北京中考阅读理解专项训练

阅读理解Manypeopletakerunningasawaytokeepfit.Theyliketoruninhotweatherandenjoythefeelingofbeingwetthroughwithsweat(汗)whilerunning.Coldweatherduringwintermonths,withlowtemperaturesandfreezingcoldwinds,maykeepmanypeoplefromrunningintheopenair.However,anewstudyshowsthatthedropintemperatureisagoodreasontorun.Infact,runningincoldweatherhelpsimproveone’sperformance.Manyrunnersmightfinditeasiertoruninwinterthaninhotweather.Thebodyneedslesswateronacolddaythaninwarmweather.Inaddition,lowertemperaturesreducestressonthebody.Whenyourunincoldweather,yourheartrateislower.JohnBrewerisaprofessorofappliedsportsscienceatSt.Mary’sUniversityinLondon.Forthisstudy,heandotherresearchersputagroupofpeopleintoaroomwheresummerandwinterweatherconditionsarerecreated.Thetestsubjectswereaskedtorun10,000metersunderbothconditionsandtheirbiologicalmeasurementswererecordedandstudied.Fromthestudy,everymovementrunnersmakeproducesheat.Theheatcanbereallydamagingunlessthebodycanloseit.Onewayinwhichpeopleloseheatisbysweating.Thebodylosesheatthroughsweat.Thebodyalsolosesitbytransportingthebloodtothesurfaceoftheskinanditputsmorestressontheheart,especiallyinhotconditionsbecauseit’smuchhardertoloseheatwhentheoutsideenvironmentiswarm.Astheresultshows,runninginhottemperaturesresultsin6percenthigherheartrates.Whenrunningincoldconditions,thebodydoesnothavetoworkhardtomovebloodtotheskinsurface.Therefore,itrequireslessenergy.Themostimportantthingforpeoplewhorunincoldconditionsistoweartherightclothing.Keepasdryaspossiblewhenexercisinginlowtemperatures.Wearwarmandlightclothingtokeepsweatawayfromyourskin.Sodon’tletwinterweatherkeepyouindoors.Simplygetreadyforthelowtemperaturesandstartrunning.1．WhydidJohnBrewermakeagroupofpeopleruninaroom?A．Becausetheweatherconditionscouldberecreatedforfourseasons. B．Becausetheresearcherscouldteachthepeopletheretostudyscience.C．Becausetheprofessorcouldstudysciencewiththegroupofpeople. D．Becausethetestsubjects’biologicalmeasurementscouldberecorded.2．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Runningincoldweatherdoesn’tneedalotofenergy. B．Runningincoldweatherneedsheavyclothingtokeepwarm.C．Runninginhotweathercausesheartsbeatslowerthanincold. D．Runninginhotweatherproducesmoreheatthanothermovements.3．Whatisthemainpurposeinwritingthispassage?A．Tostudywhythedropintemperatureisgoodtorun. B．Tocomparebenefitsofrunninginwinterandsummer.C．Toencouragepeopletokeeprunningoutdoorsinwinter. D．Toshowushowtokeephealthywhilerunninginwinter.It’scertainlygoodtobenice.Whetherit’shelpingafriendwithhomework,watchingtheirfavoriteshowsevenifthey’renotyourthingorgivingupalittletimeandenergytodosomethingforafriendisapraiseworthydecision.Or,onemightbethebiggerpersonandagreetotaketheshortendofthestickinanargument,alltosatisfyothersandavoidfurtherproblems.Still,weneedtocontrolourniceness:nicenessisvaluable,butit’sdefinitelynotwithoutdownsides.Tobeclear.I’mnotadvocating（倡导）forselfishness.Infact,I’dencourageeveryonetodosmallfavorsforthepeopletheycareabout.Helpingothersmakesushappy.Italsogivesusagreatersenseofpurposeandbelonging,aswefeelmoreconnectedtothosewedofavorsfor.Thesamegoesforsacrificing（牺牲）alittleonourparttoendadisagreement,whichmightfeeluncomfortableintheshortterm,butisintheendforthegreatergood.Yet,weneedtobecarefulaboutwhereournicenesscomesfrom.Whenourdesire（渴望）tohelpotherscomesfromaneedtobeseenasagoodorfriendlyperson,ourmotivations（动机）becomeincreasinglydangerous.Forexample,wemightwantotherstorelatetous,sowesaythatweliketheirfavoritesongswhenwedon’t.Beingagreeableallthetimemakesusbecomeaproductofthepeoplearoundusinsteadofhavingourownspecialpersonality.Additionally,avoidingunreasonableagreeabilityisevenmoreimportant.Wecan’thelpofferingtodotoomanyfavorsbecauseourdesiretobeseenasselflessandkindoutweighsourworriesforourownwell-being.Ifyoualwayssupportothersemotionally,orhelpthemwiththeirstudies,thathabitmightbecomepartofhowyouviewyourself.Inotherwords,youseeyourselfassomeonewillingtolendahandtootherswhentheyareinneed.Agreeabilitycrossestheexperiencesofallkindsofpeople,anditcanbeespeciallytruewithincommunitieswhereselflessnessisimportant.FrommyexperienceatHarveyMuddCollege,studentsareknownforcaringforothers-offeringtohelptheirclassmateswiththeirstudies.Thiscommonviewofpeople’swillingnesstohelpcanputstressonMudderstosacrificetheirenergy,eveniftheydon’thavetheskillstodoso.Instead,theyshouldremindthemselvesoftheirresponsibilities,andthendecideiftheyhavetheabilitytolendahand.Finally,makingkindnessahabitisanhonorablegoal.Butaswithallthings,moderation（适度）iskey,andsometimes,sacrificingalittletoomuchcancausemoreharmthangood.4．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“taketheshortendofthestick”inParagraph1probablymean?A．Saysorryfirst. B．Hittheotherperson. C．Sufferbadresults. D．Makeupformistakes.5．Unreasonableagreeabilitymaystopusfrom________.A．viewingourselvesproperly B．havingasenseofbelongingC．developingsocialrelationships D．caringaboutourownhappiness6．Whyis“HarveyMuddCollege”mentionedinthepassage?A．Tospreadthespiritofselflessnesswithincommunities.B．Toshowaneffectofwidespreadnicenessincommunities.C．Tocriticizethestudentswhosacrificetoomuchforothers.D．Toexplainresponsibilitiespeopleshouldtakewithincommunities.7．Thewriterprobablyagreesthat________.A．beingnicecanmakepeopleeasilyunderstoodbyothersB．beingselflesshelpspeopleimprovetheirsocialskillsC．peopleshouldthinktwicebeforesaying“yes”D．peoplewhohelpothersaremorepopularFourteen-year-oldAkramusedtospendaboringhourwaitingatabusstopafterschooleachday.Teacherswerepreparingforthenextdayintheclassrooms,butstudentsweren’tallowedin.Akramthoughtitwassuchawasteoftimealthoughhecouldplayonhisphone,sohedecidedtochangethings.Hewantedtostayatschoolanddohisfavoritehobby—art.Oneday,heaskedtheheadteacherifstudentscoulddosomethingintheschoolafterclasses.“Ifyoufindoutwhatisneeded,Iwillhelpyou,”theheadteachersethimachallenge.Overthenextweek,Akramtalkedtoallthestudentswhowaitedafterschoolandotherstudents,too.Heaskedthemwhattheywouldliketodointhathour.Manystudentssaidtheywantedafter-schoolclubsforthingslikechess,basketball,artandreading.WhenAkramarrivedattheheadteacher’soffice,therewasanotherstudent,Holly,waitingthere.Theheadteachertoldthemthattheybothhadthesameidea,soshewantedthemtoworktogether.Shegavethemsomeproblemstosolve.“Youneedtofindthepeoplewhowillberesponsiblefortheclubsandwhowillpayforanyequipment（设备）,”saidtheheadteacher.“Also,youneedtotalktothecleaningteamtomakesurethattheycancleanupafteryouleave.”AkramandHollytalkedabouttheirideaandproblemsatthenextParents’Associationmeeting.Theyalsodidthesamethingtotheirteachersandthecleaningteam.Severaldayslater,ateachertoldthemthathecouldorganizetrainee（实习生）teacherstoberesponsiblefortheclubs.TheParents’Associationdecidedtoraisemoneytopayforequipmentlikechessboardsandbaskets.Thecleanersagreedthattheycouldcleantheclassroomsafterthehourwasfinished.Nowtheschoolhassomeexcitingafter-schoolclubs.AkramandHollyenjoyedtheexperienceverymuch.8．WhatdidAkramwanttodoafterschool?A．Playonhisphone. B．Gohomeanddohishomework.C．Dohishobbyatschool. D．Helphisteachersdosomething.9．Whoareresponsiblefortheclubs?A．Somestudents. B．Someparents.C．Sometraineeteachers. D．Somecleaners.10．AkramandHollyenjoyedtheexperiencebecause________.A．theirparentsandteacherspraisedthemB．theotherstudentswerethankfultothemC．theycouldtalktotheheadteacherdirectlyD．theysolvedsomeproblemsthroughtheireffortsBackgroundknowledgeistheknowledgeapersonhasabouttheworldwhenheorshestartstoreadatext.Itisagreedthatbackgroundknowledgeplaysanimportantroleinreading.Putsimply,themoreyouknowaboutatopic,theeasieritisforyoutoreadatext,understandit,andremembertheinformation.Tounderstandthis,herearetwopoints.First,backgroundknowledgeenablesreaderstochoosebetweendifferentmeaningsofwords.Forexample,ifyoureadtheword“operation”inasportsarticle,youmightthinkaboutasportspersonwithaseriousinjury（伤）.Butifyoureadthewordinamathtext,you’dthinkaboutamathematicalprocess.Second,understandingatextrequiresreaderstofillmissinginformationandmakeinferences.Todothis,readersneedtohavesomebasicknowledgeaboutthetopic.Studentsgetbackgroundknowledgeboththroughpersonalexperiencesandbylearningintheclassroom.Thenhowcanteachershelpstudentsbuildbackgroundknowledge?Herearesomesuggestions.Beginbyteachingwordsincategories（类别）.Forexample,teacherscantrysomethingassimpleasthis:“Apples,bananas,strawberries,mangoes.Theyareatypeof...（fruit）.Categoriesofobjectsandtheuseofgenericnouns（统称）canhelpstudentsincreasevocabularyanddevelopconcepts（概念）.________.Readingbuildsknowledge,butwidereadinghasusuallybeentakenasreadingaboutalotofdifferenttopics.Teacherscantryadifferentway:encouragechildrentofindaninterestandreadasmanybooksastheycanononetopic.Thiswillhelpthemdevelopadeeperknowledgeonatopic.Usemultimedia（多媒体）.Directexperiencesarethemosteffectivewaystobuildknowledge.Thereisnothingmoreexcitingforstudentsthanlearningthroughdirectexperiences,suchasfieldtripsandotheractivities.Althoughmultimediacannotreplacereal-lifeexperiences,itcanoftenprovidealotofinformationthatwecouldonlywishtoexperiencefirsthand.Itcanalsointroducechildrentoimportantwordsandconcepts.Backgroundknowledgeisimportantinastudent’sabilitytofullyunderstandatext.Teachers’effortscanhelpstudentsbecomestrongerthinkersandlife-longreadersandlearners.11．Thewritertalksabouttheword“operation”inParagraph2toexplain________.A．whatbackgroundknowledgeisB．whybackgroundknowledgeisimportantC．whenpeopleneedbackgroundknowledgeD．howpeopledevelopbackgroundknowledge12．WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttopicsentenceforParagraph5?A．Makewidereadinginteresting.B．Introducedifferenttopicstostudents.C．Encouragetopic-centeredwidereading.D．Helpstudentsfindtheirfavouritebooks.13．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Vocabularyisthegreatestdifficultyinunderstandingatext.B．Makinginferenceshaslittleconnectionwithbackgroundknowledge.C．Multimediaismoreusefulthandirectexperiencesinbuildingknowledge.D．Developingvocabularyandconceptscanhelpbuildbackgroundknowledge.InAmerica,anincreasingnumberofmiddleandhighschoolsnowrequirestudentstoserveacertainnumberofcommunityservicehoursbeforetheycangraduate.Andsomeparentsasktheirchildrentodovolunteerworkyearroundevenifit’snotmandatory（强制性的）atschool.Volunteeringhasimportantbenefits,suchaslearningnewskillsanddevelopingresponsibility.However,somepeoplequestionwhethercommunityserviceisworthwhileifstudentsareforcedtotakepart.Somepeoplesaythatmanyteenagers’schedules（日常安排）arefilledwithhomeworkandafter-schoolprograms,andforcingthemtodootheractivitieswillmakethemstressedout.“Addingcommunityservicetoteenagers’alreadycrowdedschedulesmakesitfeellikeanunpleasantandboringtask,”saysEllisonO’Grady,15,astudentfromBayHead,NewJersey.Otherpeoplesaythatmandatoryservicewillleadstudentstobelievethattheyshouldonlyhelpotherswhentheyreceiveanimmediatebenefitinreturn,andfinallydiscouragethemfromvolunteeringlaterinlife.Teenagerswhovolunteeraremorelikelytodobetterinschoolandarelesslikelytogetinvolvedinriskybehaviors,studiesshow.Theyalsogetsocialskillsandworkexperiencethatcanpayofflaterinlife.However,ifmanybusyteenagersaregivenachoice,theywouldsimplyskipvoluntaryservice.That’swhyrequiringcommunityserviceisimportant,supporterssay.Inaddition,thereislittleprooftosupportthatmandatorycommunityserviceweakensyoungpeople’smotivation（动机）tojoininfutureservice.Infact,studiesshowthatmandatoryserviceisconnectedwithstrongwishtotakepartinfuturevolunteering.AsahighschoolstudentinNewYork,BellamyRichardson,now18,hadtodo75hoursofcommunityservicebeforegraduation.Atfirst,shewasworriedhowshecouldfindthatmuchtime.Buttohersurprise,shenotonlymettheservicerequirementsoonerthanshe’dexpected,butalsolearnedalot,andfoundthatshelovedvolunteering.Bellamyisnowgladthatherservicewasn’tbychoice.“RequiringcommunityservicewouldgiveotherpeoplethechanceIhad,”shesaid.Soaskyourself:Wouldyouvolunteerifitweren’tmandatory?Couldthebenefitsofvolunteeringmakeitworthwhilenomatterhowteenagersgetinvolved?Isupposecommunityserviceissomethingthatshouldbeencouragedevenifitisjustadutyatthebeginning.14．Somepeopleareagainstmandatorycommunityservicebecause________.A．ithasbadeffectonstudentsstudyB．itmakesstudentsworriedandboredC．studentsfallshortintheirabilitiestodoitD．studentsgetlittleimmediatebenefitfromit15．Theword“skip”inParagraph3probablymeans“________”.A．giveupperforming B．getinterestedinC．havedifficultyindoing D．enjoybenefitsfrom16．WhatcanwelearnfromtheexampleofBellamyRichardson?A．Studentstakepartincommunityservicebecauseofstronglove.B．Somestudentsdon’thavethechancestooffercommunityservice.C．Mandatoryservicemakesstudentslosewishtovolunteerinthefuture.D．It’spossibleandbeneficialforstudentstomeetschoolsservicerequirement.17．Whatisthewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthispassage?A．Toexpresssupportformandatorycommunityservice.B．Tostresstheimportanceofbalancingvolunteerworkandstudy.C．Todiscusstheinfluenceofvolunteerworkonstudentsfuturelife.D．Toremindpeopleofthedisadvantagesofmandatorycommunityservice.Somehighschoolstudentsthinkituselesstoreceivehighereducation.Therefore,theychoosenottogotocollege.Ifyou’reoneofthem,thinkagain.Herearesomereasonswhyyoushouldgotocollegeandreceiveagoodeducationthere.Schoolsanduniversitiesarethefirstplacestogetknowledge.Wetakethatknowledgelaterontobuildourcareersaftergraduation.Moreknowledgewillbegained(获得)afteryoustartworking,butwithouteducation,thatjobwillnotbewithineasyreach.Knowledgeleadstoknowledge.Whilelimitedwithinthewallsoftheeducationalplaces,weopenlyexploreotherculturesoftheworld!Wecometoknowthatoursisnottheonlyculture.Othercultureshavevaluablethingstoshare,enrichingourown.Educationalsomakesuswanttotravelandexchangewithvariouscultures,gettingmoreexperience.Whenthere’sarecessionintheeconomy(经济),thosewhoattendedcollegewillbemorelikelytofindanewjobthanthosewhoonlyfinishedhighschoolandhavealimitedskillsset.Themoreeducationyouhave,themorechancesyouwillgettoimprovethequalityofyourlifeasyouhaveabetterjobandearnahighersalary.Whenyou’reskillfulandknowledgeable,yougainaccess(通道)topeopleofsimilarbackgroundsandtastes.Itmeansagoodeducationleadstoexcellentnetworking.Goodnetworkingcanbenefityoualotinyourlaterlife.Agoodeducationmakesyouamoreinterestingperson.Youcantalkaboutideasandeventsinsteadofjustotherpeopleandwhat’sonsaleinstores.Aneducatedpersondoesn’tgossip(说闲话),havingapreferencetodiscussideasandlistentowhatotherpeoplehavetosay.18．WhatcanwelearnaboutcollegeeducationfromParagraph2?A．Itoffersyouachancetostudyabroad.B．Itcanallowyoutogainmoreknowledge.C．Itcanimprovethequalityofyourdailylife.D．Itencouragesyoutotravelaroundtheworld.19．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“recession”inParagraph4probablymean?A．change. B．drop. C．growth. D．support.20．Howcanonebenefitfromagoodeducation?A．Youcangossipaboutothers’affairs. B．Youarelikelytostudywellatschool.C．Youcanworkwellwithyourcoworkers. D．Youcangettoknowexcellentpeople.21．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A．Thebenefitsofattendingcollege. B．Theexchangewithothercultures.C．Theaccesstogoodnetworking. D．Thewaysofcollegeeducation.参考答案：1．D2．A3．C【解析】【导语】本文通过JohnBrewer的研究，介绍了冬季户外跑步的益处，鼓励人们在冬天多做户外活动。1．细节理解题。根据“Thetestsubjectswereaskedtorun10,000metersunderbothconditionsandtheirbiologicalmeasurementswererecordedandstudied.”可知，JohnBrewer让一群人在房间里跑步，这样记录他们的生物测量数据就容易多了。故选D。2．推理判断题。根据“Thebodyneedslesswateronacolddaythaninwarmweather.Inaddition,lowertemperaturesreducestressonthebody.Whenyourunincoldweather,yourheartrateislower.”可知，身体在寒冷的日子里比在温暖的天气里需要更少的水，此外低温还能减轻身体的压力，当你在寒冷的天气里跑步时，你的心率会更低。所以选项A“在寒冷的天气里跑步不需要太多的能量”表述正确，故选A。3．主旨大意题。根据“Sodon’tletwinterweatherkeepyouindoors.Simplygetreadyforthelowtemperaturesandstartrunning.”可知，作者鼓励人们在冬天做户外运动，故选C。4．A5．A6．B7．C【解析】【导语】本文阐述了让善良成为一种习惯是一个光荣的目标，但是要学会量力而行，适度是关键，有时，牺牲太多可能弊大于利。4．词义猜测题。根据“onemightbethebiggerpersonandagreetotaketheshortendofthestickinanargument”可知，成为一个大度的人，同意在争吵中接受批评，也就是先认错，所以短语“taketheshortendofthestick”指的是“先说对不起”，故选A。5．细节理解题。根据“...Ifyoualwayssupportothersemotionally,orhelpthemwiththeirstudies,thathabitmightbecomepartofhowyouviewyourself.Inotherwords,youseeyourselfassomeonewillingtolendahandtootherswhentheyareinneed.”可知，不合理的宜人性可能会阻止我们正确地看待自己，故选A。6．推理判断题。根据“anditcanbeespeciallytruewithincommunitieswhereselflessnessisimportant.FrommyexperienceatHarveyMuddCollege...eveniftheydon’thavetheskillstodoso.”可知，文章提到“HarveyMuddCollege”是为了展示社区中普遍存在的善的影响，故选B。7．观点态度题。根据“Finally,makingkindnessahabitisanhonorablegoal.Butaswithallthings,moderation（适度）iskey,andsometimes,sacrificingalittletoomuchcancausemoreharmthangood.”可知，作者认为要学会量力而行，适度是关键，有时，牺牲太多可能弊大于利，故选C。8．C9．C10．D【解析】【导语】本文主要讲述了Akram和Holly为了在学校做自己的爱好，他们克服了很多问题，终于在学校开设了自己喜欢的俱乐部。8．细节理解题。根据“Hewantedtostayatschoolanddohisfavoritehobby”可知他想留在学校做他最喜欢的爱好。故选C。9．细节理解题。根据“hecouldorganizetrainee（实习生）teacherstoberesponsiblefortheclubs”可知实习教师对俱乐部负责。故选C。10．推理判断题。根据“Nowtheschoolhassomeexcitingafter-schoolclubs.AkramandHollyenjoyedtheexperienceverymuch”以及上文内容可知学校里有很多俱乐部，他们非常喜欢这个经历，因为他们通过自己的努力解决了一些创建俱乐部遇到的问题。故选D。11．B12．C13．D【解析】【导语】本文主要讲述了背景知识在阅读中起着重要的作用，并针对“教师如何帮助学生建立背景知识”这一问题提出了几点建议。11．推理判断题。根据“Itisagreedthatbackgroundknowledgeplaysanimportantroleinreading.”及第二段“Tounderstandthis,herearetwopoints.”可知，第二段主要是在解释为什么背景知识很重要，所以作者举这个例子是为了说明这一点。故选B。12．推理判断题。根据“butwidereadinghasusuallybeentakenasreadingaboutalotofdifferenttopics.....encouragechildrentofindaninterestandreadasmanybooksastheycanononetopic.This