高考英语语法句子类型及句子成分基础知识点

高考英语语法基础句子种类分类一.句子种类（按照用途分类）1.陈述句2.祈使句3.感叹句4.疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句。）具体知识：1.陈述句陈述句(DeclarativeSentence)是陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法。它包括肯定句（TheAffirmativeSentence）和否定句(TheNegativeSentence)两种。陈述句在书写时句末用句号，在朗读时用降调。陈述句的五种基本句型：(1)主语+连系动词+表语(2)主语+谓语(不及物动词)(3)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(4)主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语(5)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonesty.2.祈使句祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般没有主语，但根据其句意，实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时，在祈使句前或句末可加上please，以使句子的语气更加缓和或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。Keepoffthegrass!勿踩踏草地！Alwayskeepinmindthatyourmaintaskistogetthiscompanyrunningsmoothly.3.感叹句感叹句的基本构成形式1）．What(＋a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！2）．How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！3）．How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！Youcan'timaginehowcrucialarolethepigeonsplayedinthebattlefields.你无法想象在过去的战场山鸽子发挥了多么重要的作用。Whatgreatfunitistogofishingonweekends.4.疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句。）二、句子种类（按照结构分类）1.简单句（简单句的五种基本句型）2．并列句一个句子由并列连词连接的两个分句构成：1）.表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有but,yet等。2）.表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有for,so等。注意：for表示原因，通常不能放于句首，也不能单独使用。Wemuststartearly,foritwilltaketwohourstodrivetotheairport.我们得早点动身，因为开车去机场得花两个小时。3）.表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有and,or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…but(also)…,both…and…,aswellas等。Becarefulaboutwhatyousayoryoumayregretit.当心你讲的话，否则你会后悔的。Hurryup,orwewillbelate.快点，不然我们会迟到的。Findwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften,andyou'llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。3.复合句（含有一个主句和一个或者几个从句的句子）复合句包括定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句。4.并列复合句（仅仅了解即可）（含有复合句和并列句）Theadvertisementsaidthatthecoatwasonsalefor$20,butitwasactually$30.高考英语语法基础句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语和补足语等。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分；表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分。主语：主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者，常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。Subjectisthetopicorthemeofthesentence,whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout.1）名词：Thestudentsarelearninggrammar.Ourteacherspeaksveryfast.2）代词：Sheiswriting.Helikesplayingtennis.3）数词：Fiveisanoddnumber.Sixismyfavouritenumber.4）不定式：TolearnEnglishwellisimportant.Itisnoteasytorememberallrules.5）动名词：Swimmingisinteresting.Learninggrammarwellisdifficult.6）主语从句：WhatIsaidistrue.Whatwecan'tgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehave.谓语：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。Predicatesayssomethingaboutthesubjectandbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader.1）简单谓语动词：Heboughtadictionaryyesterday.动词短语：Heislookingforhispen.2）复合谓语系动词+表语：Wearestudents.情态动词+不定式：Imaybewrong.动词+不定式：Wehavetodosomethingforthem.表语：表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。充作表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。Predicativeexpressesthestatus,characteristicsorthequalityofthesubject.1）名词：Heisadoctor.Mr.Scottisafarmer.2）代词：Itisme.That'ssomethingwehavealwaystokeepinmind.3）数词：Myluckynumberisnine.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.4）形容词：Theclassroomisbig.Hishairhasgonewhite.5）副词：Iamhere.6）介词：Weareintheclassroom.7）动名词：Myjobisteachingthemgrammar.=Teachingthemgrammarismyjob.8）分词：Thefilmisexciting.Timeispressing.Let'shurryup.9）不定式短语：Myjobistoteachthemgrammar.AllIcandoistosendheratelegram.10）表语从句：Helooksasifheweregoingtocry.Thesuggestionisthatweshouldrecitemorewords.注意：名词：身份、性质、内容。形容词：特点、特征。宾语：宾语为动作的承受者。Objectrepresentsthepersonorthethingthatsomethingisdonetoorthepersonwhoisconcernedintheresultofanaction.1）名词：Heisdrinkingwater.I'veboughtanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2）代词：Theteacheristalkingtoher.Theydidn'tpromisehimanything.3）数词：Ilikesix.Iwantthefirst.4）动名词：HelikeswatchingTV.Ienjoyedworkingwithyou.5）不定式：Iwanttobuyabook.Myfatherlikestoswiminwinter.6）宾语从句：Heaskedifhemightgothere.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?注意：英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。1）单宾语：Icanhardlyheartheradio.Wouldyoupleaseturnitup?Pleasestopmakingnoise.DoyouunderstandwhatImean?2）双宾语：双宾语指动词后面接指人和指物的两个宾语。（指人的宾语叫间接宾语；指物的宾语叫直接宾语）其结构为：主语+及物动词（短语）+sb.+sth.Pleasetellmehowtheaccidentcameabout.（me为间接宾语，how从句为直接宾语）Theteacheraskedmeaquestion.（me为间接宾语，aquestion为直接宾语）当直接宾语与间接宾语位置调换时，须在间接宾语前加介词to/for等。Wouldyouliketodomeafavor?=Wouldyouliketodoafavorforme?3）复合宾语：“宾语+宾语补足语”构成了复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系。Weallfindhimaniceboy.（him为宾语，aniceboy为宾语补足语）Isawastrangerwavingtome.（astranger为宾语，wavingtome为宾语补足语）4）同源宾语：同源宾语指由名词担任的能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾语，前面常有修饰语。laughagoodlaugh大笑smileagentlesmile微微一笑liveahappylife过着幸福生活dieagloriousdeath死得光荣dreamabeautifuldream作美梦singasweetsong唱了一首甜美的歌blowaheavyblow沉重地一击同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。Appositiveisthefurtherinformationafteranounorapronounreferringto"who"or"what".1）名词：ZhangSir,ourgrammarteacherishumorous.ThisisMr.Zhou,directorofourhospital.2）代词：Hehimselfdidit.3）数词：Theyear,1988isimportant.Wetwowillgoshoppingthisafternoon.4）动名词：Mytask,lookingafterthesechildrenisimportant.5）不定式：Myjob,toteachthemgrammarishard.6）同位语从句：Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.Thesuggestionthatweshouldrecitemorewordsisuseful.定语：定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。Attributiveisusedtomodifyanounorapronoun.前置定语：1）名词：IwantanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Hehasboughtagrammarbook.2）代词：Thisismybag.Nodifficultywhatevercanstopouradvance.3）数词：Therearetwopolicemaninthestreet.Pleasereadthefirstparagraph.4）冠词：Thisisadesk.5）形容词：Ilikeredapples.Hegavemeavividdescriptionofthebattle.6）动名词：Thisisasleepingcar.Theswimmingpooliswonderful.后置定语：7）副词：Thestudentsherearegood.Thebuildingsaroundareofmodernconstruction.8）介词：Thestudentsintheclassroomaregood.Thebookonthedeskismine.9）不定式：Ihaveanappletoeat.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.注意：当句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者时，不定式用主动形式表被动。10）定语从句：Thestudentswhoareintheclassroomaregood.heboywhowenttothelibraryisourmonitor.注意：是作前置定语还是后置定语取决于自身的长度。11）分词：现在分词：Thisisasleepingboy.Thesleepingboyismybrother.Therearesomeboysplayingoutside.过去分词：Thisisabrokenglass.Sheistakingcareofthenewly-bornchild.Wemustsolvetheproblemsleftbyhistory.注意：动名词作定语，表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。Thisisasleepingcar.=Thisisacarusedforsleeping.分词作定语，表示所修饰名词的动作或状态。Ilikethechildrenplayingontheground.Thisisaglassbrokenbythatkid.状语：状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。Adverbialisusuallyusedtomodifyaverb,anadjective,anadverborasentence.英语中有十大状语：1）时间状语：HeistoflytoLondontomorrow.2）地点状语：ThemeetingwasheldinHarbin.3）方式状语：Theworkerstherearepaidbytheweek,notbythemonth.4）比较状语：Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker.5）程度状语：Heloveshissonverymuch.6）原因状语：Becauseofthewarmandsunnyweather,orangesgrowverywellhere.7）目的状语：Wedoitinthiswaysoastosavetime.8）结果状语：Hereturnedhometofindhisfatherdead.9）条件状语：Withoutplants,animalscouldnotliveintheworld.10）让步状语：Inspiteofallhisefforts,hefailed.注意：十大状语，九大状语从句。程度状语没有状语从句，由程度副词或现在分词来担任。1）名词：HewillgotoJapantomorrow.2）副词：LiuXiangrunsfast.3）形容词：Hegothome,coldandhungry.Unabletoanswerthequestion,hesaidnothing.4）状语从句：Sincehewasunabletoanswerthequestion,hesaidnothing.Hegotupearlysothathemightcatchthemorningtrain.注意：当状语从句位于主句前面时，必须有“，”后面时，“，”可有可无5）介词：Wearelearninggrammarintheclassroom.6）不定式：TheywenttoBeijingtovisitafamouswriter.Theystudyhardtopasstheexamination.7）分词：Seeingthenotice,heranaway.Seemfromthehill,thevillageisbeautiful.注意：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。Settled,webeganourwork.→Thequestionsettled,webeganourwork.8）独立主格：名词/代词+名词：Hetalkedaboutfriends,allstars.形容词：Hestoodthere,hisfacered.副词：Classover,thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom.介词：Theteachercamein,abookinhishand.不定式短语：Muchworktodo,Idon'tthinkI'llhavetimetocomeandseeyou.分词：Someboysmakingsomuchnoise,Icouldn'tstudy.Thequestionsettled,webeganourwork.补语：补语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。Complementisusedtoformcompletesemanticmeaningofasentence.补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，含有宾语补足语的句子在变为被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。注意：补足语力求句意的完整，根据语意，不能随意拿掉。1）名词：WecallherZhangSir.→SheiscalledZhangSirbyus.形式主语，逻辑上的宾语主动语态的主语变到介词后注：被动语态主宾一体。2）形容词：Thelettermadehimsad.→Hewasmadesadbytheletter.3）介词：Weconsiderherasourfriend.→Sheisconsideredasourfriend.注意：Asourfriend,sheiskind.状语可以随意拿掉4）不定式短语：（受到动词的制约）I'llmadehimcomein.主语补足语（bareinfinitive）→Hewillbemadetocomeinbyme.主语补足语Theteachermadeusrecitethewords.→Weweremadetorecitethewords.5）副词：I'llmadhimin.→Hewillbemadein.