语言学语言和文化

LanguageandCulture语

言

與

文

化

语言的历史和文化是相辅而行的，他们可以互相协助和启发。

-----Palmer

AnIntroductiontoModernLinguistics7.1.1HowDoesLanguageRelatetoCulture?7.1.3CaseStudies7.1.4ToWhichExtendDoWeNeedCultureContent7.1.1HowDoesLanguageRelatetoCulture

Whathashappenedinthefieldoflinguisticsoverthepastcentury?Sincethebeginningofthe18thcentury,thelinguisticinquiryoflanguagehasbeeneithercomparativeandhistoricalorstructuralandformalizedinnature.Changewasobservedatthestartofthethe20thcentury:ANANTHROPOLOGICALORIENTATION人类学向导

inthestudyoflanguagewasdevelopedbothinEnglandandinNorthAmerica.Whatcharacterizedthisnewtraditionwasitsstudyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext社会文化的背景.EnglandWhileBronislawMalinowskiandJohnP.FirthcanberegardedasthepioneersofthismovementinEngland

FranzBoas,EdwardSapir,andBenjaminLeeWhorfarenaturallyseenastherepresentativesofaparallelbutindependenttraditionfromNorthAmerica.Asearlyasinthe1920s,aschoolofANTHROPOLOTICALSTUDYOFLINGUISTICScameintobeinginEngland.Examples:Malinowski:themeaningofawordgreatlydependeduponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext,orrather,uponareallanguagesituationinlife.FirthdevelopedhisowntheoryofCONTEXTOFSITUATIONwhichsuggestthecreativityanddiversityoflinguisticidiosyncrasy特质

inlanguageuse;whathistheoryemphasizedisquitesimilartoamoreupdatingsociologicalaxiom公理

inlanguageuse.“whospeaks(orwrites)whatlanguage(orwhatlanguagevariety)towhomandwhenandtowhatend”.AmericanFromthe1920stothe1940s,whenengagedinademandingbutsignificanttask–thereconstructionofAmericanNativelanguage,anthropologistssuchasBoas,Sapir,andWhorfcametoknowthesignificanceofcultureinthestudyoflanguageuse(thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture).Theiranthropologicalapproachtothestudyoflanguageandculturelaidafirmfoundationinthehistoryoflinguisticdevelopment.ETHNOGRAPHYOFCOMMUNICATION:anauthoritativeresearchframeworkofourtimeinalinguisticstudyofsocialandculturalfactors.

1,Speechcommunity

2,Situation,eventandact

3,MnemonicSPEAKINGcomponentsBenjaminLeeWhorfandhisfamoushypothesis假想concerninglanguage,thought,andculture(SAPIR–WHORFHYPOTHESES):Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingandconsequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

1,Ontheonehand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;

2,Ontheother,similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative相对的.EugeneNida,awell–knownlinguistandtranslationtheoristclaimsthat,astranslators,ifwewanttodoagoodjobinCROSS-CULTURALCOMMUNICATION,therearefivetypesofsub-cultureweshouldbefullyawareof:1,ecologicalculture2,linguisticculture3,religiousculture4,materialculture5,socialculture7.1.3CaseStudiesKaplan(1966)claimsthatthestructuralorganizationofatexttendstobeculturallyspecific.Richdatehavebeengatheredtoindicatethatphonologicaldifferencesordialectalaccentsrevealmorethangeographicoriginsofspeakers.2.Across-culturalstudyofthemeaningofsomeidiomsormetaphoricalusesinagivensocialcontext,however,willdefinitelyprovideanoptimal最佳的opportunitytoexaminetheissue:a.ThischoiceofobservationmaypartiallyexplainwhyNida,whensummarizingsomeintrinsic内在的

featuresofvocabularyinrelationtoSemantic语义的,translatingandculturalstudies,statesthatwordsaresometimes“idiomatically-governed”and“culturally-specific”.b.Thisobservationalsoimpliesthattherecomesanimportantnewforceinthepursuitofrelationshipsbetweenlanguageandculture.7.1.4ToWhichExtentWeNeedCultureinOurLinguisticStudy?Eversincetheearly1970s,alongwiththedisclosureofthenotoriouspoliticalscandaldubbedtheWatergateevent,abunchofderivedwordshasbeenrushingintotheEnglishlanguage.Wordslike“Billygate,”“Debategate,”“Cattlegate,”and“RIcegate”aresomeofthesecompoundingforms.Inthissituation,itisfeltthatasociolinguisticstudyofthecombiningform-gateanditsderivationsisnecessaryforustoexaminethesemantic语义的,structural,andfunctionaldevelopmentconcerningthesenonce-words临时的

andknowmoreaboutthecorrelationoftheserelatedfactorsinthestudyofword-formation.Afteracarefulstudyofthisphenomenon,wefoundthat1)thissuffix后缀enjoysrichproductivityinAmericanEnglish;

2)wordsderivedformthissourceinevitablytakeonaculturallypejorativeimplication贬低的含义

toreferto“thedisclosuresofmisconduct不恰当的

inhighplaces”(Barnhart&Barnhart,1981:2364),hence,asynonymtoscandalsofdifferenttypes,politicaloreconomical,and

3)

avarietyofderivational衍生processes(i.e.,antonomasia换称,conversion转换,affixation词缀)canbeexplainedinthestudyoftheproductivityofthiscompoundingform.英语的在地化我们也见到了英语的在地化（localization）变异，亦即各地英语都有因为在独特生活环境里运用而产生的变化。英国、美国和澳洲英语的差別，美国各地口音腔调的差异，乃至于美国黑人和拉丁裔特有的用词和语法，还有各处英美前殖民地混合了当地语言和、风俗的英语，都预示英语的国际化和全球化，同时伴随了无法遏止的在地化，很难有定于一尊的标准英语可言。在台湾我们也可以发展出所谓的「台湾英语」，只要能和世界各地人民沟通即可，不必非得学会英国人（伦敦？英格兰？）或美国（东岸？加州？）人的「标准」腔调。Showsomeparticularcases语言次文化：

新世代流行用语青少年的流行用语，特別能够展现新世代语言在使用过程中的变化和混杂情形。這些京常是透过媒体（尤其是综艺节目）传播，以及消费文化而流行的用语，展現了闽南语、英语和日语的混种，青少年偏爱的戏谑、不按牌理出牌风格，以及新技术（例如呼叫器和网路）介入造成的影响。出处：2009年央视春晚，赵本山、小沈阳等演出了小品《不差钱》。几乎一夜之间，二人转演员小沈阳连同小品中的多句经典台词，红遍大江南北。2.哥抽的不是烟，是寂寞！Whatbrotherissmokingisnotacigarette,butloneliness!出处：7月初，在百度贴吧里突然有人发了一张一名非主流男子吃面的图片，图片配文“哥吃的不是面，是寂寞”。之后一发不可收拾，有网友相继模仿“哥×的不是×，是寂寞”的句式，“哥上的不是网，是寂寞”、“哥爱的不是你，是寂寞”……入选理由：今年，“寂寞体”成为很多人的MSN、QQ签名，仿佛什么事情都可以化作“寂寞”两个字，它折射出现代人需要抚慰的心灵1.不差钱Moneyisnotaproblem.3人生就像茶几，上面摆满了杯具。

Lifeislikeateatable,withbittercupsplacedalloverit.出处：首先是易中天因为在一期《百家讲坛》中瞪大眼睛感叹了一句“悲剧啊”，结果就被网友截了图并上传到了网上，随即成为无数网友争相引用的签名