2023年历年四级试题阅读理解部分集粹

1990年1月：

Passage

1

Oceanography

has

been

defined

as

"The

application

of

a11

sciences

to

the

study

of

the

sea".

Before

the

nineteenth

century

scientists

with

an

interest

in

the

sea

were

few

and

far

between.

Certainly

Newton

considered

some

theoretical

aspects

of

it

in

his

writings,

but

he

was

reluctant

to

go

to

sea

to

further

his

work.

For

most

people

the

sea

was

remote,

and

with

the

exception

of

early

intercontinental

travelers

or

others

who

earned

a

living

from

the

sea,

there

was

little

reason

to

ask

many

questions

about

it,

1et

alone

to

ask

what

lay

beneath

the

surface.

The

first

time

that

the

question

"What

is

at

the

bottom

of

the

oceans?"

had

to

be

answered

with

any

commercial

consequence

was

when

the

laying

of

a

telegraph

cable

from

Europe

to

America

was

proposed.

The

engineer

had

to

know

the

depth

profile

(起伏形状)

of

the

route

to

estimate

the

length

of

cable

that

had

to

be

manufactured.

It

was

to

Maury

of

the

US

Navy

that

the

Atlantic

Telegraph

Company

turned,

in

l853,

for

information

on

this

matter.

In

the

1840s,

Maury

had

been

responsible

for

encouraging

voyages

during

which

soundings

(测深)

were

taken

to

investigate

the

depths

of

the

North

Atlantic

and

Pacific

Oceans.

Later,

some

of

his

findings

aroused

much

popular

interest

in

his

book

The

Physical

Geography

of

the

Sea.

The

cable

was

laid,

but

not

until

1866

was

the

connection

made

permanent

and

reliable.

At

the

early

attempts,

the

cable

failed

and

when

it

was

taken

out

for

repairs

it

was

found

to

be

covered

in

living

growths,

a

fact

which

defied

contemporary

scientific

opinion

that

there

was

no

life

in

the

deeper

parts

of

the

sea.

Within

a

few

years

oceanography

was

under

way.

In

1872

Thomson

1ed

a

scientific

expedition(考察),

which

lasted

for

four

years

and

brought

home

thousands

of

samples

from

the

sea.

Their

classification

and

analysis

occupied

scientists

for

years

and

led

to

a

five-volume

report,

the

last

volume

being

published

in

l895.

21.

The

proposal

to

1ay

a

telegraph

cable

from

Europe

to

America

made

oceanographic

studies

take

on

___________.

A)

an

academic

aspect

B)

a

military

aspect

C)

a

business

aspect

D)

an

international

aspect

22.

It

was

____

that

asked

Maury

for

help

in

oceanographic

studies.

A)

the

American

Navy

B)

some

early

intercontinental

travelers

C)

those

who

earned

a

living

from

the

sea

D)

the

company

which

proposed

to

lay

an

undersea

cable

23.

The

aim

of

the

voyages

Maury

was

responsible

for

in

the

1840s

was_____.

A)

to

make

some

sounding

experiments

in

the

oceans

B)

to

collect

samples

of

sea

plants

and

animals

C)

to

estimate

the

length

of

cable

that

was

needed

D)

to

measure

the

depths

of

the

two

oceans

24.

"Defied"

in

the

5th

paragraph

probably

means

"___"

A)

doubted

B)

gave

proof

to

C)

challenged

D)

agreed

to

25.

This

passage

is

mainly

about____

A)

the

beginnings

of

oceanography

B)

the

laying

of

the

first

undersea

cable

C)

the

investigation

of

ocean

depths

D)

the

early

intercontinental

communications

Passage

3

Do

you

find

getting

up

in

the

morning

so

difficult

that

it,

spainful?

This

might

be

called

1aziness,

but

Dr.

kleitman

has

a

new

explanation.

He

has

proved

that

everyone

has

a

daily

energy

cycle.

During

the

hours

when

you

labour

through

your

work

you

may

say

that

you’re"hot".

That’s

true.

The

time

of

day

when

you

feel

most

energetic

is

when

your

cycle

of

body

temperature

is

at

its

peak.

For

some

people

the

peak

comes

during

the

forenoon.

For

others

it

comes

in

the

afternoon

or

evening.

No

one

has

discovered

why

this

is

so,

but

it

1eads

to

such

familiar

monologues

(自言自语)

as:

"Get

up,

John!

You’ll

be

late

for

work

again!"

The

possible

explanation

to

the

trouble

is

that

John

is

at

his

temperature-and-energy

peak

in

the

evening.

Much

family

quarrelling

ends

when

husbands

and

wives

realize

what

these

energy

cycles

mean,

and

which

cycle

each

member

of

the

family

has.

You

can’t

change

your

energy

cycle,

but

you

can

learn

to

make

your

life

fit

it

better.

Habit

can

help,

Dr.

K1eitman

believes.

Maybe

you’re

sleepy

in

the

evening

but

feel

you

must

stay

up

late

anyway.

Counteract

(对抗)

your

cycle

to

some

extent

by

habitually

staying

up

later

than

you

want

to.

If

your

energy

is

low

in

the

morning

but

you

have

an

important

job

to

do

early

in

the

day,

rise

before

your

usual

hour.

This

won’t

change

your

cycle,

but

you’ll

get

up

steam

(鼓起干劲)

and

work

better

at

your

low

point.

Get

off

to

a

slow

start

which

saves

your

energy.

Get

up

with

a

leisurely

yawl

and

stretch.

Sit

on

the

edge

of

the

bed

a

minute

before

putting

your

feet

on

the

floor.

Avoid

the

trouble

some

search

for

clean

clothes

by

laying

them

out

the

night

before.

When

ever

possible,

do

routine

work

in

the

afternoon

and

save

tasks

requiring

more

energy

or

concentration

for

your

sharper

hours.

31.

If

a

person

finds

getting

up

ear1y

a

problem,

most

probably____

A)

he

is

a

lazy

person

B)

he

refuses

to

follow

his

own

energy

cycle

C)

he

is

not

sure

when

his

energy

is

low

D)

he

is

at

his

peak

in

the

afternoon

or

evening

32.

Which

of

the

following

may

lead

to

family

quarrels

according

to

the

passage?

A)

Unawareness

of

energy

cycles.

B)

Familiar

monologues.

C)

A

change

in

a

family

member’s

energy

cycle.

D)

Attempts

to

control

the

energy

cycle

of

other

family

member.

33.

If

one

wants

to

work

more

efficiently

at

his

low

point

in

the

morning,

he

should_____

A)

change

his

energy

cycle

C)

get

up

earlier

than

usual

B)

overcome

his

laziness

D)

go

to

bed

earlier

34

.You

are

advised

to

rise

with

a

yawn

and

stretch

because

it

will____

A)

help

to

keep

your

energy

for

the

day’s

work

B)

help

you

to

control

your

temper

early

in

the

day

C)

enable

you

to

concentrate

on

your

routine

work

D)

keep

your

energy

cycle

under

control

a11

day

35.

Which

of

the

following

statements

is

NOT

TRUE?

A)

Getting

off

to

work

with

a

minimum

effort

helps

save

one’s

energy.

B)

Dr.

Kleitman

explains

why

people

reach

their

peak

at

different

hours

of

day.

C)

Habit

helps

a

person

adapt

to

his

own

energy

cycle.

D)

Children

have

energy

cycles,

too.

Passage

4

We

find

that

bright

children

are

rarely

held

back

by

mixed-ability

teaching.

On

the

contrary,

both

their

knowledge

and

experience

are

enriched.

We

feel

that

there

are

many

disadvantages

in

streaming

(把……按能力分班)

pupils.

It

does

not

take

into

account

the

fact

that

children

develop

at

different

rates.

It

can

have

a

bad

effect

on

both

the

bright

and

the

not-so-bright

child.

After

all,

it

can

be

quite

discouraging

to

be

at

the

bottom

of

the

top

grade!

Besides,

it

is

rather

unreal

to

grade

people

just

according

to

their

intellectual

ability.

This

is

only

one

aspect

of

their

total

personality.

We

are

concerned

to

develop

the

abilities

of

all

our

pupils

to

the

full,

not

just

their

academic

ability.

We

also

value

personal

qualities

and

social

skills,

and

we

find

that

mixed-ability

teaching

contributes

to

all

these

aspects

of

learning.

In

our

classrooms,

we

work

in

various

ways.

The

pupils

often

work

in

groups：this

gives

them

the

opportunity

to

learn

to

co-operate,

to

share,

and

to

develop

leadership

skills.

They

also

1earn

how

to

cope

with

personal

problems

as

well

as

1earning

how

to

think,

to

make

decisions,

to

analyse

and

evaluate,

and

to

communicate

effectively.

The

pupils

learn

from

each

other

as

well

as

from

the

teacher.

Sometimes

the

pupils

work

in

pairs;

sometimes

they

work

on

individual

tasks

and

assignments,

and

they

can

do

this

at

their

own

speed.

They

also

have

some

formal

class

teaching

when

this

is

appropriate.

We

encourage

our

pupils

to

use

the

library,

and

we

teach

them

the

skills

they

need

in

order

to

do

this

efficiently.

An

advanced

pupil

can

do

advanced

work：it

does

not

matter

what

age

the

child

is.

We

expect

our

pupils

to

do

their

best,

not

their

least,

and

we

give

them

every

encouragement

to

attain

this

goal.

36.

In

the

passage

the

author’s

attitude

towards

"mixed-ability

teaching"

is

____.

A)

critical

C)

approving

B)

questioning

D)

objective

37.

By

"held

back"

(Line

l)

the

author

means

"_________".

A)

made

to

remain

in

the

same

classes

B)

forced

to

study

in

the

lower

c1asses

C)

drawn

to

their

studies

D)

prevented

from

advancing

38.

The

author

argues

that

a

teacher’s

chief

concern

should

be

the

development

of

the

student’s

_________.

A)

personal

qualities

and

social

skills

B)

total

personality

C)

1earning

ability

and

communicative

skills

D)

intellectual

ability

39.

Which

of

the

following

is

NOT

MENTIONED

in

the

third

paragraph?

A)

Group

work

gives

pupils

the

opportunity

to

learn

to

work

together

with

others.

B)

Pupils

also

learn

to

develop

their

reasoning

abilities.

C)Group

work

provides

pupils

with

the

opportunity

to

learn

to

be

capable

organizers.

D)

Pupils

a1so

learn

how

to

participate

in

teaching

activities.

40.

The

author’s

purpose

in

writing

this

passage

is

to

_____________.

A)

argue

for

teaching

bright

and

not-so-bright

pupils

in

the

same

class

B)

recommend

pair

work

and

group

work

for

classroom

activities

C)

offer

advice

on

the

proper

use

of

the

library

D)

emphasize

the

importance

of

appropriate

formal

classroom

teaching

试题分析：

Passage

1

(第21至25题)

内容大意

这是一篇叙述"海洋学"的文章。文章开头给海洋学下了一个定义,

认为"海洋学是综合应用所有科学学科对海洋进行的研究"。在19世纪前,

对海有爱好的科学家凤毛麟角。牛顿在其著作中虽然也提到这方面的一些理论问题但对走向海洋作进一步的探测研究却停止不前。

在19世纪之前,

对大多数人来说,

海洋是遥远而陌生的。除初期飘洋过海旅行的人或靠海谋生的人之外;

很少有人对海洋感爱好,

更谈不上关心海底有什么之类的问题了。只是当有人建议铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报电缆时,

人们才开始从商业意义上对海底进行探索。工程师要知道电线通过的海底的地貌,

以估算出要生产多长的电缆。

于是,

在1853年,

大西洋电报公司向美国海军的一位名叫Maury的人请教,

由于Maury

在40年代曾负责过多次令人鼓舞的航行,

对北大西洋和太平洋的水深进行过探测。他在The

Physical

Geography

of

the

Sea这一著作中提到的发现引起了人们的广泛爱好。直到1866年,

这条电缆才最终完毕。在此之前出过几次故障。当人们将电缆从海底捞上来修复时,

还发现上面复盖了许多生物。这个事实批驳了当时认为海洋深处无生命的论点。

随着海底电缆的铺设成功,

海洋学得到发展。1872年,

Thomson领导了长达4年的海洋考察,

收集了成千上万的海洋标本。通过数年的分类和分析,

科学家们完毕了一份长达5卷的报告,

最后一卷于1895年出版。

试题分析

第21题：

本题规定学生推断：建议铺设海底电缆使得海洋学的研究具有什么样的性质。第3段讲到："只有当有人建议铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电缆时,

人们才开始从商业意义上对海底进行探索"。人们必须要知道海底有什么,

是个什么样子,

需要多长的电缆等等。因此,

选项C是答案。答对本题的考生为38％。有29％的考生误选了A项,

有24％的考生误选了A项。这些考生没有根据文章内容来答题,

而是根据题目自身的字面意义想当然地答题。

第22题：

本题问的是谁向Maury请教海洋研究方面的问题。要答对这一题,

必须看懂原文第4段第l句。这是一个强调句型(1t

was...that...),

原文突出"向美国海军的MauD请教"。而题干也是一个强调句型,

突出谁向Maury请教。理解本句的关键还在于学生要掌握

turned

to...for...这个短语的用法。可见,

答案是选项D。60％的考生答对了本题。31％的考生误选了A项。尚有少数考生误选B项或C项。

第23题：

本题问的是19世纪40年代Maury负责的远洋航行的目的是什么。这个问题比较具体。题干自身已点明了答案也许的出处,

即第4段的第2句。这句中动词不定式to

investigate

the

depths

of

the

North

Atlantic

and

Pacific

0ceans回答了这个问题。所以,

答案是D项。这题比较容易,

77％的考生答对本题。但也有11％的考生粗心大意,

把40年代的这些航行与1853年以后的海底电缆铺设过程混淆起来,

错选了C项。

第24题：

本题考核学生根据上下文推测词义的能力。defied是defy的过去式。要准确地推测它的词义,

必须完全读懂defied前后部分的意思：前一部分是说："从海底捞出的电缆上覆盖着各种各样的生物",

后一部分是说："当时的科学观点认为海洋深处是没有生命的"。由此可见,

前一部分的"事实"(...,

a

fact

which...)是"批驳"后一部分的"观点"。所以,

答案是C项challenged(向…挑战,

指责)。37％成绩较好的考生答对此题。既然前一部分是"事实",

当然无法"怀疑(doubted)"(即A项)后一部分"观点";

既然前后两部分相左,

前者当然也不能为后者"提供证据(gave

proof

to)"(即B项),

更不也许与后面的观点"一致(agreed

to)"(即D项)。但仍有不少考生误选了这几项。特别值得一提的是有近25％中档限度的考生误选了A项。这也许是由于这些考生没有理解这句话的意思。

第25题：

本题问及全篇的中心意思。考生只有读懂全文各段,

才干有把握地回答。第1段谈及是关于"海洋学"的定义;

第2段是讲19世纪前对海洋感爱好的科学家不多;

第3段谈到由于有人提出铺设海底电缆,

人们才开始研究"海底深处究竟有什么";

第4段说Maury考察北大西洋和太平洋的发现引起广泛的注意;

第5段讲在铺设海底电缆过程中发现大量海样生物;

最后一段是海洋学研究的成果。可见全篇重要还是讲海洋学的研究是如何开展起来的,

所以答案是A项,

有74％左右的考生答对了这一题。文章有好几个地方谈到铺设海底电缆(B项)和越洋通讯(D项),

但都是围绕着海洋学这条主线的。至于C项,

测量海洋深度,

只是一个细节,

不也许是文章中心意思。

Passage

3(第31至35题)

内容大意

本文讲解了人体的能量周期现象。为什么有些人早上起不来,

甚至感到难受?有人也许会把这说成是懒散。但是Kleitman博士却另有解释。他证实了每个人的精力在一天里有个周期。在你尽力工作的时候,

你会感到"热"。的确如此。一天中当你感到精力最充沛时,

也就是你的体温处在整个周期的高峰。有些人的高峰出现在上午,

而另一些人的高峰出现在下午。为什么会这样呢?没有人能说清楚。但这种现象确会导致屡见不鲜的自言自语："John,

快起来!否则上班又要迟到了"。对这种烦人的事可以这样解释：John的体温和能量高峰是在晚上。假如丈夫和妻子能明白不同的能量周期是怎么回事,

家里的每个人有什么样的能量周期,

很多家庭争吵就不会发生。

虽然你无法改变自己的能量周期,

但你可以使你的生活适应这一周期。Kleiman博士认为习惯性的行为能起作用。有也许晚上你感到很困倦,

但又必须熬夜。采用经常性地推迟睡觉的办法,

能在一定限度上不按周期行事。假如你在上午处在能量的低潮,

但你有重要的工作要在上午做,

那么你就要比平时早起。这并不改变你的周期,

但你可以在低潮时鼓起干劲,

工作得更好。

起床时慢慢来可以节省能量。起来时不慌不忙,

打个呵欠,

伸个懒腰,

在床边坐一坐。头一天晚上先把干净衣服放好,

早上就省去了寻找衣服的麻烦。在任何也许的情况下,

下午做些事务性的工作,

把花费精力或者需要全神贯注的工作留待你思维最敏锐的时候去做。

试题分析

第31题：

本题的关键是搞清楚人们能否早起同什么有关。根据文章第1段可以看出上午起不来是同一个人天天的能量周期有关。根据文章第2段中John的自言自语,

以及紧接着的解释：John

is

at

his

temperature-and-energy

peak

in

the

evening推理,

假如一个人早上不能早起,

这个人的能量高峰就很也许在下午或晚上。因此选项D是答案,

65％的考生答对了本题。有16％的考生误选了A项,

而第1段第2句说得很清楚："上午起不来也许有人叫做懒,

但KIettnm博士却另有解释"。可见选项A不是答案,

说明这部分考生没有看懂文章。有11的考生误选了B项。第3段讲到"你无法改变自己的能量周期,

但你可使你的生活适应这一周期"。可见,

并不存在"拒绝遵守能量周期"的问题。

第32题：

本题规定看懂文章第2段的最后一句。该句的意思是"假如丈夫和妻子能明白能量周期是怎么回事,

了解家庭每个成员有什么样的周期,

很多家庭争吵就会停止"。也就是说,

家庭争吵的发生是由于丈夫和妻子不了解能量周期是怎么回事,

更谈不上了解每个家庭成员有什么样的能量周期了。因此A)Unawareness

of

energy

cycles(不知道能量周期)应是答案。54％的考生做对了本题。各有21％的考生误选了C项和D项,

而文章中既没有讲到"改变"也没有讲到"控制"家庭成员的能量周期。

第33题：

本题规定学生依据文章第3段中的最后两句的信息作出对的判断。文章第3段中的最后两句说：...rise

before

your

usual

hour...work

better

at

your

low

point。因此选项C是对的答案。这题比较容易,

82％的考生都答对了。

第34题：

本题考核学生的推理判断能力。回答这一问题应看懂文章最后一段的第1句：

Get

off

to

a

slow

start

which

saves

your

energy.

早上慢慢起床可以节省能量。紧接该句的3个句子都是慢慢起床的具体做法。因此选项A是答案,

59％的考生答对了本题。有20％的考生误选了C。选项C不对的可以从文章最后一句得到证实：routine

work是不需要更多能量和注意力的工作。

第35题:

本题规定找出4个选项中与文章内容不符的选项。第2段中No

one

has

discovered

why

this

is

so...的意思是"没有人发现为什么会有不同的能量周期",

既然没有人清楚这一点,

K1eitman博士也不也许解释为什么人们会在一天的不同时刻达成能量高峰。因此B项是NOT

TRUE,

也就是本题的答案。52％的考生答对了本题。有29％的考生误选了A项,

即："以最少的精力着手工作有助于节省能量"。这句话符合文章的原意,

因此不是本题的答案。有12％的考生误选了C项,

而第3段第2句讲的就是C项的内容,

因此选项C不是答案。

Passage

4(第36至40题)

内容大意

这是一篇讨论小学生混班上课优点的文章。文章认为,

限度不齐的学生混班上课很少阻碍聪明的孩子进步,

相反,

会使他们的知识和经验都得到充实。文章认为,

把小学生按能力分班有许多弊端。这样做忽视了一个事实：孩子们发展速度是不同的。分班上课对聪明的和不那么聪明的孩子都会产生坏的影响。对于处在高班底层的孩子来讲更令他们气馁丧气。

此外,

单凭智力分班也不太符合实际情况,

由于智力仅仅是他们整体素质中的一个方面。我们关心的是最充足地开发所有孩子的各项能力,

而不仅仅是发展他们的学业能力。我们同时也重视个人品质和社会能力的培养,

限度不同的学生混班上课有助于所有这些方面的培养。

我们在课堂里采用不同的方法。学生们经常分组活动,

分组活动为他们提供了学会合作、共享、以及培养领导能力的机会。他们不仅仅学习如何思考问题、作出决定、分析评估、善于交际,

同时也学习如何解决个人问题。他们不仅向老师学习,

同时也互相学习。

有时候他们两人一组进行活动;

有时候则独自从事自己的工作,

按自己的速度进行。在适当的时候他们也参与正规的课堂教学。我们鼓励他们运用图书馆,

教他们一些充足运用图书馆的必要的技能。孩子不分年龄大小,

能力强的可以做规定高的事。无论做什么,

我们都盼望学生尽力做好,

而不是敷衍了事。为此,

我们总是鼓励他们尽其所能。

试题分析

第36题：

本题考核学生能否根据文章内容推断出作者对混合编班的态度。要回答该问题,

一方面要读懂全篇文章,

特别是第1段的内容,

再依次弄清4个选项的不同含义。选项C表达持“赞同的”态度,

根据文章第1段的内容,

可以看出作者对“混合编班”持“赞同的”：态度,

因此答案是选项C。57％的考生答对了此题。

第37题：

本题考核学生对在具体上下文里的词组hold

back的理解。根据上下文,

这个词组的意思是“阻挡、阻止…发展”,

因此选项D是答案。66％的考生答对了本题。

第38题：

本题规定考生根据文章第2段的内容判断作者的观点。从第2段的内容可以看出,

作者认为教师重要关心的应当是学生的total

personality(总体素质),

其中涉及academic

ability或intellectual

ability,

personal

qualities和social

skills。也就是说这些能力都是total

personality的方方面面。再看一下这一段的第2和第3两句,

可以得出结论,

答案应当是选项B。这个题比较难,

只有44％的考生答对了本题。有28％的考生误选了A项。第2段中提到personal

qualities

and

social

skills,

并且作者也认为这两个方面也是应当重视的,

但作者并不是认为academic(或intellectua1)ability不重要。所以作者的观点并不只限于A项的内容,

A项不是答案。有19％的考生误选了C项,

而C项的内容也不能反映作者所主张的充足开发学生的全面能力。

第39题：

本题规定学生看懂文章第3段的意思,

并作出对的的判断。该段中的to

learn

to

co-operate,

to

share,

and

to

develop

leadership

skills

(Line

2,

Para.3)表白选项A和C都已提到,

因而都不是答案。该段中的learning

how

to

think

to

make

decisions,

to

analyse

and

evaluate(Para.3),包含了选项B所提的1earn

to

develop

their

reasoning

abilities的内容,

因此B项也是文章中提到过的。唯有选项D在段落中找不到依据,

因此是该题的答案。有61％的考生答对此题。

第40题：

本题规定学生了解这篇文章的主题。文章中讨论了两种上课的方式：streaming

pupils,

即把学生按能力分班进行教学,

和mixed-ability

teaching,

即让限度不齐的学生混班上课。并列举了前者的弊端和后者的优点。因此A项是答案。而选项B、C、D中提到的几种做法只是mixed-ability

teaching的具体做法,

因此不是作者写这篇文章的目的。

历年四级试题阅读理解部分集粹（二）

1991年6月

Passage

3

Just

seven

years

ago,

the

Jarvik-7

artificial

heart

was

being

cheered

as

the

model

of

human

creativeness.

The

sight

of

Barney

Clark-alive

and

conscious

after

trading

his

diseased

heart

for

a

metal-and-plastic

pump-convinced

the

press,

the

public

and

many

doctors

that

the

future

had

arrived.

It

hadn’t.

After

monitoring

production

of

the

Jarvik-7,

and

reviewing

its

effects

on

the

150

or

so

patients

(most

of

whom

got

the

device

as

a

temporary

measure)

the

U.S.

Food

and

Drug

Administration

concluded

that

the

machine

was

doing

more

to

endanger

lives

than

to

save

them.

Last

week

the

agency

cancelled

its

earlier

approval,

effectively

banning

(严禁)

the

device.

The

recall

may

hurt

Symbion

Inc.,

maker

of

the

Jarvik-7,

but

it

won’t

end

the

request

for

an

artificial

heart.

One

problem

with

the

banned

model

is

that

the

tubes

connecting

it

to

an

external

power

source

created

a

passage

for

infection.

Inventors

are

now

wording

on

new

devices

that

would

be

fully

placed,

along

with

a

tiny

power

pack,

in

the

patient’s

chest.

The

first

sample

products

aren’t

expected

for

another

10

of

20

years.

But

some

people

are

already

worrying

that

they’ll

work-and

that

America’s

overextended

health-care

programs

will

lose

a

precious

$2.5

billion

to

$5

billion

a

year

providing

them

for

a

relatively

few

dying

patients.

If

such

expenditures

(开支)

cut

into

funding

for

more

basic

care,

the

net

effect

could

actually

be

a

decline

in

the

nation’s

health.

31.

According

to

the

passage

the

Jarvik-7

artificial

heart

proved

to

be

_____.

a)

a

technical

failure

b)

a

technical

wonder

c)

a

good

life-saver

d)

an

effective

means

to

treat

heart

disease

32.

From

the

passage

we

know

that

Symbion

Inc.

____.

a)

has

been

banned

by

the

government

from

producing

artificial

hearts

b)

will

review

the

effects

of

artificial

hearts

before

designing

new

models

c)

may

continue

to

work

on

new

models

of

reliable

artificial

hearts

d)

can

make

new

models

of

artificial

hearts

available

on

the

market

in

10

to

20

years

33.

The

new

models

of

artificial

hearts

are

expected

_____.

a)

to

have

a

working

life

of

10

or

20

years

b)

to

be

set

fully

in

the

patient’s

chest

c)

to

be

equipped

with

an

external

power

source

d)

to

create

a

new

passage

for

infection

34.

The

word

"them"

in

Line

7,

Para.

2

refers

to

____.

a)

doctors

who

treat

heart

diseases

b)

makers

of

artificial

hearts

c)

America’s

health-care

programs

d)

new

models

of

artificial

hearts

35.

Some

people

feel

that

_____.

a)

artificial

hearts

are

seldom

effective

b)

the

country

should

not

spend

so

much

money

on

artificial

hearts

c)

the

country

is

not

spending

enough

money

on

artificial

hearts

d)

America’s

health-care

programs

are

not

doing

enough

for

the

nation’s

health

Passage

Three(第31至35题)

内容大意

本文是一篇介绍人造心脏的说明文。文章的第一段介绍了名为Jarvik-7的人造心脏。曾被誉为人类发明性典范的Jarvik-7,

七年前初次问世时曾给人们带来希望。但通过美国食品和药物管理局对Jarvik-7的生产过程的进一步观测以及大约150人试用后,

最后得出结论,

认为Jarvik-7对生命的危害大于其拯救生命的作用,

于是撤消了当初对生产Jarvik-7的许可。

第2段指出,

美国食品和药物管理局的上述决定对制造Jarvik-7的Symbion公司是一种打击,

但不会消除人们对人造心脏的需求。Jarvik-7遭禁的一个因素,

是由于用以连接人造心脏和外部电源的通道容易引起感染。为了克服这一缺陷,

现在研制的人造心脏的电源体积小,

可与人造心脏一并植入人体。然而,

这种人造心脏的样品还要等10到2023才干投入使用。但是,

即使如此,

现在已有人在紧张,

一旦这种新型人造心脏获得成功,

将不得不为少数病人花费25至50亿美元去购置这种昂贵的装置,

从而减少用于基本医疗保健方面的开支,

并使美国人的总体健康受到影响。

试题分析

第31题：

本题是考核学生根据上下文全面理解和进行对的判断的能力,

问的是本文论述的Jarvik-7人造心脏性能和效果到底如何。文章一开头说Jarvik-7是一大技术成就,

但文章第1段最后两句中说到：

...the

U.S.

Food

and

Drug

administration

concluded

that

the

machine

was

doing

more

to

endanger

lives

than

to

save

them.

Last

week

the

agency

cancelled

its

earlier

approval,

effectively

banning

the

device.

这两句话提供了这个问题的答案。因此,

答案是选项A也就是说Jarvik-7人造心脏在技术上是一个失败。有59％的考生答对了本题。the

machine

was

doing

more

to

endanger

lives

than

to

save

them中的thc

machine就是指Jarvik-7,

effectively

banning

the

device中的the

device也是指Jarvic-7,

第2段第3行的banned

model也是指Jarvik-7。有22％的的学生误选了D项,

有14％的考生误选了B项。

第32题：本题规定考生根据文章内容进行对的的推论。文章第2段第1句说：The

recall

may

hurt

Symbion

lnc.,

but

it

won’t

end

the

request

for

an

artificial

heart.

规定生产人造心脏的Symbion公司收回其销售的人造心脏,

这对该公司来说或许是一种损失,

但这一禁令不会消除人们对人造心脏的需求。从这一句可推断出答案应当是C项。64％的考生答对了本题。选项A的干扰较大,

由于第1段的最后一句提到政府严禁生产人造心脏一事,

即:

Last

week

the

agency

cancelled…effectively

banning

the

device.

但应注意,

遭禁的不是Symbion公司,

而是人造心脏Jarvik-7。考试结果表白有25％的考生误选了A项,

说明他们阅读时不够细心。误选D项的考生也许依据的是本文第2段的第3和第4句：Inventors

are

now

working...in

the

patient’s

chest.

The

first

sample

products

aren’t

expected

for

another

l0

or

20

years.

但要注意的是,

这里所说的发明家是泛指的,

不是Symbion公司一家发明家,

因此选项D是错的。选项B也是错的,

由于与文章内容无关。第33题：本题考核对的理解事实细节的能力。选项B的意思与文章中第2段第3句,

即inventors

are

now

working...in

the

patient’s

chest的意思相符合,

因此选项B是答案。本题不太难,

68％的考生答对了。A项、C项和B项都与文章内容相悖,

都不是答案第34题：本题规定考生找出该句中代词them指代什么。可以作them的先行词当然必须是复数名词,

根据代词them所在的语境,

在4个选项中有也许作them的先行词的是选项C中的America’s

health-care

programs和选项D中的new

models

of

artificial

hearts。从句子意思看,

"向为数不多的濒危病人提供"的显然是前一句中的sample

products,

即可与电源组一并植于人体内的new

devices。因此,

答案应当是D项。第35题：本题考核在理解全文的基础上进行推论的能力。第2段But

some

people

are

already

worrying...这句话集中地体现了有些人已经在紧张,

为a

relatively

few

dying

patients动用巨额资金购置新型的人造心脏是否合算。因此,

选项B是答案。答对本题的考生有52％。有26％的考生误选了D项。第2段这一部分中虽然提到America’s

health-care

programs,

但指的是不应当把有限的医疗保健开支花在少数人身上而使全国人的总体健康受到影响,

因此选项D也是错的。选项A和C都不是答案,

由于文中并未提及这些问题。

1993年6月

Passage

1

Nursing

at

Beth

Israel

Hospital

produces

the

best

patient

care

possible.

If

we

are

to

solve

the

nursing

shortage,

hospital

administration

and

doctors

everywhere

would

do

well

to

follow

Beth

Israel’s

example.

At

Beth

Israel

each

patient

is

assigned

to

a

primary

nurse

who

visits

at

length

with

the

patient

and

constructs

a

full-scale

health

account

that

covers

everything

from

his

medical

history

to

his

emotional

sate.

Then

she

writes

a

care

plan

centered

on

the

patient’s

illness

but

which

also

includes

everything

else

that

is

necessary.

The

primary

nurse

stays

with

the

patient

through

his

hospitalization,

keeping

track

with

his

progress

and

seeking

further

advice

from

his

doctor.

If

a

patient

at

Beth

Israel

is

not

responding

to

treatment,

it

is

not

uncommon

for

his

nurse

to

propose

another

approach

to

his

doctor.

What

the

doctor

at

Beth

Israel

has

in

the

primary

nurse

is

a

true

colleague.

Nursing

at

Beth

Israel

also

involves

a

decentralized

(分散的)

nursing

administration;

every

floor,

every

unit

is

a

self-contained

organization.

There

are

nurse-managers

instead

of

head

nurses;

in

addition

to

their

medical

duties

they

do

all

their

own

hiring

and

dismissing,

employee

advising,

and

they

make

salary

recommendations.

Each

unit’s

nurses

decide

among

themselves

who

will

work

what

shifts

and

when.

Beth

Israel’s

nurse-in-chief

rank

as

an

equal

with

other

vice

presidents

of

the

hospital.

She

also

is

a

member

of

the

Medical

Executive

Committee,

which

in

most

hospitals

includes

only

doctors.

21.

Which

of

the

following

best

characterizes

the

main

feature

of

the

nursing

system

at

Beth

Israel

Hospital?

a)

The

doctor

gets

more

active

professional

support

from

the

primary

nurse.

b)

Each

patient

is

taken

care

of

by

a

primary

nurse

day

and

night.

c)

The

primary

nurse

writes

care

plans

for

every

patient.

d)

The

primary

nurse

keeps

records

of

the

patient’s

health

conditions

every

day.

22.

It

can

be

inferred

from

the

passage

that

____.

a)

compared

with

other

hospitals

nurses

at

Beth

Israel

Hospital

are

more

patient

b)

in

most

hospitals

patient

care

is

inadequate

from

the

professional

point

of

view

c)

in

most

hospitals

nurses

get

low

salaries

d)

compared

with

other

hospitals

nurses

have

to

work

longer

hours

at

Beth

Israel

Hospital

23.

A

primary

nurse

can

propose

a

different

approach

of

treatment

when

____.

a)

the

present

one

is

refused

by

the

patient

b)

the

patient

complains

about

the

present

one

c)

the

present

one

proves

to

be

ineffective

d)

the

patient

is

found

unwilling

to

cooperate

24.

The

main

difference

between

a

nurse-manager

and

a

head

nurse

is

that

the

former_____

a)

is

a

member

of

the

Medical

Executive

Committee

of

the

hospital

b)

has

to

arrange

the

work

shifts

of

the

unit’s

nurses

c)

can

make

decisions

concerning

the

medical

treatment

of

a

patient

d)

has

full

responsibility

in

the

administration

of

the

unit’s

nurses

25.

The

author’s

attitude

towards

the

nursing

system

at

Beth

Israel

Hospital

is

___.

a)

negative

b)

neutral

c)

critical

d)

positive

passage

one(第21至25题)

内容大意

这篇文章讲述了一家名为Beth

Israel的医院,

建立了一套完整的护理体制,

为病人提供完善的护理。医院为每一位病人指派一名

"primary

nurse"

(

理解为“责任护士”

),

对病人从病史、病情一直到情绪等作全面的了解,

并以病人的病情为中心,

制订一套涉及病人方方面面的护理方案。primary

nurse全程护理自己的病人,

跟踪病人的医疗进展,征询医生对进一步护理的意见。倘若某种治疗对病人无甚疗效,

primary

nurse会向医生建议改变治疗方案。这种做法在这家医院并不是个别现象。在这家医院,

医生和primary

nurse是真正的同事。

这家医院的护理系统(nursing)还涉及分散管理体制：医院的每一层楼,

每一个科室都有一个完整的管理机构,

设有nurse-managers

(护士主管)而不是head

nurse(护士长),

除管理平常的护理工作之外,

还可以决定招聘和解雇、为雇员提供征询、甚至推荐工资提高等,

各个科室的护士还可以自行决定当班的时间。在这家医院里的nurse-in-chief与医院的副院长同级,

并且还是the

Medical

Executive

Committee(医务委员会)的成员,

而在许多医院里,

这种委员会的成员只能是医生。

文章强调,

医院要想加强护理工作,

解决护理局限性(nursing

shortage)的问题,

这家医院的做法值得借鉴。

试题分析

第21题：

本题问的是上面4个选择项中哪一句话最能“概括”这家医院“护理工作体制”的重要特性。注意：题干中的characterize的意思是“表达出……的特性”。这实质上是从一个侧面问及本篇的中心思想,

即文章反复强调的这种“护理体制”的最本质的东西。B、C、D这3项所提及的都是这家医院中primary

nurse所做的“常规”工作：“日夜护理病人”(B项)；“制订护理方案”(C项)；“天天记录病人的身体状况”(D项)。这些并不反映这家医院特有的“护理工作体制”的本质特性。该医院护理工作的责任制(像each

patient

is

assigned

to

a

primary

nurse;

the

primary

nurse

stays

with

the

patient

through

his

hospitalization

等)、护理工作的自主管理促进了护士对医疗工作的平等参与(涉及writes

a

care

plan;

seeking

further

advice

from

his

doctor;

to

propose

another

approach

to

his

doctor;

what

the

doctor.

.

.

has

in

the

primary

nurse

is

a

true

colleague;

nurse-in-chief

ranks

as

an

equal

with

other

vice

presidents)等,

才是反映这家医院“护理工作体制”的本质特性,

并最终体现在医疗过程中医生与护士的平等合作中。A项所说的正是这一点,

是本题的对的答案。本题有一定的难度,

分别有37％、24％和12％的考生误选了B,

C,

或D。

第22题：

本题规定学生判断4个选择项中哪一个是根据文章可以推断出的结论,

规定学生根据文章内容作出合理的推断。从本题所提供的4个选择项来看,

文章并未谈及护士的"耐心"(A项)；也未谈及护士的“工资待遇”(C项),

只是说到护士的工资提高要由各科室推荐,

更未涉及护士的"工作时间长短"(D项)。文章的第1段最后一句才是得出对的答案的依据：整句的意思是说：“假如我们确要解决护理工作局限性(不充足)的问题,

那么各地医院的行政部门和医生最佳还是效法一下Beth

Israel医院的楷模”。主句中的虚拟语气也说明这-点事实上迄今尚未做到。由此可以推断：1)护理不充足是一个应当解决的问题：2)这个问题普遍存在,

否则就没有必要规定各地医院行政部门和医生效法这家医院的做法。由此可见,

本题的对的答案是B项。

第23题：

本题问及责任护士在什么情况下可以向医生提出改变治疗方案的建议,

这是一个局部性问题。题目自身所用的语言A

primary

nurse

can

propose

a

different

approach

of

treatment

when.己点明了答案也许从什么地方找到。只要读懂了If

a

patient...(

Para.

3)一句,

就会知道答案是C项。从考试的结果来看,

54％的考生答对了本题。但仍有28％的考生误选了D项,

也许是这些考生未能理解...is

not

responding

to

treatment的意思所导致的。D项所说的“病人不乐意合作”文章主线就没有谈到。

第24题：

本题也是一个局部性问题,

问及本文提到的nurse-manager(护士主管)和head

nurse

(护士长)的重要不同点。文章There

are

nurse-managers...ask

salary

recommendations.

(Para.

4)这句就是回答这个问题的依据：their

medical

duties是这两者的共同之处,

但被in

addition

to排除在外了,

剩下的才是这两者的不同之处。选项D对不同之处加以概括,

所以是答案。58％的考生答对了本题。其中有11％的考生把文章中的nurse-manager与nurse-in-chief混同,

误选了A项。Nurse-managers是这家医院每个科室都有的,

而nurse-in-chief全医院只有一名。这种细节部分,

也是在阅读中应当注意的。

第25题：

本题问及文章作者对这家医院的nursing

system的态度,

是一道比较简朴的试题

文章的第1段提供了答案。作者对这家医院的nursing

system的态度是positive(肯定的)。65％的考生答对了本题。但各有15％的考生误选了A项或B项,

显然这些考生没有完全把握文章作者写这篇文章的目的,

因而弄不清作者对那家医院的护理制度抱什么态度。

历年四级试题阅读理解部分集粹（三）

1995年6月四级试题：

Passage

1

Researchers

have

established

that

when

people

are

mentally

engaged,

biochemical

changes

occur

in

the

brain

that

allow

it

to

act

more

effectively

in

cognitive（认知的）areas

such

as

attention

and

memory.

This

is

true

regardless

of

age.

People

will

be

alert

(警惕)

and

receptive

(接受能力强的)

if

they

are

faced

with

information

that

gets

them

to

think

about

things

they

are

interested

in.

And

someone

with

a

history

of

doing

more

rather

than

less

will

go

into

old

age

more

cognitively

sound

than

someone

who

has

not

had

an

active

mind.

Many

experts

are

so

convinced

of

the

benefits

of

challenging

the

brain

that

they

are

putting

the

theory

to

work

in

their

own

lives.

"The

idea

is

not

necessarily

to

learn

to

memorize

enormous

amounts

of

information,"

says

James

Fozard,

associate

director

of

the

National