要不是(2)介词＋介词alongwith随着；和……一起exceptfor除了(3)介词＋名词＋介词bywayof通过……的方式bymeansof通过withregardto就……而言；关于incaseof万一inchargeof掌管inadditionto除了inhonourof为了表达对……的敬意inplaceof代替intermsof就……而言inviewof鉴于infavourof支持inmemoryof为纪念inspiteof尽管onbehalfof代表infrontof在……前面withreferenceto关于forfearof生怕，以免(4)形容词/副词＋介词regardlessof不管；不顾dueto因为owingto因为previousto在……以前suchas例如apartfrom除……之外(都)aheadof在……前面；领先于insteadof代替nextto紧挨着togetherwith和……一起accordingto依据；依据closeto离……近(5)介词＋the＋名词＋介词forthepurposeof为了……inthechargeof由……掌管attheexpenseof以……为代价atthemercyof任……处置；任由……摆布bythesideof在……旁边；在……的旁边bytheendof到……末为止underthecontrolof在……的限制下inthemiddleof在……中间withthehelpof在……的帮助下onthepointof刚要……的时候3．常用的短语介词这类介词是短语性的固定介词搭配，可以由“介词＋名词＋介词”“介词＋介词”“形容词＋介词”“副词＋介词”等构成，常用的有：outof从……里面，从……中butfor要不是aheadof在……前accordingto依据apartfrom除……外alongwith同……一起becauseof由于，因为togetherwith同……一起asto关于，至于dueto由于infrontof在……前面inplaceof代替onbehalfof代表nearto靠近insteadof替代，而不nextto紧靠旁边，贴近onaccountof由于，鉴于owingto由于，因为withregardto关于inregardto关于priorto在……前inviewof考虑到inspiteof尽管inaccordancewith依据bymeansof用，依靠asfrom自……起asfor至于exceptfor除……外asconcerns关于forwantof因为缺乏atthecostof以……为代价overagainst在……对面，正对着downto由……引起awayfrom离开irrespectiveof不顾withaviewto旨在，目的是onthepointof刚要……之际intheeventof假如发生，万一forthesakeof为了bywayof经由，通过upto始终到thanksto由于，多亏previousto先于dueto由于upagainst遇到问题Marywasclosetotears.玛丽快要落下泪来了。Thevillagewasuncomfortablyclosetotheriver.这个村庄靠近河流，令人担忧。Heknewthathewasupagainstapowerfulpoliticalforce.他明白自己遇到了强大的政治势力。Shecontinuedtocareforherfatheruptothetimeofhisdeath.她始终照看父亲直到他去世。Thecountryroadaheadofuswasrathermuddy.我们前面的乡村道路泥泞不堪。Hegotalotoffunoutofsweepingdeadleavesintheyard.他觉得清扫庭院中的枯叶挺有乐趣。Henryalwaysdoeswhateverhepleaseswithoutregardtothefeelingofothers.亨利做事总是为所欲为，从不考虑别人的感情。Differentmethodsareuseddependingonwhatresultsarerequired.依据所需的结果接受不同的方法。InbetweenschoolanduniversityIdidatwo-monthcrashcourseinspokenEnglish.在中学毕业后到上高校之前这段时间，我上了两个月的英语口语速成班。Hewascomposed,enthusiastic,andontopofeverysituation.他从容而热忱，凡事都能应付自如。[误区警示]要留意的是，短语介词中的搭配都是固定的，不行随意变更，如bymeansof不行说成bymeansto。[学法指导]短语介词不同于介词短语。介词短语是由介词跟宾语构成的短语(如withaviewtobuyingacar)，本身可作句子成分，如作定语、状语等，可独立运用。比较：Iwillhelpyouforthesakeofourfriendship.为了我们的友情，我是情愿帮助你的。(forthesakeof是短语介词，forthesakeofourfriendship是介词短语，作状语)Theylivedamongthehills.他们住在山中。(amongthehills是介词短语，作状语)I'lltakethisoneforwantofabetterone.没有更好的，我就拿这一个。(forwantof是短语介词，forwantofabetterone是介词短语)4．部分常见的介词用法(1)against的用法含义例句反对；违反；与……相反Tomjoinedthearmyagainsthisfather'swill.汤姆违反爸爸的意愿参了军。触；碰；紧靠；倚靠Don'tleanagainstthewall.It'sdirty.不要靠着墙，很脏。与……竞争；对阵HewasinjuredinthematchagainsttheteamfromClass3.他在和三班的队伍的竞赛中受伤了。防卫；反抗TheybuilttheGreatWallagainsttheenemies.他们建长城是为了防卫敌人。以……为背景；衬托Thebuildinglooksmorebeautifulagainstthebluesky.在蓝天的衬托下，大楼看上去更漂亮。(2)with含义例句和……一起；和；同；跟Althoughhehaslivedwithusforyears,hehasn'tleftusmuchimpression.尽管他和我们住了好几年，但他没有给我们留下多少印象。(表示同时或同一方向)随着Withproductionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.产量提高了60%，这家公司又是一个丰收年。具有；有……特征Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。由于；因为Withsomuchworkonhand,youshouldn'thavegonetoseethegamelastnight.手边有这么多工作，你昨天晚上本不该去看竞赛的。(表示方式)用Hebroketheglasswithabrick.他用一块砖打碎了玻璃。显示出一种特性Theyfoughtwithgreatcourage.他们英勇战斗。(3)by含义例句(时间)不迟于；在……之前Mybrotherwillcomeby10inthemorning.我弟弟上午十点前就能来。(位置)靠近，在……旁边/旁边Thereisadeskbythewindow.窗子旁边有一张桌子。表示“(标准、度量、数量)依据；依据；以……结算”(常用结构为“by＋the＋单数可数名词”)Theyhireoutboatsbythehour.他们按小时出租小船。经过；经由Themancameinbythefrontdoor.那个人是从前门进来的。靠；用；通过(某种方式、手段)Youcanreservetheticketsbyphone.你可以通过电话订票。即学即练2用方框中所给的短语介词完成句子insteadof,asfor,alongwith,inspiteof,intermsof,asaconsequenceof,inthemiddleof,inadditionto,attheexpenseof,infavourof,owingto,regardlessof①So________________yourquestion,Miles,theanswerstillhastobeno.②Shelostherjobwhenthefactoryclosed,________________hundredsofothers.③________________hissalary,hehasabonusof250yuanpermonth.④Itwasabadyearforfilms,________________bothquantityandquality.⑤Heconcludedfromtheirremarksthattheywerenot________________theplan.⑥________________theirquarrel,theyremainthebestfriends.⑦Thereisagrowingtendencyforpeopletoworkathome________________inoffices.⑧Millionswillfacestarvationnextyear________________thedroughtthere.⑨Theywere______________dinnerwhenIcalled.⑩Hebuiltupthebusiness______________hishealth.⑪Everystudentcanparticipateintheactivity,________________boysorgirls.⑫Hewasgivenacashbonus________________thescientificbreakthroughhehadmade.完成句子⑬Therewasastrangeman____________________________(坐在我旁边)ontheplane.⑭DoyoucometoChina____________________(为了)studyingortravelling?⑮Theclubwelcomesallnewmembers________________________(不管年龄).⑯__________________________(在……的帮助下)aladder，neighbourswereabletorescuethechildrenfromthefire.⑰Shewasalwayswell______________________________(领先于)therestoftheclassinmaths.单词语法填空1．________everyone'samazement,theballwentintothenet.2．Istartedtoplayfootball________myclassmatesafterschoolbimonthly.3．Thefarsideofthemoonhasgreatappealforscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters,more________thefamiliarnearside.4．Helaughed________pleasurewhenpeoplesaidhelookedlikehisdadconstantly.5．Modernaccuratemethods________trackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s.6．Wewerefrequentlygreetedwiththebarkingbyapack________dogs,seventobeexact.7．Likesomanyothers,thelittletrampandhispleasantfriendrushedtoCaliforniainsearch________gold,butinvain.8．Amy,aswell________otherparticipants,wasgivenawarmwelcomewhenreturningtothevillagelastweek.9．Theirchildis________thestagewhereshecanimitateidenticalwordsbutnotfullsentences.10．Theprofessorwarnedstudentsthat________noaccountshouldtheyusemobilephonesinhisclasswholly.11．China'ssoftpowergrows________linewiththeincreasingappreciationandunderstandingofChinaglobally.12．ScientificinnovationisanareawhereChinaandtherestoftheworldare________thesamestartingline.13．Hopefullyin2025wewillcorrespondwitheachotherindifferentways,forwewillhavedevelopedmoreconvenientelectroniccommunicationtools________then.14．Kae,whosesisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewere________college,hasgonetoaproductiveisland.15．________firstRobertwouldn'tlethisdaughtergodivingresolutely,buthegaveinasshewassoconfidentaboutherskills.16．Thepossibilitythatthereislifeonotherplanets________theuniversehasalwaysinspiredscientiststoproceed.17．Bobthoughthecouldn'tgotothepartybecausehehadtofetchtheparcel,buthewent________all.18．Martinhelpedhisfatherdigthewatergardensout________hand.Asaconsequence,hediscovered