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文档简介
LegalEnglish
法学英语
课程教案
ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchDepartment
HeilongjiangUniversity
ChapterI.Jurisprudence
I.Objectives
Afterlearningthischapter,studentsshallbeableto:
1.getacquaintedwiththebasicwordsandphrasesofjurisprudence;
2.understandthefundamentalissuesofjurisprudence,suchaswhatjurisprudenceis,whatlawis,
howtoclassifylaw,andwhatthebasicbranchesoflaware;
3.comprehendtheissuesoflegalculture,legalprofession,legaleducation,andsomebasicsof
socialistlawtheory.
ILSummary
Asthefoundationoflaw,thischapterfirstintroduceswhatjurisprudenceisanditsrelevant
matters,suchasscopeofjurisprudence.Second,itprovidessomeconceptsoflawandclassifies
lawintwoways.Third,itcomestothecomparisonoflegalculturesbetweenChinaandAmerica.
Four,itfocusesonthelegalprofession.Five,itsummarizesthelegaleducationsinCivilLaw
countriesandChina.Finally,itoutlinessocialisttheoryoflaw.
III.Text
BriefContents
1.IntroductiontoJurisprudence......................................................................................2
2.TheOntologyofLaw...................................................................................................7
3.LegalCulture.................................................................................................................13
4.LegalProfession...........................................................................................................24
5.LegalEducation............................................................................................................32
6.SocialistTheoryofLaw..............................................................................................35
1.IntroductiontoJurisprudence
1.1WhatistheScienceofLaw?法学
Thescienceoflawreferstothescientificactivitiesanditsfruitbasedonthe
studyoflegalorquasi-legalphenomena.Thesystemofscienceoflawmaybe
dividedasfollowingaccordingtodifferentscholarsofdifferentnations:
>UK:D.M.Walker,TheOxfordCompaniontoLaw
Theoreticalscienceoflaw:legaltheoriesandphilosophy,legalhistoryandother
historyoflegalsystems,andresearchoncomparativelaw.
Practicalscienceoflaw:internationallaw,transnationallaw,domesticlaw,and
othersubsidiarydisciplines,suchasforensicmedicine.
>Japan:
Publiclaw:constitution,administrativelaw,andinternationallaw.
Privatelaw:civillaw,businesslaw,civilprocedurelaw,laborlaw,andprivate
internationallaw.
Criminallaw:criminallaw,criminalprocedurelaw,andcriminalpolicy.
Basicscienceoflaw:legalphilosophy,legalsociology,legalhistory,and
comparativelaw.
>China
Basedonbranchesoflaw:jurisprudence,legalhistory,constitution,
administrativelaw,civillaw,criminallaw,procedurelaw,internationallaw,andthe
like.
Basedonepistemology:theoreticallawandpracticallaw,theformerfocuseson
theresearchonfundamentalconcepts,principles,andregularpattern.Thelatter
structureandcontentoflaw,andits'making,interpretation,andapplication.
1.2RelationBetweenJurisprudenceandtheScienceofLaw法理学
Jurisprudenceconstitutesthefoundationofthescienceoflaw,bywhichthe
generalcharacteristicsandregularpatternsofdifferentdivisionsoflaware
examinedandimportantlytheuniversalprinciplesareoutlined.Meanwhile,
jurisprudenceshouldcontainthemethodologyofthescienceoflaw.Therefore,
thoughjurisprudencedealswithavarietyofissues,theunifyingelementinallthese
aspectsofthestudyisthatineverycasethemainquestionthatisbeinginvestigated
andtowhichananswerisbeingsoughtis,briefly,whatislaw?Essentially,
jurisprudencedealswiththequestionsliketheincidence,development,and
consequenceoflaw.So,generalquestionstobeansweredhavetodowithsuch
mattersasfollowing:
1)Theorigin,sourcesanddevelopmentoflawgenerallyand/orinspecific
societies;
2)Themeaningofspecificlegalconceptsandtheconstructionofvariouslegal
structuresandprocesses;
3)Thefunctionsandvaluesoflaw;and
4)Theoperationofthelawandthelinkbetweenlawandothersocialphenomena
suchaspolitics,economics,cultureandmorality.
1.3TheNatureofJurisprudence:Whatquestionsdoesjurisprudenceanswer?
Jurisprudence
一PhilosophyofLaw
WhatisLaw?
\
/\
AnalyticalNormative分析式;规范
—Whatthelawis—Whatthelawshouldbe式
Theword'jurisprudence'isderivedfromtwoLatinwords,juris-meaning'of
law'andprudens-meaning'skilled'.Thetermhasbeenusedvariouslyatdifferent
times,rangingfromitsusetodescribemereknowledgeofthelaw,toitsmore
specificdefinitionasadescriptionofthescientificinvestigationoffundamental
legalphenomena.
Astrictdefinitionofjurisprudenceisdifficulttoarticulate.Themainproblem
withjurisprudenceisthatitsscopeofinquiryrangesovermanydifferentsubjects
andtouchesonmanyotherdisciplines,suchaseconomics,politics,sociologyand
psychology.
Asasubject,jurisprudencemaybesaidtoinvolvethestudyofawiderangeof
socialphenomena,withthespecificaimofunderstandingthenature,placeandrole
oflawwithinsociety.Themainquestionwhichjurisprudenceseekstoanswerisof
ageneralnatureandmaybephrasedsimplyas:Whatisthenatureoflaw?This法的本质
questioncanbeseenasbeingactuallytwoquestionsinone,thatis:Whatisthe
law?Andwhatconstitutesgoodlaw?
Answerstothesetwoquestionsconstitutetwomajordivisionsinjurisprudential
inquiry.Theseareanalyticaljurisprudenceandnormativejurisprudence.
ThesetwodivisionswerefirstclearlyspecifiedbyJohnAustininhistextThe法理学范畴
ProvinceofJurisprudenceDetermined(1832).Otherdivisionsandsubdivisions
havebeenidentifiedandarguedforasthefieldofjurisprudenceorlegalphilosophy
hasexpanded.
InthecivillawtraditionofEuropeitmeansthecollectivityofdecisionsa
particularcourt.Inthecommonlawtraditionitmeanslegalphilosophyaboutwhich
weaskwhatislaw,howlawistobedefined,whatareitsessentialaspects,andthe
like.
1.4SomeDistinctionsinJurisprudence
Theworkofjuristscanbedividedintovariousdistinctiveareas,depending
mainlyonthespecificsubjectmatterwithwhichthestudydeals.Whatfollowsare
someofthemoreimportantdivisionsandsubdivisions,althoughitisimportantto
rememberthatthereareothers.
1)BasicDivisions
Analyticaljurisprudence
Involvesthescientificanalysisoflegalstructuresandconceptsandthe
empiricalexerciseinvolvedindiscoveringandelucidatingthebasicelements经验主义的
constitutinglawinspecificlegalsystems.Thequestiontobeansweredis:whatis
thelaw?
Normativejurisprudence
Referstotheevaluationoflegalrulesandlegalstructuresonthebasisofsome
standardofperfectionandthespecificationofcriteriaforwhatconstitutes'good'
law.Thisinvolvesquestionsofwhatthelawoughttobe.
2)Subdivisions一般法理学
Generaljurisprudence
Referstoanabstractedstudyofthelegalrulestobefoundgenerallyinthemore
developedlegalsystems.专门法理学
Particularjurisprudence
Thespecificanalysisofthestructuresandotherelementsofasinglelegal
system.历史法理学
Historicaljurisprudence
Astudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentandgrowthoflegalsystemsandthe
changesinvolvedinthegrowth.批判法理学
Criticaljurisprudence
Studiesintendedtoprovideanestimationoftherealvalueofexistinglegal
systemswithaviewtoprovidingproposalsfornecessarychangestosuchsystems.社会法学
Sociologicaljurisprudence
Seekstoclarifythelinkbetweenlawandothersocialphenomenaandto
determinetheextenttowhichitscreationandoperationareinfluencedandaffected
bysocialinterests.经济法学
Economicjurisprudence
Investigatestheeffectsonthecreationandapplicationofthelawofvarious
economicphenomena.
1.5SomeImportantSchoolsofJurisprudence
Apartfromdifferenttypesofjurisprudence,differentschoolsofjurisprudence
exist.
Thereistheclassicdebateovertheappropriatesourcesoflawbetween实证主义者
positivistandnaturallawschoolsofthought.Generally,Positivistsarguethatthere
isnoconnectionbetweenlawandmoralityandtheonlysourcesoflawarerules实体
thathavebeenexpresslyenactedbyagovernmentalentityorcourtof自然主义者
law.Naturalists,orproponentsofnaturallaw,insistthattherulesenactedby
governmentarenottheonlysourcesoflaw.Theyarguethatmoralphilosophy,
religion,humanreasonandindividualconsciencearealsointegratingpartsofthe
law.自然法
ANaturallaw
Theoldestandoneofthemostsignificantschoolsofjurisprudenceisthenatural
lawschool,whichholdsthatgovernmentandthelegalsystemshouldreflect
universalmoralandethicalprinciplesthatareinherentinhumannature.
TheconceptofnaturallawtracesitsancientGreece.TheGreekphilosopher
Aristotle(384-322BC)madethedistinctionbetweennaturallawandcommonlaw普通法
(orcalledpositivelaw,writtenlaw).Accordingtohim,naturallaw^everywherehas实在法,成文
thesameforceanddoesnotexistbypeople'sthinkingorthat."Therefore,natural法
lawismoralprinciplesthatareuniversalinhumansocieties.Conventionallaws,on
theotherhand,reflectthevaluesandmoralsthatareacceptedbyaparticular
societyataparticulartime.
St.ThomasAquinas(AD1225-1274),amedievaltheologian,triedtoreconcile
Aristotle'sphilosophyofnaturallawwithChristianity.Accordingtohim,thereare
fourtypesoflaw.(1)EternallawisGod'splanfortheuniverse.(2)Naturallawis
madeupofthoseaspectsofeternallawthatareaccessibletohumansthrough
reason.(3)DivinelawisGod'sdirectrevelationtohumankindthroughthe
Scriptures.(4)Humanlawsarespecificrulescreatedbymenandwomenaddress
particularproblemsorcircumstances.
Atthebasisofnaturallawistheconceptthatallpersonshavenaturalrights.
JohnLocke,animportantEnglishpoliticalphilosopher,arguedin1689thatnoone
wasbomwithanobligationtoobeyrulers.Heclaimedthatallindividualswere
bornfree,equal,andindependent,andthattheyhadanaturalrighttolife,liberty,
andproperty.Thepurposeofgovernmentwastosecurethoserights.
InourowntimeLonFullerhasattemptedtoapplynatural-lawprinciplestoan
analysisofthelegalsystem.InTheMoralityofLaw(1964),Fullerexaminedour
legalsystemtounderstandits"internalmorality:'Insodoing,helaidoutcertain内在的道德
requirementsoraninternallymorallegalsystem:(1)Thelegalsystemshould
comprisereasonablycleargeneralrulesthatareknowntoallcitizensinadvance.
(2)Theserulesshouldnotberetroactive-thatis,theyshouldnotbeappliedto
situationsthatoccurredbeforethoseruleswereestablished.(3)Lawsshouldnotbe
contradictoryorrequiretheimpossible.(4)Lawsshouldremainovertimeand
shouldbeadministeredinaconsistentmanner.Apartthedifferencebetween
Fuller'sformulationofnaturallawandthatofAristotle,heattemptstoidentify
certainunchangedablemoralprinciplesthatshouldformthefoundationofevery
legalsystem.
Inessence,thenaturallawtraditionpresupposesthatthelegitimacyof合法性
conventionalorpositivelawderivesfromnaturallaw.Wheneveritconflictswith
naturallaw,conventionallawloseslegitimacyandthenshouldbechanged.
LaoZi(b.604B.C.)maintainsthatthesystemoflawmostconduciveto
welfareisonethatgivesafullplaytotheinarticulatedictatesofnature.Itiswithin
theboundsofnaturaljusticethattherulermustenforcehislaws.Justiceandreason
aretheonlylegitimatejudgesandexecutioners.Whentherulerreplacesjusticeand
reasonbyhiscaprice,heusurpsthefunctionofthelawofnature.Thereby,he
condemnshimself.
Confucius(551B.C.-478B.C.)holdsthatifarulerdirectspeopletothepractice
ofvirtueandregulatesthemtothatpracticethroughthemediumofmoral
discipline,theywillnaturallyhaveastrongsenseofpersonalhonorandwillbe
orderlyintheirconduct.However,iftheruleremphasizeslawsandresortsto
punishmentfortheirviolation,thepeoplewilltryonlytolivetotheminimum
requirementoflawandwillbedestituteofasenseofpersonalhonor.Therefore,the
mostimportantfunctionofa“judge“istoseethatunderhisjurisdictionthereareno
occasionsforgoingtolaw.Inordertoqualifyforapublicoffice,amanshould
knowhowtoavoidthefourvicesoftyranny,violence,oppression,andmechanical
administrationoflaw.
>PositiveLaw实证法
Incontrasttonaturallawschool,thepositivistschoolmaintainsthatthereareno
“natural“rights;rightscomeintoexistenceonlywhenthereisasovereignpower
(government)toconferandenforcethoserights.
Attheotherendofthespectrumisthepositivistschoolorpositivism
(formalisticoranalyticaljurisprudence).Thosewhoadheretothisschoolbelieve
thattherecanbenohigherlawthananation'spositivelaw-lawcreatedbya
particularsocietyataparticularpointintime.
TheEnglishphilosopherThomasHobbes(1588-1679)isviewedbymanyas
thefounderofthepositivistapproachtolaw.Hobbesbelievedthatintheoriginal
stateofnature,humanswerenobetterthanmonkeyskillingeachothertogetatthe
fewbananasonthebananatree,andheconcludedthatsovereignpowerwas
necessaryforstabilityandpeace-----infact,forsurvival.Individualsdonothave
any“natural“rights;rather,theypossessonlythoserightsacquiredasaresultof
enforceablelaw.Whetheraparticularlawcanbediscussed,andlawscanbe
changedinanorderlymannerthroughlegitimatelawmakingprocess.Butaslongas
alawexists,itmustbeobeyed.
JohnAustin(1790-1859),oneofthemostimportantthinkersinthetraditionof
legalpositivism,didagreethatmoralityshouldplaysomeroleinshapingthelaw.
ButAustin,likeotherpositivists,believedthatmoraltheoryhasnoroleindefining
whatlawactuallyis,Abadlawisasmuchalawasagoodone:^^Theexistenceof
lawisonething,“hewrote,44itsmeritordemeritisanother7*
ToAustin,thedifferencebetweenalawandanopinionliesinthefactthatalaw
mustbeobeyedonpainofpunishment:Alawisthusa“command”issuedbya
“sovereign."Acommand,accordingtoAustin,hastwocomponents.Thefirstisthe
expressionofadesirethatsomepeopledoornotdosomething;theotherisathreat
orimpliedthreatagainstanyonewhodoesnotcomplywiththatdesire.
ShangYang(?-338B.C.),HanFeizi(280B.C.-223B.C.)
TheChinesepoliticsofthefourthandthirdcenturiesB.C.weremarkedbythe
tendencyforconsolidationofpowerthroughabsorptionofsmallstatesbylarger
ones,eliminationoftheauthorityofthenoblesovertheirpeasants,administration
ofjusticedirectlybytheofficialsofthecentralgovernment,andcentralizedtax
collection.Legalismgrewformsuchpoliticalethos.
ThecontentionbetweentheConfucianismandtheLegalismfocusedonthescopeof
officialjudgmentasagainstfixedandimpersonallaws.TheConfucianscontended
thatlawsmustbeenforcedbymen.Iftherulerandhisofficialswereupright,a
permanentbodyoflawswouldbeunnecessary.Thelegalistscontendedthata
uniformsetofstandardsoughttoapplytotheentirepopulation.Lawoughtnotto
besubjecttothediscretionofmagistrates.Furthermore,theyconceivedoflawas
self-operativeinthesensethattherulerpublisheshisdecreesandafixedpenaltyis
imposedforeachoffense,withoutanyexceptionsforrankorextenuating
circumstances.
Shanglangspeaksofthesupremacyoflawandmaintainsthatacountryis
governedthrough_threeinstrumentalities,namely,(a)laws,(b)thecertaintythatthe
lawswillbeenforced,and(c)thepowertocarrythelawsineffect.
HanFeiZiregardshumannatureasfundamentallyevil.Butunlikehisteacher,
XunZi,hedoesnotbelievethateducationandculturearecapableofredeemingof
it.HedisputestheConfucianargumentthatgovernmentministersshouldbe
selectedonthebasisoftheiruprightcharacter.Hebelievesthatallofficialsare
potentiallydishonestsothateachshouldbemadetoactasacheckupontheothers.
Themassesareignorantandincapableofseeingbeyondtheirownimmediate
interests.Thegovernmentshoulddirectitselftothem.Therefore,heconcludes,a
strictsetoflawsandpenalties,impartiallyenforced,isindispensabletopublic
order.Helikensthesovereigntothehelmsmanofaship.Anintelligentruler
governswiththeIwohandlesofrewardandpunishment.Oncelawshavebeen
established,everyoneshouldobeythem.Inthestateoftheintelligentruler,onlythe
lawsserveasteachings.Therearenootherbooksandrecordsfitforsuchteachings.
This,incidentally,ledthefirstemperoroftheQinEnpiretoburnthebooks,
especiallytheConfucianisttexts.
>SociologicalJurisprudence
Legaltheorysuggestingthatthelawanditsjudicialinterpretationsshould
considerthefindingsofsociology.Sociologicaljurisprudencesuggeststhatboththe
lawandjudicialinterpretationsofitshouldtakeintoaccountthefindingsof
sociology.
>LegalRealism法现实主义
Aschooloflegalthoughtofthe1920sand1930sthatchallengedmanyexisting
jurisprudentialassumptions,particularlytheassumptionthatsubjectiveelements
playednopartinjudicialreasoning.
Thelegalrealistsgenerallyadvocatedalessabstractandmorerealisticapproach
tothelaw,anapproachthatwouldtakeintoaccountcustomarypracticesandthe
circumstancesinwhichconductstakeplace.Thatistosay,eachcaseisattendedby
auniquesetofcircumstances.
Summary
连续体
Therearenobrightlinesbetweendifferentschoolsofjurisprudence.Thelegal
philosophyofaparticularlegalscholarmayconsistofacombinationofstrains
frommanyschoolsoflegalthought.Somescholarsthinkthatitismoreappropriate
tothinkaboutjurisprudenceasacontinuum.Theabovementionedschoolsoflegal
法的本体
thoughtsareonlypartofadiversejurisprudentialpicture.Otherprominentschools
oflegalthoughtexist.
法的定义
2.TheOntologyofLaw-DefinitionandClassificationofLaw
2.1DefinitionofLaw
本体
>Plato(B.C427—B.C.347Greece):Lawisaformofsocialcontrol,(functional
perspective—lawissocialcontrol)
>Aristotle(B.C384—B.C.332Greece):Seeinglawasaruleofconduct.
(noumenonperspective—lawisrule)
>MarcusTulliusCicero(B.C.106一B.C.43AncientRome):Lawisthe
agreementofreasonandnature,thedistinctionbetweenthejustandtheunjust,
(originperspective—lawisreason)
>SirWilliamBlackstone(1723—1780TheBritishJurist):Describinglawas“a
ruleofcivilconductprescribedbythesupremepowerinastate,commanding
whatisright,andprohibitingwhatiswrong.”(noumenonperspective—lawis
command)
>OliverWendellHolmes(1841—1935AmericanJurist):Contendingthatlaw
isasetofrulesthatallowedonetopredicthowcourtwillresolveaparticular判决
dispute:"Thepropheciesofwhatthecourtswilldoinfact,andnothingmore
pretentious,arewhatImeanbylaw.”(noumenonperspective—lawis
judgement)
ARoscoePound(1870—1964AmericanJurist):44SometwentyyearsagoI
pointedtwoideasrunningthroughdefinitionsoflaw:oneanimperativeidea,
anideaofarulelaiddownbythelawmakingorganofapoliticallyorganized
society,derivingitsforceformtheauthorityofthesovereign;andtheothera
rationalorethicalidea,anideaofaruleofrightandjusticederivingits
authorityformitsintrinsicreasonablenessorconformitytoidealsofrightand
merelyrecognized,notmade,bythesovereign.^^(functionalperspective-law
issocialcontrol)
>RichardPosner:"Itwillhelptodistinguishthreesensesoftheword'law.'
Thefirstislawasadistinctivesocialinstitution;thatisthesenseinvoked
whenweaskedwhetherprimitiveisreallylaw.Thesecondislawasa
collectionofsetsofpropositions—thesetswerefertoasantitrustlaw,thelaw
oftorts,theStatutesofFrauds,andsoon.Thethirdislawasasourceofrights,
duties,andpowers,asinthesentence'Thelawforbidsthemurderingheirto
inherit.'"
>SocialistView:Lawisasystemofrulesonhumanconduct,madeandratified
bycountry,implementedthroughforceofbodypolitic.Rightsandobligations
serveasregulatingmechanism,conductandrelationofwhichregulating
object.Whatlawreflectsgoestothewillofclassofreign(inthesocietyof
classantagonism)ordumbmillions(insocialist).Thepurposeoflawisto
ratify,protectanddevelopsocialrelationshipandvaluepresumeduponthe法的分类
rulingclassortheruled.
2.2ClassificationofLaw法系
Basedondifferentstandards,therearedifferenttypesoflaw.Here,weintroduce
twoissues.First,severalimportantworldlegalsystemsaretobecomparedbased
ontheirrespectivesharedheritage.Second,thedefinitionsofsomebasicdivisions
oflawaretobegivenbasedontheclassicalapproachoflaw'sclassification.
罗马日尔曼
民法法系
2.2.1WorldLegalSystems
IntheWorld,therearefourlegalsystemsorlegalfamilieseachofwhichshares
adistinctivetradition.Namely,theyareRomano-GermanicCivilLaw,
Anglo-AmericanCommonLaw,IslamicLaw,andSocialistLaw(Chineselawwill
beintroducedinotherchapters).Theycanbedividedintosubfamilies.Thereare
alsohybrids.Further,therearesomepracticesthatareuniquetoaparticular
country.
ATheRomano-GermanicCivilLawSystem
a.Oldestandmostinfluentialofthelegalfamilies.
b.Sourcesinclude:
1)CorpusJurisCivilis(uTheBodyofCivilLaw")ofRoman
EmperorJustiniancompletedaround534AD.
3)Canonlaw:ThechurchlawofthemedievalRomanCatholic
church.
4)Juscommune:("TheCommonLaw")oflatemedievalEuropethat
wasusedintowns,fairs,andmarkets.
5)Renaissancephilosophies:
a)FrenchHumanists.
b)DutchNaturalists.
6)Seventeenthcenturynationalism:Ledtothewritingofnational
legalcodesinEurope.
c.Mostinfluentialnationalcodes:
1)FrenchCivilCode(CodeNapoleon)of1804.
a)Firstmoderncode.
b)UnderlyingprinciplestakenfromtheFrenchRevolution:
1]Therighttopossessprivateproperty.
2]Thefreedomtocontract.
3]Theautonomyofthepatriarchalfamily.
c)Organizedstructurallyinmuchthesamefashionasthe
JustinianCode.
1]Manyofitsprovisionsweretakenfrom:
a]Juscommune.
b]Frenchroyalordinances.
c]Academicwritings.
d]Customarylaw.
d)DifferencesfromtheGermanCode:法典学家
1]Writteninashortperiodoftime.
21Itsstyleandformareonethatisstraightforward,easyto
read,andunderstandabletoeveryone.
e)DifferencesfromtheEnglishcommonlaw:Itcontainsflexible
generalrulesratherthandetailedprovisions.
2)GermanCivilCodeof1896.
a)Reasonitwasnotenacteduntil1896:
1]Germanyfirsthadtobecomeanation.
2]Scholarsknownas(iPandectistsf,spentyearsdoing
preliminarystudiesanddraftingthecode.
b)CharacteristicsoftheGermanCode:
1]Incrediblypreciseandtechnical.
b]Specialterminologyisused.
c)DifferencesfromtheFrenchCode:Itismeantexclusivelyfor
theuseoftrainedexperts(notlayreaders).
d)CountrieswithCivilLawsystemsdistinguishbetweenthe
civillawandpublicLaw.
1]Publiclawevolvedseparatelyfromthemovementfor
codificationofcivilorprivatelaw.
a]Civillaw(forcivilianlawyers)isonlythelaw
containedinthecodesanditsauxiliarystatutes(that
is,thelawofpersons,familylaw,propertylaw,
successionlaw,thelawofobligations,commercial
law,laborlaw,andcriminallaw).
b]Publiclawisconstitutionalandadministrativelaw.
2]Publiclawistreatedinavarietyofwaysinthecivillaw
countries.
a]Many
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