浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响

浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响摘要:在1920-1930年代,世界第一次世界大战之后,美国出现了这样一种社会现象,那就是:在一战爆发前刚刚步入成年的年轻人充满了厌恶战争、悲观和迷茫的情绪。他们成长的年代是资本主义渐渐的没落的年代。因为这个时代的特点,他们的思想是复杂而矛盾的。他们感到迷茫,因此他们被称为“迷惘的一代”。这种现象广泛而深入地从美国蔓延到整个西方社会,它的影响在历史上是十分罕见的。本文将简单研究迷惘的一代的历史背景和产生的原因、其主要特点和它对美国文学及文化的影响。关键词：迷惘的一代；历史渊源；文化价值；影响TheBriefAnalysisoftheLostGenerationandItsInfluenceonAmericanLiteratureandCultureAbstract:Inthe1920s—1930s,aftertheworldwarⅠ,thereappearsasocialphenomenon,thatis:Theyouthswhowerejustbecomingadultswhenthewarbrokeoutwerefeeldisappointedandlost.Whentheyouthweregrowingup,thecapitalismwasdeclining.Becauseofthecharacteristicofthatage,theirideologywasintricateandparadoxical.Theyfeltsolost,andtheywerecalledtheLostGeneration.ThisphenomenonspreadfromtheUnitedStatestothewesternsocietywidelyanddeeply,anditsinfluenceonwesternsocietyisrareinhistory.ThispaperwillbrieflystudythehistoricalbackgroundoftheLostGenerationanditsformingfactorsandmaincharacteristics,andwillfocusontheLostGeneration’sinfluenceonAmericanliteratureandculture.Keywords:lostgeneration;historical

origins;culturalvalue;influenceContentsIntroduction1PartⅠThebackgroundoftheLostGeneration21.1Theintroductionofthelostgeneration21.2Formingfactorsofthelostgeneration21.2.1TheeffectsoftheFirstWorldWar21.2.2Thechangeofpeople’ideas31.2.3TheinfluenceofwesternideasonAmericanyouth4PartⅡMainCharacteristicsoftheLostGeneration52.1Theconfusionaboutwar――againstthewar52.2Theconfusionaboutlife62.3Theconfusionaboutsocialreality7PartⅢTheInfluenceonAmericanLiteratureandCulture93.1Thelostgeneration’sinfluenceonAmericanliterature93.1.1ThematurityofAmericanliterature93.1.2MinimalismandInnovation93.2Thelostgeneration’sinfluenceonAmericanculture103.2.1Multiculturalpromotion103.2.2EffectonAmericanmedia11Conclusion12Bibliography13IntroductionLostgenerationisatermthathasbeenwidelyacceptedinthefieldofliterarystudies，itreferstoyouthandyoungwriterswithdisillusionmentaftertheFirstWorldWar.Theircharacteristicsareweariness,pessimismanddisappointment.Therearemanystudiesaboutthelostgeneration,manyscholarsandcriticsweretalkaboutthelostgenerationwhichisrepresentedbyHemingway.MoststudiesareaccordingliteraturehistorytoanalyzeHemingwayandtheLostGeneration,butthediscussionofdeep-seatedreasonsbehindHemingwayandtheLostGeneration,whichleadstotheformingoftheLostGeneration,theresearchaboutthisaspectisnotmuch.Therefore,thisarticlewillcombinetheliteratureandhistorytoanalyzethelostgeneration.ThispaperanalyzestheLostGenerationthroughthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesandstudiesitsformationfactors,characteristicsandinfluencewiththehelpofwritersandworksoftheLostGeneration.Lastcentury,theUnitedStateswasina‘culturalboiling’period:timeschangeandPeople'sthoughtsconflictedwithtraditionalculture,whichalmostreshapedAmericayouth’sculturalattitudesandbehaviors,andledtotheLostGeneration.Nowadays,Chinaisbuildingasocialistharmonioussocietyatpresent,andithastorelyontheyounggeneration.Todaythereisaproblemthatisafterthereformandopeningup,underthebackgroundofglobalization,Youngpeople’sthoughtsareunderattack.Therearemanynewideas,someofthemaregood,andsomearebad,whichhaveverydeepinfluenceonChineseyouth.Inthisenvironment,teenagersareeasytogetlost.Sohowtoeducateteenagersinideology,toenablethemtodevelopinahealthywayandtoavoidthembecomingthenew‘LostGeneration’aretheissuesthateveryeducatorisfacing.Thispaperwillstudyfromtheangleofhistoryandliterature,accordingtothepreviouslypublishedmonographsandjournalstoresearchhistoricalcausesofthemaincharacteristicsandimpactoftheLostGeneration.Besides,accordingtocurrentsituationoftheChinesesociety,itwillputforwardabittopreventChinese-style‘LostGeneration’.PartⅠThebackgroundoftheLostGeneration1.1TheintroductionofthelostgenerationTheLostGenerationwasthegenerationthatcameofageduringWorldWarI,whichwascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself.BetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars,writersoftheLostGenerationwereabroad,manyofthemwenttoEurope.Self-exiledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarI,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwriterssoughtthebohemianlifestyleandrejectedthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism.AnditscenterwasinParis.PoetGertrudeSteinactuallypointedthe‘LostGeneration’out.ShesaidtoErnestHemingway,“Youareallalostgeneration.”HemingwaytookitastheinscriptioninhisfirstnovelTheSunAlsoRises,andthelostgenerationgraduallybecamethenameof‘melancholictemperament’youthaftertheWordWarⅠ.ThenitbecameatitleofanAmericanmodernismliteraturegenreTheLostGenerationLiterature.Thisliterarygenrehasnoorganizationorprogram,whosethemeislostandhelpless;theLostGenerationhassincebecomethetitleofthosewriterswiththesamecreativetendency:FrancisScottFitzgerald,ErnstHemingway,JohnDosPassosandThomasWolfe,etc.1.2Formingfactorsofthelostgeneration1.2.1TheeffectsoftheFirstWorldWarTheimpactoftheFirstWorldWarontheoutcomeofAmericanisaffordingmuchfoodforthought.TheAlliedUSAsupportedwonthewar,andAmericaalsogotitsowneconomicinterestsfromthewar.ButencouragingAmericanstowar’sloftyideal,suchas‘fightfordemocracyintheworld’,‘takepartinthewartoendthewarforever’sufferedaseriousaserioussetbackafterthewar.ThissetbackembodiedthefailureoftheplanthatUnitedStateswanttoestablishtheinternationalunion.Onthesurfacethisseemstobeafailureinforeignpolicy,butintheeyesofmanyAmericans,itisasymbolthatbehindtheinternationalunionimagination,theconceptofpoliticaldemocracyundertheleadershipoftheAmericafailed.Whatismore,thispoliticalidea’sdisillusionmentproclaimedthatAmericantraditionalPuritanismideasofwhichpeopleholdtheideaastheyperformthesacreddutieswithinthescopeofworldfailed.Infact,itisthisconceptin1917thatputtensofthousandsofyoungAmericansontheawayfromtheUnitedStatestofightinEurope.Sincethiskindofideaiswrong,thenthereasonofwaralsoiswrong.Thatistosay,fiftythousandAmericanyoungmenbleedforalie,theirbloodisinvain.YoungpeoplesacrificedonthebattlefieldinEuropenotonlytheirbody,theiralsosufferedspiritualdisillusionment.LostisthemarkofEuropeanbattlefieldsurvivorswhosufferedalot.Soundersuchmarktheyfindreasonsfortheirvarietyofheresy.TheythoughtthevaluesofPuritanismshouldbeabolished.Andonbehalfofthelostgenerationwereyoungwritersintheforefront.1.2.2Thechangeofpeople’ideasIn20s,youth’sreflectionandcriticismnotonlyforwar,butalsoforthemiddle-classvalues.Thatistosay,theyoung’sdissatisfactionislargelyforculture,whichreflectsthatsocialculturalcontradictionsdeeplyexistedinUSA.TheNortonAnthologyofAmericanLiteraturedescribesthisculturalcontradiction:thetraditionalAmericansbelievedthatoneshouldworkhard,obeystandard,committhemselvesandbehavedecently,theyweretryingtouseSmalltownsofmoralidealthepuritansbelievedinasastandardtoshapeAmericansociety.Theoppositeissomegraduallyclearloudvoices,whichcamefromimmigrants,minorities,youngpeopleandwomen...whoweretryingtocreateanew,morediversifiedwayoflife.AtthetimeoftheAmericansociety,thecoreofsocialandeconomiclifehaschangedfromproductiontoconsumptionafterhalfacenturyofdevelopment.Inordertomakeproductscanbefullyabsorbedbymarket,withmediaandadvertising,anewmoralrelationshipformed.Thisisethicalconsumption.Itadvocatedpeopletobuy,toenjoyandtoshowtheirpersonality.Infact,itisthisnewfashionintheearly20thcenturyexpandeditsinfluenceontheUnitedStates,andgraduallyreplacedthedominantpositionthatthePuritanismproductionmoralhadoccupied.Thecollapseoftheoldideasofferedspaceforyoungpeopletoexpresstheirviews,andnewconceptsevenpushedtheyoungpeopletotheforefrontofculturalwave.Thatisbecausethebondageofyounggeneration’sconceptssignificantlyweakerthanmiddle-class’s.Theywereenergetic,andtheyhadstrongabilitytoacceptnewthings.Thoughtheireconomicabilitywaslimited,buttheyweremorewillingtoconsume,sotheygetthefavorofbusiness.Alotofmediasuchasmagazines,newspapers,booksandradioadvertisedtoyoungpeople'slife,whichattractyoungpeopletospendononehand,ontheotherhand,itsetupasetofvaluessuitableforyoungpeople.Ingeneral,theculturalfocustoyoungpeoplebecausetheywereadaptedtothecharacteristicsoftheconsumptioneconomyanditsvalues.1.2.3TheinfluenceofwesternideasonAmericanyouthInthe20thcentury,thewesternmainstreamthoughtprofoundlyinfluencedonAmericanyouth.Theseideasincludecynicism,disillusionment,deathandnothingness.In1914theinternationalorderwasbroken,andthissituationplayedaleadingroleforalongtimeintwentiethCentury.Becauseofthewar,anewkindofcynicismemergedasthetimesrequire.Therefore,thesocietywasfullofcynicalthoughts,thefaithofthehumangone.Thisdisillusionmentmoodsoonappearedinthewar,theBritishwriterHerbertReadsaidthataslongasspendaweekinthetrenches,youwilleliminateanyremnantsofromanticideatowar.Withthegrowthnumberofwarcasualties,westernsocietyappearedthevoiceofprotest.Finally,thosewhosurvivedmostlywereashamedoftheirinvolvementinthewar.Thewarwasverypopularintheoriginal,butpainfulintheend.Andthissentimentlastedforalongtime,affectedthepeople’sworldoutlookafterwar.Inthe1920s,pessimisticatmospherehadspreadthroughoutthewesternworld,includedtheUnitedStates,peoplecanfeelthestrongpessimisticthoughtsandsubversiveideas.Undertheinfluenceofthesethoughts,theconsciousnessofdeath,pessimismisduringtheFirstWorldWarandthepostwarinAmericasociety.Theworstcasualtiesinthebattlefieldwerejuniorofficerswho,ingeneralspeaking,weretheyouthreceivedagoodeducation.Underthestimulationofthewar,theywrotemanyworkswithanti-war,pessimisticandlostemotions.LikeHemingway’sAFarewelltoArms,andJohnDosPassos’sThreeSoldiersandmanyotherworkshavereflectedtheseemotions.PartⅡMainCharacteristicsoftheLostGenerationTheso-calledlostgenerationreferstotheAmericanwritersespeciallytheyoungwriterswithalotofconfusionandfrustrationatthattime.Theyareconfusedbecausethetraditionalconceptsofthisgenerationcouldnotsuitthepostwarworld,buttheycouldnotfindanewruleoflife.Theythinkonlytherealityisthetruth,buttherealityiscruel.Therefore,theycouldonlyactaccordingtotheirinstinctandsense,triedtorebeltheidealsandvaluestheyheldbefore,usedrebelliousthoughtsandactionstoexpresstheirdissatisfactionwiththereality.Themaincharacteristicsofthelostgenerationareshowninthefollowingthreeaspects:theconfusionofwar,theconfusionoflifeandtheconfusionofsocialreality.2.1Theconfusionaboutwar――againstthewarIn1914,theFirstWorldWarbrokeout.Withasacredfanaticalpassionofjustice,manyAmericanyouthwenttoEurope,attendedthePresidentoftheUnitedStatescalled‘thewartoeliminateallwars’,totesttheircourageanddetermination.Theywerenotafraidofsacrifices,theyhadalmostconsumedtheiryouthandlives.ButVersaillescontractsignedafterthewarletthemfindallofthisjustthehistoryplayingwiththem.Theirbodysufferedgreatdamageandtheirsoulalsosufferedfromshadow.WorseinfluenceofwaronAmericaisnotproportionaltoitcost.Firstofall,people’sabhorrenceofwarisverycommoninAmerican.YoungpeoplesawcountriespoliticiansinParisPeaceConferencebickeringandbargaining,weredeeplyfeelbetrayed.Theyarenotbelligerent,andtheinterestsofthewartothemarenotdirectastoEuropeans.Itcanbesaidthattheyaremorefightforthefaith.Sowhentheywerecheated,despitetheirmateriallossesarelessthanothers,theirmentalinjuryisveryprofound.Secondly,thewarcausedmorementalhurttotheintellectuals,whichisalsooneofthereasonsfortheiranti-war.Inthiswar,theysawthedeclineofEuropeancivilizationthattheyhadusedtobeproudof.Warexposedthehypocrisyessenceofcapitalistcivilization,andyouthwereconfusedaboutwhetherEuropeancivilizationcouldmakefor.Forexample,HemingwayhadbeentoFrance,ItalyandSpainduringtheworldwarone,whenhewasinjured,hisviewonthewarwasstillideal.Heusedtowritetohisparents,“Wearereadytodedicateourlives,butonlyafewwereselected,thosewhogavetheirlivesalsodonotneedhonor,becausetheyarelucky.”(Zeng,1999:79)ThishighpassioncontrastswiththepainthatheexpressedinAFarewelltoArms.Thenherealizedthat‘thetruthofwar,Iwasmostneedtoknowwhenitwasutterlyignorant’.Confusionanddisappointmentwereamongthewholeofthe20s.Therefore,ledbyErnestHemingway,agenerationofyoungAmericanswritersusedtheirpens,toventtheiranti-warthought.Almosteveryroleintheirworksexperiencedthehardshipsofwar,sotheircharactersarethemirrorofthelostgeneration.Forexample,inHemingway’sAFarewelltoArms,Henrysawthetruthaboutwar,heisawareoffightinginthewardidnotsavejusticeortruth;evenitdoesn'tmatterwithhimself.Thesoldiersheloved,however,alsoaretheaccompliceofwarmakers.He

downheartedandwaslost.Heaswellasotheryoungcombatantsfellintoadeepspiritualcrisis.Hopingtogetpeacebydrinking,Henryisdrownhissorrowsinwineandbeinthehopeofselfanesthesia.Thewardestroyedhispoliticalbeliefsandideals,andallofhisvalueswerecollapsed.Hemingwaysaid,throughHenry'sinnermonologue,“Ihadseennothingsacred,andthethingsthatwereglorioushadnogloryandthesacrificeswerelikethestockyardsatChicagoifnothingwasdonewiththemeatexcepttoburyit.”(Hemingway,1980:165)AnotherrepresentativewriterDosPassosinThreesoldiersalsodescribedthedevelopmenttendencyofthelostgeneration,inwhichherevealedhowthewardestroyedindividualhobbyandidealandshowedthedisappointmentoftheyoungergeneration.PassoswasverydiscontentaboutthecurrentsituationofAmerica,includingtheyweretrickedintoEurope.Inhismind,theonlyhopeisrevolution-politicians,capitalists,warmongerandchauvinist,tokillthemall.2.2TheconfusionaboutlifeYoungAmerican’sconfusionwasassociatedwithsocialconditions,theirfamilies,educationandsocialvalues.Facinganeconomiccrisis,thedepressedmarketsociety,youngpeoplewanttofightagain,butafterstruggletheresultwaseitherfailureormoreempty.Thus,theirattitudetowardslifebecamemorepessimistic.Afterthewarsoldiersneedtowork,buttherecessioncausedgreatdifficultiesforthem.Inparticular,militarylifeandcruelwarprofoundlyhadabadeffectontheirmoralcharacter.Atthattime,Warandtheso-calledpeace,madethemfeeltheworldwasmeaningless,theyhadtoescapefromreality.Therefore,wildideaspopularizedamongyoungpeople,especiallythesexualorgiesof‘carpediem’.Thoseyoungpeoplecompletelydisregardanymoralrulesoroldcommandment.ThesedecadentbehaviorscanbeverifiedfromtheworksofmanyAmericanwritersoftheday.IntheSunAlsoRises,HemingwaydepictsagroupofAmericanyoungpeople'smentalstateandoutlookonlife:theydiscardedtheirownmisfortune,theirvaluesandallsocialmoralstandards.Inorderto‘liveeveryminuteeffectively’,theylivedaBohemianlife.Theheroinnovellostsexualabilityinthewar,buthestillindulgeindebaucherylife.However,hedidn'tgetanyspiritualsolace,hefeltmoredepressedandhopeless.FrancisScottFitzgerald’sworksalsoshowedthesametheme.HisThisSideofParadisereflectstheeffectsofwarontheAmericanethos,includingtheoscillationoftraditionalbourgeoismoralityandtheirmood-wildbutrestless.Throughthisstorywecanseethatdisappointmentandconfusionisnotonlyonsoldiers,butonallthisgeneration.2.3TheconfusionaboutsocialrealityAtthebeginningofthe20thcentury,Americansocietyshowedasceneofchaos,numerouscontradictionsfullyrevealedinthepost-war:thegrowinggapbetweenrichandpoor,thedepressedmarketandmoreandmoreunemploymentmen,whichmadealotofsocialproblems.Insuchasociety,itisgenerallyfelttheinjusticeoftheworld.Losttheirideaandgoal,peoplefeltdepressedandhelpless.Soldiersreturningfromthebattlefieldfacedsuchsocialscene,theyfeltmisunderstand:theirideaswereliberated,buttheyfeltuncertainaboutreallifeorperplexedaboutthefuture.Atthesametime,manyEuropeancountries’wayoflifeandlifeattitudewasbeginningtoaffectthepostwarAmericanyouth.ManyyoungAmericanswenttotheEuropeanandbroadentheirhorizon.TheyappreciatedtheFrenchman'snaturalandromanticemotionalappeal.Theybegantoimitate,theUnitedStateshasformedanewfashion:youngmenwearingraccoonleatherjacket,carryingtravelkettle;Youngwomenpermhair,wearminiskirts,people’sactionandclothesarenolongerboundbytradition.EstrangementbetweenAmericansdisappeared,peopleinteractionincreased,thenewmediaappeared,youcancontactedandcommunicatedatanytime.EuropeanfashionsweptAmerica.Parisiansarefreetodrink,whiletheUnitedStatesin1919passedthe18thprohibitionamendment,youngpeoplestillignoredit,liquorsalesincreasedandcocktailwereopenedmore.TheUnitedStatesThisphenomenonhasbeenfullyembodiedintheworksofFitzgeraldTheGreatGatsby.Thisnovelisexquisiteandaccuratelydescribesthe‘jazzage’oftheUnitedStates.WiththearrivaloftheUnitedStateseconomicprosperity,thepainandlossoftheFirstWorldWarwassoonreplacedbyblindlyoptimisticmoodinsociety.Tosomeextent,peoplewerebyabandonedtheidealtopursuewealthandtoforgetthepainofdisillusionment.‘FromRagstoRiches’isthroughpersonaleffortstoachievesuccess,anditsoonbecamethenewtargetthatthepeoplepursueimplementation.Butpeopleabandonedthepastcherishedsocietyvalue,instead,theylookedonmoneyastheonlystandardtomeasuresuccessinlife.Gatsbywantstouseextravagantparty,luxuriousvillasandbiglike‘monster’carasastatussymbol,andattemptstolureDaisy,hisbehaviorisjusttheembodimentofthesocialpsychology.Butunderthesurfaceofprosperous,itisdeeperthaneverdisillusionment,mentaldeclineandmoraldecay.Gatsby’stragedyshowslackingofspiritualsupport;thepursuitofpurematerialforthecontentofthe‘Americadream’hasbecomearottenthing,whichisthatpeoplethinkthataslongasthesatisfactionofmaterialcanachievethelifesatisfaction.Andthepursuitofthisdreamcanonlypushedhisidealburstonceagain.ThepursuitofGatsbyisatragedy,notpossible.ThisisauniversalphenomenoninpostwarAmerican.PartⅢTheInfluenceonAmericanLiteratureandCulture3.1Thelostgeneration’sinfluenceonAmericanliteratureThematurityofAmericanliteratureTheFirstWorldWar,Americanpost-wareconomicalchangesanddevelopmentandthewesternconsciousnessofdeathandnihilismpopularizedinAmericaandmanyotherfactorsledtoTheLostGeneration.AlthoughtheexistenceofTheLostGenerationisjustashortdecades,buttheimpactofittotheUnitedStatesisvastandprofound.Thebiggestimpactistoformthe‘lostgeneration’ofthe20thcenturyliterature.ThefamousAmericanpoet,literarycriticMalcolmCowleycomparedtwenty’sUSAliteraturewithTheNewEnglandliteraryinEmerson’sage;hecalledit‘thesecondprosperityofAmericanliterature’,andconsideredthatithasastrongimpactonEuropeancultureandliterature.Underthiskindofshock,thelostgenerationwriterscontributed.Thefirstistheemergenceofwritersinthisperiod.AccordingtoincompletestatisticsintheMalcolmCowley’sExilesReturn,bornin1891to1905ofTheLostGenerationyouth,in1942,236peoplehavebeenincludedintheAmericanculturecelebritydictionary.InTheHighTideofAmericanLiterature,MalcolmCowleyexpandedthelistto385.SecondisthequalityoftheAmericanliteratureduringthisperiodisalsorecognizedaswell.InadditiontothefamiliarthingthatHemingwaywontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1954,andEugeneO'Neal(1936),PearlBuck(1938),Faulkner(1949),Steinbeck(1962),SolBellow(1976)andSinger(1978)havewontheNobelPrizeforLiterature.SomanywritersandworksappearedinthisperiodandsohighliteraryachievementsfullyshowthatTheLostGenerationisnotonlythesecondboomofAmericanliterature,italsothemarkthattheAmericanliteraryhavebeenfreedfromtheBritishcolonialliteratureandeventheshadowofEuropeanliterature,itenteredtherealmatureperiod.MinimalismandInnovationTheircreationsinthefirstwerethetendencyofliteratureminimalismandcolloquialoflanguage.Thesecondistheformforinnovation.TheseworksisnotonlybeneficialtousfromtheinsidetounderstandthethoughtsofTheLostGeneration,theprincipleoflifeandcreation,italsofacilitateustostudyonafullrangeofTheLostGeneration.Andgoodwriters,workvividlyappearingalsodeepensTheLostGenerationofLiterarylegend,itspansthe20’sshorttime,andcontinuouslyaffectedonAmericanliteratureinthelate.MarcDolanalsothoughtlostgenerationcanbethe20’sculturalsymbolintheUnitedStates,becauseitisrareinAmericanhistorythatagroupofwritersberepresentativeofanera.Asitsaidbefore,thelostgenerationfromthemomentitappearshastheculturalrebellion.ThewriterstookofftheiruniformaftertheFirstWorldWar,andwentonwritingRoad.WiththeirspecialexperienceoffightingandexilinginEuropetoexperiencethemodernEuropeanartenlightenment,theirworksexcellentlyexpressedanti-warsentimentsandthemodernyouth’sdisillusionmentconsciousness.Therefore,Middle-agedwriterisdifficulttogobeyondthem.Lostgenerationwriterburstthemiddle-agedmoderatesintraditionalliteraryruleanditselegantandpolite,heyconqueredtheeditors,publishers,andreaders,tobecometheleadingvoiceofthe20sAmericannationalliterature.3.2Thelostgeneration’sinfluenceonAmericancultureMulticulturalpromotionHowever,thesocialimpactoftheLostGenerationhasbeenfarbeyondthecategoryofliterature,inthefieldofsocialthoughtsandculture,ittriggeredtherevolutionarysensation,affectstheyounggenerationofthoughtandbehavior.AmericawriterMarcDolaninACulturalRe-readingoftheLostGenerationalsosaid‘thelostgenerationinthebecominganartist,becominganAmericanandbecomingapersonality’.(Dolan,1996:47).Forexample,inTheSunAlsoRisespublishedshortlyafter,“youngmantriedtodrinkascalmlyastheheroofthenovel,ladiesliketheheroineofthenovelsosadtoJeditofallinloveonebyone,theyalltalklikethecharactersinHemingway’sworks.”(Cowley,1986:174)Fitzgerald'snovelalsoaccuratelyrecordthedegenerate,andnightrevelryofcelebritiesandfashionablewoman,atthesametime,Itputthiswayoflifedeeperandwiderpromotiontothewholesociety,whichthusleadtotheemergenceoftheBeatGenerationinthe50's.Thiskindofculture,literaturemovementsweptacrosstheUnitedStates,atthesametime,italsocarriedhundredsofmodernistartandpopularlifestyletrendson.Itcanbesaidthatintheinfluenceofthelostgenerationideology,coupledwiththeHarlemRenaissance,Women’sRightsMovementaswellastheriseofvariousimmigrantcultures,themulti-patternbegantoform.EffectonAmericanmediaAlsoatthattimeinAmericasociety,subjecttotheinfluenceofthelostgenerationalsoperformedinotheraspectsofsociallife,likemusic,movieswhichwereingreatimpact.AmericanwriterArnoldShawinhisworkTheJazzAge:PopularMusicinthe1920’ssays,“Jazzreflectsthesluggisheconomyandtheglamorouslife.It’sthesymbolofthetimes,infact,itrepresentedthewesternsocietytorethinkthevalueofmusic,brokentheideaofmusicpositionpossessedandenjoyedbyspecificclass.ForthelifehistoryoftheblackAmericans,forexample,jazzreflectedthepeoplehardworkandthestrongdesiretosurvive.”(ArnoldShaw,1997:98)AtatimewhentheAmericanfilmbegantobepopular,evenitwassilentfilm,butthereisnodoubtthatitisalsoaffectedbytheLostGeneration.ThefamouswriterSteven·J·RossinMoviesandAmericanSocietydescribedtheimpactonfilm:“Theworking-classnickelodeonwasdescribedonTheonehandasacommunitycenterandconquerorofThesaloon,andonTheotherhandTheADaschoolforscandalwouldadolescentboystostealand