2023年考研英语真题

2023年全国硕士争论生入学考试英语试题

SectionI Use of English

Directions：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET

Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories

1ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior2theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough

3withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin4totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,5asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.

Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,_6thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes

7lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare8tocriticism.

Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly9juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat10tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment11makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin12leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.

Familieshavealso13changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;14，childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome15wascommoninthetraditionalfamily16.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthought

tobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other

17_ causesofoffensiveactsinclude

frustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased18_ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing19ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,20adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.

1.[A]acting

[B]relying

[C]centering

[D]commenting

2.[A]before

[B]unless

[C]until

[D]because

3.[A]interaction

[B]assimilation

[C]cooperation

[D]consultation

4.[A]return

[B]reply

[C]reference

[D]response

5.[A]or

[B]butrather

[C]but

[D]orelse

6.[A]considering

[B]ignoring

[C]highlighting

[D]discarding

7.[A]on

[B]in

[C]for

[D]with

8.[A]immune

[B]resistant

[C]sensitive

[D]subject

9.[A]affect

[B]reduce

[C]chock

[D]reflect

10.[A]point

[B]lead

[C]come

[D]amount

11.[A]ingeneral

[B]onaverage

[C]bycontrast

[D]atlength

12.[A]case

[B]short

[C]turn

[D]essence

13.[A]survived

[B]noticed

[C]undertaken

[D]experienced

14.[A]contrarily

[B]consequently

[C]similarly

[D]simultaneously

15.[A]than

[B]that

[C]which

[D]as

16.[A]system

[B]structure

[C]concept

[D]heritage

17.[A]assessable

[B]identifiable

[C]negligible

[D]incredible

18.[A]expense

[B]restriction

[C]allocation

[D]availability

19.[A]incidence

[B]awareness

[C]exposure

[D]popularity

20.[A]provided

[B]since

[C]although

[D]supposing

SectionII ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearched itwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent”.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualpropertyandWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.

Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanhetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility,”saysoneexpert.

Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo—thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.

Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs—thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem —andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.

Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemto

keepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.

HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?

Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.

Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.

Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.

ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?

Lackofcounseling [B]Limitednumberofvisits.

[C]Lowerefficiency [D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.

Theexpression“tipservice”(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans .

advisory [B]compensation.

[C]interaction [D]reminder.

WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?

Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.

Toattractmorereturningvisits.

Toreservespaceformoremessages.

Toincreasetherateofsuccess.

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.

SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.

Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.

Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.

Text2

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

Thus the American presidentand vice-president havesurnames startingwith B and Crespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld”sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

Akindofoverlookedinequality.

Atypeofconspicuousbias.

Atypeofpersonalprejudice.

Akindofbranddiscrimination.

Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.

ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoëZysman.

Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.

Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

The4thparagraphsuggeststhat .

questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?

Theyaregettingimpatient.

Theyarenoisilydozingoff.

Theyarefeelinghumiliated.

Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.

VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.

Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.

Text3

Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn”tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn”tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe”dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I”magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey”reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard”sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon”tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too,”shesays.

EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan”sadmissionthatAmerica”sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear”space.Butdon”tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy”slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.

Consumerssaythey”renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there”sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10 millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,“saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.

Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn”tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan”shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.

By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeans .

Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness.

Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork.

Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit.

Speroisnotinadesperatesituation.

Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?

Optimistic. [B]Confused. [C]Carefree. [D]Panicked.

Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines3,Paragraph3),theauthoris

talkingabout

goldmarket.

[C]stockexchange.

[B]realestate.

[D]ventureinvestment.

Whycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicslowdown?

Theywouldbenefitincertainways.

Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.

Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.

Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.

Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

Anewboom,onthehorizon.

Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.

Cautionallright,panicnot.

Themoreventures,themorechances.

Text4

Americans today don”t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren”tdifficulttofind.

“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch”slatestbook.LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.

Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecome asecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”

“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichard

HofstadterinAnti-intellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsof

anti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalistphilosophers thought schooling andrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain”sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized—goingtoschoolandlearningtoread—sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.

Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes,andimagines.

Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry”seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.”

WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?

Thehabitofthinkingindependently.

Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.

Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.

Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.

WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof .

undervaluingintellect.

favoringintellectualism.

supportingschoolreform.

suppressingnativeintelligence.

TheviewsofRavitehandEmersononschoolingare .

identical. [B]similar. [C]complementary. [D]opposite.

Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably .

apioneerofeducationreform.

anopponentofintellectualism.

ascholarinfavorofintellect.

anadvocateofregularschooling.

Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?

Itissecondtointelligence.

Itevolvesfromcommonsense.

Itistobepursued.

Itunderliespower

PartB

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.(41)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplere