中英文化对比

英汉文化比照

ChineseCulture

VS

EnglishCulture

Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?

你能看见我眼中的绿色吗？〔F〕你以为我幼稚可欺吗？〔T〕英语——印欧语系，拼音文字

1500多年历史，词汇45万条汉语——汉藏语系，表意文字6000多年历史，《辞海》共105400余条词类比照英汉两种语言的词类划分大致相同，但在使用数量、频率以及语法功能等方面存在一定差异。英语没有量词、语气词。汉语没有冠词。什么是文化？《辞海》：人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。美国1974年出版的TheNewWordEncyclopedia给的定义：文化指人类精神文明或精神成果的总和，包括艺术、传统、习惯、社会风俗、道德伦理、法的观念和社会关系等。词义比照由于历史、地理、经济、文化、政治及习俗等各方面的差异，英汉两种语言反映客观事物的角度、方法及联想同样存在差异，因此词汇的含义也有所不同，包括：1．词汇意义范围不同汉语有些词汇的语义范围较英语中相近词汇宽，如：牛cow,bull,ox笑smile,laugh,giggle,chuckle拿fetch,take,bring听listen,hear同样，英语中有些词汇的语义范围较汉语宽，如：wear穿，戴cousin堂〔表〕兄、弟、姐、妹gun枪，炮river河、江2．表达视角不同虽然同一思维内容可用不同语言表示，但在表层表现方式上，不同语言各不相同。例如：Closethedoorbehindyou——随手关门前者着眼于人所处的位置，后者那么着眼于手；Chairdays——暮年前者以老年人总是坐着作为观察角度；后者以天色早晚来比喻；Lieonone’sback/stomach.——仰卧、俯卧前者以身体的前后为准，后者以脸的方向为准；answerthephone——听emergencyexit——太平门afiveprecentdiscount——九五折goodseats——好票fool’sparadise——黄粱美梦studentdriver——教练车astandingclock——座钟self-sevicebook-stand——无人售书处pagingservice——播送处

3．词的隐含意义不同龙——dragon狗——dog梅兰竹菊——plumblossom,orchid,bamboo,chrysanthemum荷花——lotusflower宣传——propoganda一块肥肉——apieceoffatmeat个人主义——individualism

4．词序不同汉英词汇排列不同完全是由语感决定，只能以约定俗成来解释，例如：backandforth——来来回回you,heandI——我、你、他landandwater——水陆fleshandblood——血肉backandforth——前后rightandleft——左右oldandnew——新旧richandpoor——贫富trackandfield——田径soonerorlater——迟早oneandthesame——同一的rainorshine——不管晴雨north,south,eastandwest——东西南北food,clothing,shelterandtransportation——衣食住行menandwomen,youngandold——男女老少hotandcoldwater——冷热水ironandsteelworks——钢铁厂

IReligion

IIHistory

IIIEnvironment

IVSocietywhattocompare?IReligion宗教中——佛教、道教借花献佛临时抱佛脚魔高一尺道高一丈一人得道鸡犬升天英——基督教Aspoorasachurchmouse穷如教堂之鼠〔一贫如洗〕Thedevillurksbehindthecross魔鬼潜伏在十字架背后〔道貌岸然，口蜜腹剑〕Talkofanangelandyouwillhearhiswings说到安琪儿你会听到他拍动翅膀的声音〔说曹操曹操到〕(2)History历史典故中：东施效颦：blindimitation名落孙山：failinanexaminationorcompetition英——多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马文化APandora’sboxAchilles’sheel〔唯一的致命弱点〕Meetone’sWaterloo〔一败涂地〕Penelope’sweb〔永远完不成的工作〕AsoldasMethuselah〔非常老，玛士撒拉——非常高寿的人〕AsrichasaJew〔非常富有〕AswiseasSolomon〔非常聪明〕(3)Environment生存环境英：——岛国VS中：——大陆Spendmoneylikewater——挥金如土Neitherfishnorfoul——非驴非马Tokeepone’sheadabovewater——奋力图存Allatsea——不知所措Torestonone’soars——暂时歇一歇Assilentasafish——噤假设寒蝉(4)Society社会习俗

俚语人名食物颜色Don’ttakethewordtooliterally!切忌望文生义哟！颜色GreenhandE.g.:Wearegreenhands,sowemustlearnfromtheoldworkers.GreenfingersE.g.:Ican‘ttelladahliafromadaffodil,butmywifehasverygreenfingers.

GreeneyedmonsterE.g.:WhenJack'sbrothergotthenewbicycle,thegreen-eyedmonstermadeJackfightwithhim

blackInblackandwhite以书面形式Blacksmith铁匠black

tie正式社交场合black

coffee清咖啡black

tea红茶BlacksheepBlueOnceinabluemoonE.g.:Thisisachanceonceinabluemoon

BlueBlood

E.g.:Theprinceofthecountrywillnotmarryanygirlwhohasnoblueblood.OutoftheblueE.g.:Therearesomanythingsoutoftheblueinourlife食物BeansPotatoescakesBeansfullofbeans

energeticdonotamounttoahillofbeans

oflittleimportanceyoudon'tknowbeans

donotknowanythingatallaboutsth.spillthebeans

tellsomethingthatwassupposedtobeasecretPotatoessmallpotatoes

notimportanthotpotato

aproblemorissuethatnoonewantstodealwithcouchpotato

sitandwatchtelevisionalldayandgetlittleornophysicalexerciseBreadthebestthingsinceslicedbread

newandimprovedbreadwinnerthepersonwhomakesthemostmoneyinafamilybreadandbutterissues

thosethataremostimportanttoAmericansandaffectthemdirectly–likejobsandhealthcare.

人名NotJustaName!JACKAsaPrefix

Jack-Jackboot〔过膝的军用〕长筒靴；铁靴政策JackbootedUnderthejackbootJackfruit菠萝蜜

Male;boy’s,man’s;oftenhasbadmeaning.Jackadandy花花公子

PhrasesEverymanJackJackaroundJackof/onbothsidesJackupJackandJillpartyJackandJill[Everyone]e.g.Theywantapayincrease,everymanJackofthem.[wastetimeandfoolaround][墙头草，两面派][提高;使生动活泼]e.g.~thepriceofoile.g.Theeditorhasjackeduptheirsportspages.[婚前聚会]俚语Crow’sfeetShehadamazeof

crow’s

feet

whenshesmiled.当她微笑时眼角布满了鱼尾纹。Hefoundhimselflookingblanklyintheglassatthecrow’sfeetroundhiseyes,andatsomestreaksofwhiteinhishair.他发现，他常常对着镜子，茫然假设失地打量眼角的皱纹和头上的几根白发。eleventhhourEleveno’clock?ThelastmomentShewasasked，attheeleventhhour，tostepinanddirecttheplay.Thewar,whichseemedcertain,waspreventedattheeleventhhour.——astoryintheBible,Matthew(马太福音)

Arichmanwantedsomeworkerstodosomeworkinhisgarden.Thefirstonecameat5o’clockinthemorningwhilethelastonecameat11o’clockatnight.However,alltheworkerswhocamebefore12o’clockcouldgetonesilvercoin.Sothosewhocameearlyinthemorningfeltunfairbecausetheirearlyarrivalisnobetterthanatimelyone.Bankholiday银行日？公众假期，节假日；Mostpeoplewouldfavora

bank

holiday

orspecialChinesefestivalfortheirrelativesandfriendstoattendthewedding.大局部人会挑选节假日或某个中国的传统节日为的是亲戚朋友们能来参加婚礼。Theshopsareclosedtomorrowbecauseitisa

bank

holiday.明天是法定假日,商店停止营业。ORIGIN：Britainisanestablishedcapitalistcountry(老牌资本主义国家〕.DeadpresidentGeorgeWashington?TheodoreRoosevelt?Herbert

Hoover?Franklin

Roosevelt?John

Kennedy?Greenback(anyparvalue)dollar~~Mostparvaluesofgreenbackshavephotosofdeadpresidents.Apairofbluestocking?Iknowablue

stocking

whospendsmostofherleisuretimereadingnovelsandattendingplays.我认识一位有文学教养的人；她一有时间就看小说和戏剧。Mrs.Blueisablue

stocking;shelikestoshowoffherknowledgeofmodernart,andnevermissesanartshow.布鲁太太是位文学修养很高的人，常要夸示她对现代艺术的知识，并且有展览会就一定去参观。Bluestocking

Atalentedwomanwhohasgainedmasteryinoneormoredisciplines.n.女学者，女才子Handwritingonthewall——AstoryinDaniel,OldTest