全新版大学英语（第二版）综合教程4学生用书-课后习题答案（后附testyourself重要词翻译）

全新版大学英语（第二版）综合教程4学生用书_课后习题答案（后附testyourself重要词翻译）UNIT1VocabularyI.1.alliance;2.atthecostof;3.stroke;4.limp;5.minus;6.regions;7.declarations;8.siege;9.raw;10.bidehistime;11.havetakentheirtoll;12.inthecaseof1.isfacedwith;2.getboggeddown;3.ispressingon/pressedon;4.dragon5.getby;6.dineout;7.havecutback;8.getthrough;1.leadtotheconquestofcancerinthenearfeature2.hasbeenbroughttoahaltbythedelayedarrivalofrawmaterialsduetothedockworkers’strike3.will/shouldnevergetinthewayofhercareer4.caughttheforeignministeroffguard5.oftheelectroniccalculatorhasrenderedtheslideruleoutofdate/obsolete1.Beingfacedwith;theoccupationof;regions;2.crucialto;efficient;toreckonwith;weaken;bebroughttoahalt;3.aheroic;thedecisive;turnedthetide;siege;bylaunchingII.1.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,battlesoccurredhereandthereovervastareas.SomeofthemostdramaticfightingtookplaceinthegloomytrenchesofFranceandBelgium.2.Elizabethmadecarefulpreparationsfortheinterviewandherefforts/homeworkpaidoff.3.Ispenthourstryingtotalkhimintoacceptingthesettlement,butheturnedadeafeartoallmywords.4.Pneumoniahadseverelyweakenedherbody,andIwonderedhowherfragilebodycouldwithstandtheharshweather.III.1.fallill;2.laydeadathomefortwoweeks;3.droppeddeadfromaheartattack;4.fellasleep;5.marryingyoung;6.tositstillforlongerthanafewminutes;ComprehensiveExercisesI.1.invasion;2.standintheway;3.Conquest;4.catching…offhisguard;5.launching;6.declaration;7.campaign;8.dragon;9.reckonwith;10.bringing…toahalt1.allow;2.reckoned;3.highly;4.forecasts;5.rapidly;6.instant;7.delivery;8.advantage;9.observing;10.powerful;II.1.1)Mr.Dohertyandhisfamilyarecurrentlyengagedingettingtheautumnharvestinonthefarm.2)Wemustnotunderestimatetheenemy.Theyareequippedwiththemostsophisticatedweapons.3)Havingbeenoutofajob/Nothavinghadajobfor3months,Philisgettingincreasinglydesperate.4)Sam,astheprojectmanager,isdecisive,efficient,andaccurateinhisjudgment.5)Sincethechemicalplantwasidentifiedasthesourceofpollution,thevillageneighborhoodcommitteedecidedtocloseitdownatthecostof100jobs.2.Theoffensivehadalreadylastedthreedays,butwehadnotgainedmuchground.Thedivisioncommanderinstructedourbattaliontogetaroundtotherearoftheenemyatnightandlaunchasurpriseattack.Todoso,however,wehadtocrossmarshlandandmanyofuswereafraidwemightgetboggeddowninthemud.Ourbattalioncommanderdecidedtotakeagamble.Luckyenough,thankstotheseverelycoldweatherwhichmadethemarchlandfreezeover,wearrivedatourdestination目的地beforedawnandbeganattackingtheenemyfromtherear.Thisturnedthetideofthebattle.Theenemy,caughtoffguard,soonsurrendered.UNIT2VocabularyI.1.expansion;2.automated;3.vapor;4.takecontrolof;5.hazards;6.satellite;7.vibrated;8.magnetic;9.bunched;10.intheair;11.got/wasstuckin;12.approximately;1.sendout;2.standupfor;3.passfor;4.wereclosinginon;5.startingup;6.wentthrough;7.fillout;8.fallinto1.incorporatesallthelatestsafetyfeatures2.twotreestenfeetapart3.awardinglucrativecontractstohisconstructionfirm4.theprototypeofanewmodelbeforetheysetupafactorytomakethecars5.arecorrelatedinallracialgroups1.theapplication;remote;hasturnedintoareality;arepoisedto2.thatvibrate;candetect;frequency3.lanes;aremountedin;alerta;hazard;II.1.kilogram;2.memorandum;3.gymnasium;4.liberation;5.doctor;6.veterinarian;7.preparatory;8.automobile;9.influenza;10.medicalcare;11.electronicmail;12.communicationssatellite;13.newsbroadcast;14.skyhijack;15.Europeandollar;16.breakfastandlunch;17.televisionbroadcast;18.OxfordandCambridgeIII.1.swimmingpool;2.drawingboard;3.enrichedMiddleEnglish;4.disturbingchange;5.fullydevelopedprototype;6.Cannedfoods7.workingpopulation;8.puzzlingdifferences;ComprehensiveExercisesI.1.computerized;2.startup;3.bepoisedto;4.alert;5.hazards;6.monotonous;7.takecontrolof;8.steer;9.lane;10.decrease;11.calculate;12.eliminate;13.gettingstuckin;14.mounted;15.detect;16.vapor;1.generates;2.related;3.revolutionized;4.enabled;5.opportunities;6.overall;7.manufacturing;8.dependent;9.interact;10.fatalities;II.1.6)Therewasanunusualquietnessintheair,exceptforthesoundofartilleryinthedistance.7)TheexpansionofurbanareasinsomeAfricancountrieshasbeencausingasignificantfallinlivingstandardsandanincreaseinsocialproblems.8)Theresearchshowsthatatmosphericcarbondioxidelevelsarecloselycorrelatedwithglobaltemperatures.9)Thefrequencyofthebusservicehasbeenimprovedfrom15to12minuterecently.10)Thediverstoodontheedgeofthedivingboard,poisedtojumpatthesignalfromthecoach.2.Automobileshave,sincetheirinvention,revolutionizedtransportation,changingforeverthewaypeoplelive,travel,anddobusiness.Ontheotherhand,theyhavebroughthazards,危害especiallyhighwayfatalities.However,todaytheapplicationofcomputertechnologyandelectronicsensorsindesigningandmanufacturingcarsmakesitpossibletoeliminatemostoftrafficaccidents.Forexample,electronicsensorsmounted安装inyourcarcandetectalcoholvapor蒸汽intheairandrefusetostartuptheengine.Theycanalsomonitorroadconditionsbyreceivingradiosignalssentoutfromorbitingsatellitesandgreatlyreduceyourchancesofgettingstuckintrafficjams.UNIT3VocabularyI.1.rude;2.physically;3.structure;4.madeadifference;5.blurted(out);6.chuckling;7.measurable;8.prospective;9.preparations;10.sparkled;11.tookacrackat;12.partner;1.goafter;2.lookbackat/on;3.beputup;4.stoodfor;5.buildin;6.followup;7.behookedupto;8.closedup6.grilledheraboutwhereshehadbeenallnight7.beyondCinderella’swildestdreamsthatshecouldonedaydanceintheKing’spalace8.willbeinreaders’handssoon9.doyourhomeworkbeforegoingonaninterview10.wasintheneighborhoodof150dollars1.applicants;veteran;theprospective;2.fromhisstandpoint;hasmadeeveryendeavortogoafter;3.asthesayinggoes;tohaveacrackat;barely;II.1.behave;2.keep(usedtoavoidrepetition);3.clean;4.getalong;5.perform/complete;6.perform/complete;7.study;8.beenough;9.beacceptable;III.1.Thereissomuchtosayanditishardtoknowwheretobegin.Ok,I’lltalkaboutmyselffirst.2.Thankyouverymuch,John,foryourbeautifulChristmascard.Bytheway,Ihavesomethinghereforyou.3.Thenewcomputerlanguagecanbequiteeasilyunderstoodbyanyonewhocanreadthedailynewspaper.Now,whyisthisanadvantage?4.I’mgoingtoworkouttheoutlineandwillletyouknowhowitgoes.Bytheway,IwillseeyouinFebruary,asIplantoattendyourseminarinShanghai.5.OK,yougotthejob.Now,howtomaximizeyourprofitswithaslittleeffortaspossible?6.ChrisisbackfromAustralia.Incidentally,thosepicturesyousentmearewonderful.ComprehensiveExercisesI.1.prospective;2.AsIseeit;3.doneyourhomework;4.beforehand;5.endeavor;6.structure;7.partners;8.Respond;9.takeacrack;10.fromthestandpoint;11.makeadifference;12.followup1.encouraging;2.inquiry;3.relevant;4.samples;5.references;6.advice;7.preparing;8.seriously;9.probably;10.exhibit;II.1.11)Despitetheinadequatelengthoftheairstripinthisemergencylanding,theveteranpilotmanagedtostoptheplaneaftertaxiingforonlyoshortwhile.12)Grilledbythereporters,themoviestareventuallyblurted(out)thatshehadundergonetowplasticsurgeries.13)Wehavethetechnologyandourpartnerhasthecapital.Workingtogether,we’llhavethefutureinourhands.14)IfIhadknownbeforehandthatyouwouldbringsomanyfriendshome,Iwouldhavemadebetterpreparations.Yousee,Ihavebarelyenoughfoodanddrinksforasnack.15)Peoplegavegenerouslyuponlearningthatnewschoolroomswithstrongerstructuresweretobebuiltintheearthquake-strickenarea.2.Wellbegun,halfdone,asthesayinggoes.Itisextremelyimportantforajobapplicanttodohishomeworkwhileseekingemployment.Frommystandpoint,whetherornotonehasdonehishomeworkclearlymakesadifferenceinhischanceofsuccess.Ihaveafriendwhoisearningsomewhereintheneighborhoodof100,000dollarsayearsinalargecomputersoftwarecompany.Hetoldmethatfromhisownexperiencethedecisionmakerswhointerviewprospectiveemployeeslikepeoplewhoarewellprepared.Thosewhomakenoendeavortolearnasmuchabouthisprospectiveemployeraspossibledon’thavemuchofachanceofsuccess.UNIT5VocabularyI.1.Inaway;2.inaccordancewith;3.vacancy;4.ingoodcondition;5.transparent;6.rub;7.spicy;8.hitherto;9.with(a)badgrace;10.instinct;11.pawned;12.current;1.turnedup;2.willstickto;3.broughtback;4.goabout;5.drivingat;6.putaway;7.turningover;8.tookaback;11.hasaveryweakconstitution—shemaynotbeabletosurvivetheoperation12.wastakenabackbytheinsurancecompany’srejectionofmycompensationclaim13.wassomethingofasurprisewhenweranintoeachotherinaplacelikethat14.needstrimming/tobetrimmed—it’sgettingtoolong15.areoftendeceptive1.Oddlyenough;wentbroke;wrinkled;hehadgonealltopieces2.definite;iscapableof;hervanity;3.toomild;sipping;stroke;II.1.Exceptfor;2.exceptthat;3.except;4.exceptwhen;5.exceptto;6.exceptwhat;7.exceptwhere;8.exceptthat;III.1.flat;2.can;3.candy;4.lift;5.faculty;6.groundfloor;7.petrol;8.mail;9.railroad;10.trousers;11.tube,underground;12.maize;13.store;14.favorable;15.paralyse;16.labour;17.meter;18.catalogue;19.levelling;20.theatre;21.defense;22.plow;23.programme;24.practise;25.characterize;26.tire;ComprehensiveExercisesI.1.insane;2.current;3.candid;4.capable;5.wastakenaback;6.ingoodcondition;7.constitution;8.goalltopieces;9.gonebroke;10.vacancy;11.mild;12.deceptive;1.suspected;2.pleading;3.confirmed;4.stunned;5.lucrative;6.jewellery;7.wealthy;8.urge;9.spell;10.arrested;II.1.16)IhaveaninstinctthatHenrywillseektojointheexpedition,becauseheissomethingofanadventurer.17)Heiscapableofstickingtothetaskathand,evenifheisexposedtonoises.18)Thetrademarkwasregisteredinaccordancewith与一致thelawshitherto到目前为止inforce.19)Oddlyenough,manypeoplevolunteeredtohelporganizethemeeting,butonlyafewturnedup.20)Theteacher’saffectionatewords,alongwithhiscandidcomments,changedthewayMikeperceived感知thesocietyandhimself.2.Formyownpart,Ifindthatappearancesarealltoooftendeceptive.Forinstance,youmightbewrongifyoujudgedbyappearancesonlypeoplelikeEdwardHydeBurton.Inappearance,heseemedamanallofapiece.Hewasatinylittlefellowwithwhitehairandmildblueeyes,gentleandcandid.Nevertheless然而,heturnedouttobevery，saneventure荒唐的冒险.Whatwasstillmoresurprisingwasthathewascompletelyindifferent冷漠toLenny’sdeath.Withoutdoubt,Burtonwasamanwithaheartofstone.UNIT6VocabularyI.1.appliances;2.comparative;3.multiply;4.distribution;5.prosperity;6.decorate;7.famine;8.largequantitiesof/alargequantityof9.streamline;10.fax;11.pointedthewayto;12.bewildered;1.eatinto;2.clingto;3.standout/stoodout;4.wearsaway;5.setabout;6.switchoff;7.willbeturnedloose;8.pouredin;16.isforecasttobebelowaveragenextyear,whichatthemomentis4percent17.toenterthebuildingandfindthebabygirlprovedfutileasrescuersweredrivenoutbytheheatandflames18.wasurgedtodivertsomeofitsattentionfromexpandingproductionandgetmoreinvolvedwithissuesofmarketdemand.19.canreallyeatheavilyintoyourprofitswhenyouaresellingsuitsat￡900anddressesat￡2,00020.hastoiledendlesslyovertheexercisemachineforthelasttwentyyearsinordertokeepherbodyinshape1.reactionto;discontent;provoked;2.Convention;evadingtax;theconfinesof;3.aburden;arealwaysonthego/seemforeveronthego;tocope;II.1.nervousness;2.tension;3.stress;stress;4.tension;1.honorary;2.Honorable;3.honorable;4.honorary;5.honorable;6.Honorary;III.1.Dealingwiththeextinctioncrisisisnosimplematter.Isitsensible,wemayask,tospendlargesumsofmoneytosavesomepieces—beitanelephantoranorchid—inanationinwhichalargeproportionofthepopulationislivingbelowthepovertyline?2.Thisnewtechnologycouldbeusedanywherelargenumbersofpeopleneedtobequicklyscreened—atairports,trainstations,busterminalsorbordercrossings.However,expertsuspect,thereisalsotheriskthatpeoplewilllearntofoolthemachinethesamewaytheytrytofoolpolygraphreadingsbycontrollingtheirbreathortakingdrugstorelaxthemselves.3.Withahighpercentageofmarriagesendingindivorce,oftenduetofinancialdifficulties,youwouldsaythatmoneyisabigfactorinmakingagoodmarriage.But,believeitornot,itisn’tmoneythatensuresyouahappymarriage;itisyourphilosophyoflifethatdoes.4.NotalltherisksontheInternetaresexual,youknow.Sitespromotingviolencearejustaclickaway,andmayincludeinstructionsformakingbombsandotherdestructivedevices.ComprehensiveExercisesI.1.switchoff;2.obliged;3.onthego;4.cope;5.shortage;6.largequantityof;7.pouringin;8.bynature;9.fraction;10.futile;1.advantage;2.wisely;3.faithfully;4.waking;5.includes;6.schedule;7.sticking;8.priorities;9.set;10.respect;II.1.21)Theyareexploringthenewfrontiersofmedicalscienceinanattempttofindremediesforincurablediseases/curesfordiseasesthatarebeyondremedy治疗sofar.22)Heruniqueteachingmethodsapart,MsWilson,mymathteacher,nevertriedtocramknowledgeintomyhead.23)TheregularweatherforecastbytheCentralTVStationkeepsusupwiththechangesofweatherwhereverwegoonatrip.24)Theappalling骇人的explosionstartedabigfireandcausedthepartialcollapse坍塌ofthebuilding.25)Inthemodernworld,therearemorewaysthanevertowasteawaytime,andallkindsofdistractionsareeatingintoourprecioustime.2.Todayweareunderconstant持续的pressuretoworklongerhours,toproducemore,andtopossessmore.Lotsofpeopleholdthewrongperception感觉thathappinessliesinworkinghardandearningwell/goodmoney.Manywomentodayfeelthesamestresstoworkandgetaheadand,atthesametime,tonurturetheiroffspring下一代andshouldertheburdenofdomestic家庭的responsibilities.Researchshowsthatworkaholismtendstodistanceusfromourimmediatefamilies.Itforcesustotoil辛苦longerandlongerhours,leavingaminutefraction小部分ofourtimetobephysicallyandemotionallyavailabletoourlovedones.Intimacy亲密amongfamilymembersisdoomedtodieintheprocess.UNIT7VocabularyI.1.divined;2.nerves;3.solidarity;4.sacred;mourn5.coated6.perish;7.hijack;8.grief;9.farewell;10.takerevengeon;11.revolves;revolves;12.denounced;1.dropoff;2.appliedfor;3.wentoff;4.aregainingon;5.bringdown;6.blottedout;7.thinkbackon;8.pickingat;21.broughtdowntheAmericanhousingmarketin200822.whatwillhappenafterhissonstepsintohisshoes?23.notinthemoodtogoout24.longbeforethemarketbegantoshowsignsofweakness25.mournthelossofthetranquillifewehadinthecountryside1.intheaftermathof;toblotout;thetragic;2.armed;atdusk;accomplices;explosive;3.inthespaceof;noillusion;II.1.alittleof;2.afew;mostof/manyof;3.much;4.few;5.many;6.manyof;7.muchof;8.little;9.fewof;10.Some;III.1.Astheboygrewolder;2.shesignsasbeautifullyasanightingale/singslikeanightingale;3.theydon’tseethemselvesasservantsofthepeople;4.Asshehadleftherkeyintheoffice;5.Justdoasyouaretold;6.Areasonceregardedasrural;7.astheydoinChina8.AshewasbraveandloyalaswellComprehensiveExercisesI.1.mood;2.tragic;3.inthe…aftermathof;4.chaos;5.toppling;6.solidarity;7.takerevengeon;8.thinkingbackon;9.mourning;10.perished1.crashed;2.horrible;3.harsh;4.protect;5.remove;6.utterly;7.truly;8.justify;9.rewarded;10.devastating;II.1.26)Somehigh-rankingofficersofthearmedforcesstartedtoacoup,topplingthegovernmentandthrowingthecountryintochaos.27)Thefallingmarketshatteredherillusionaboutgettingrichquickly.28)ThinkingbackonthehistoryofWorldWarII,wecanseethattheformationoftheAllieswasthenaturalproductofthedevelopmentofpoliticalandmilitarycircumstancesthen.29)PaulfeltstungwhenJimcalledhimareligiousfanatic.Butashewasinnomoodforaquarrel/notinaquarrelingmood,hesimplypretendednottobearit.30)Peoplesaythattimehealsallwounds.Butforthosewhohavelosttheirlovedonesintheevent,willtimefillupthevoidintheirhearts?2.Today,longaftertheearthquakeshook/hitmyhometown,Icanstillrecall,incrystaldetail,whatIsawasIranoutofmyhomewithmyparents.Thebuildingjustacrossthestreettoppledrightbeforeoureyes,debrisfleweverywhereandacloudofchokingdustblottedoutthesun.Horror-strickenpeopleraninalldirections,cryingandscreaming.Now,manyyearsafterthattragicevent,anewtownhasrisenonthewreckageoftheoldone.Inthetownsquare,amemorialhasbeenbuilttorememberthosekilledinthedisaster.Itseemsthewoundsinpeople’sheartshavehealed,butthememorywilllinger.UNIT8VocabularyI.1.heap;2.wassmeared;3.warmed;4.dissolve;5.thrash;6.outoftheway;7.hollows;8.tangled;9.gethishandson;10.opaque;11.attheedgeof;illumined;12.hop;1.takeapart;2.resultfrom;3.runoutof;4.feedon;5.comeforward;6.wokeup;7.focusedon;26.wasdyingtoseethemoviebasedonit27.asarule,thesheerdistancemutesallsoundsfromtheground28.fusstoomuchoverdetails29.slumpedintoanarmchair,(feeling)completelyexhausted30.wasreputedtobethewittiestwomanofhertime1.swarmedto;thespectacular;paddled;2.intheheartof;outoftherangeof;trailingover;glidingin;3.Dayafterday;strip;theheaving;slap;II.1.worth;2.worthy;3.worthwhile;4.worth;worth;5.worthwhile;6.worthy;1.lone;2.alone;3.alone;4.lonely;5.lonely;6.alone;lonely;III.1.ice-cream;2.teas;3.wines;4.cloth;5.soap;6.beer;7.fuels;8.soils;9.sugars;10.grass;ComprehensiveExercisesI.1.aredyingto;2.intheheartof;3.tangled;4.paddles;5.loop;6.outofsight;7.inflocks;8.hopping;9.gliding;10.opaque;11.thrashing;12.darting;13.swarms;14.spectacular;1.running;2.fancy;3.incorporate;4.exploring;5.guide;6.adventure;7.rarely;8.diverse;9.survive;10.lucky;II.1.31)JanetwasjustthekindofgirlMikeknewhecouldtrust,sohebaredhishearttoherontheirfirstdate.32)Atfirstthegirlsplayedonthefringeofthedarkforest,nowlaughing,nowscreaming,butbeforelongtheywereoutofsight.33)Themomentthefootballplayersdisembarkedfromtheplane,theysawafleetofcarswaitingfortheirarrival.34)Carsoncondemnedhisopponentforusingmisleadinginformationtosmearhischaracter.35)Alexgavethepolicemanawalletstuffedwithbanknote.Hesaidhehadfounditonthecurbwhenhehoppedoffhisschoolbus.2.LastWednesday,myclassmateCarolineandIvisitedZhouzhuang,awell-knowntownloopedallaroundbystreams.Whenwearrivedatthetown,Carolinewassoexcitedthatshedartedtowardsthefirstbridgeshesawandbegansingingloudlythere.Suddenlyhervoicehushedwhenshefoundthatshehadstartledaflockofducksnottoofarfromus.NowasCarolinewasdyingforaboatride,wedecidetotourthetownbyboat.Nowloud,nowsoft,CarolinetalkedtoallthecreaturesinthestreamandwasfussingabouteverythingwhileIlookedattheboatsglidingoverthewaterinsilence.Thoughwedidnotseeanythingspectacular,weenjoyedeveryminuteinthetownthatliesoutoftherangeoftheheavytrafficandnoiseofthelargecity.Zhouzhuangisworthvisitingand,timepermitting,I’dliketogothereagain.Testyourselfu1tou4GloballizationbythebookGlobalizationisactuallyquiteeasytodefine.Itissimplyanextensionofeconomicfreedomsbeyondnationalboundaries.ManyyearsagoIgotachancetoenjoythefreedomthatglobalizationbringswhenonmy20thbirthday.IboardedaplanethatbroughtmefromBombay孟买toNewYork.AndwhenIlandedinNewYorkitwasstillmy20thbirthdayandIcelebrateditbyeatingChinesefoodthatcameinfunnylittlewhitecontainersI‘dneverseenbefore。Beingabletocrossnationalboundariesisjustoneoffivefundamentalfreedomsthatglobalizationprovides.Thesearetheotherfour:●first,thefreedomtosellwhatyouproducenotjustinyourcountrybutinothers;andtobuyproductsfromallaroundtheglobe地球eitherforyourdirectconsumption消耗ortohelpyoumakewhatyouproduce—this,ofcourse,isinternationaltrade;●second,thefreedomtoseekcapitalforyourbusinessventuresfromforeignsourcesandtoinvestyoursavingsabroad—thisiscalledcapitalmobilityorfinancialglobalization;●third,thespreadofscientificknowledgeandtechnology;●fourth,thediffusion传播ofideasandculture—andcuisines烹饪.Weshouldnottakethesefreedomsforgranted.We‘veenjoyedthembeforeandlostthem.Theworldthatexistedbeforetheonset开始ofWorldWarⅠwasonesuchtime.Writingaboutit,thegreatBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynessaidthat―theinhabitant居民ofLondoncouldorderbytelephone,sippinghismorningteainbed,thevariousproductsofthewholeEarth,insuchquantityashemightseefit,andreasonablyexpecttheirearlydeliveryuponhisdoorstep门阶…‖Alasasniper‘s狙击手bulletonJune28,1914,triggered引发achainofeventsthatreversed逆转globalization.AnotherbrillianteconomistFredrichvonHayeknotedsadly:―Wedidn‘trealizehowfragile脆弱ourcivilizationwas.‖Overthepast60years,we‘veregained恢复manyofthefreedomslostduringthese30yearsfrom1914to1944.Tradehasexpandedsteadily不断地.Since1990,capitalmobilityhasgreatlyincreased,thoughbysomemeasures措施itisnotbacktopre-WorldWarⅠlevels.Immigration移民hasincreasedbutagain,fortheU.S.atleast,itisjustgettingbacktoprewarlevels.Thespreadofscientificknowledgehaseliminated降低manydiseasesandraisedagriculturalefficiency农业效率worldwide.Andthediffusion传播ofcultureandideascontinuesbriskly轻松地.Inthepoliticalsphere领域,forinstance,therehasbeenasteadydiffusionofdemocraticnorms民主标准.Electoraldemocracies选举民主国家nowrepresent120ofthe192orsoexistingcountries,constitutingnearly60%oftheworld‘spopulation.Ofcoursethecourseofglobalizationhasnotrunsmoothoverthese60years.Inthemid-1990s,financialcrises经济危机disrupted断裂internationalcapitalmarkets,butwe‘velearnedvaluablelessonsfromthatexperienceonhowtolivewithvolatile动荡不定的capitalflows.Andthen,onSeptember11,2001,wesawanattackonglobalizationpotentially潜在的asdevastating毁灭性的asthesniper‘sbulletin1914.Mercifully宽恕地,internationaleconomicintegration整合hasthusfarproventobelessfragile脆弱的—infact,theglobaleconomyhasjustrecordedthefastestfive-yearpaceofgrowthinrecentdecades.Thematerialbenefitsfromthis60-yearexpansionofeconomicfreedomsareevident.Theyincludelongerlives,higherincomesandreducedpoverty,lowerinequalityofincomes,reductioninsocialillssuchaschildlabor,童工and—eventually—acleanerenvironment.Theincreaseinlifeexpectancy期望寿命,thankstotheinternationaldiffusionofscientificandmedicalknowledge,hasbeenamazing.ConsiderthatfromaboutthetimeoftheRomanEmpirethroughtothebeginningofthe19thcentury,averagehumanlifeexpectancywaslessthan30years.Andevenaslateas1950,averagelifeexpectancyindevelopingnations,suchastheoneIgrewupin,wasjust40years.Buttodayaveragelifeexpectancyinthedevelopingworldhasrisento65years.Thatisstilllowerthaninthedevelopedworld,wherelifeexpectancyisabout75years,butwhat‘snoteworthyisthatthegaphasshrunk.Thegapusedtobe30yearsbutisonly10yearstoday.Asincomeshaverisen,povertyrateshavefallenalmosteverywhere.Thenumberofpeoplelivinginwretched悲惨的povertyhasfallenbynearly500million—therehasbeengreaterreductioninpovertyoverthelast50yearsthanintheprevious500years.Higherincomesprovidethemeanstocombatsocialills.Withhigherincome,morefamiliescanaffordtoenroll加入theirchildreninschoolratherthanputthemtowork.WesawthisinVietnam越南,forexample,whereschoolenrollmentroseoncethecountry‘sfarmerswereabletoselltheirriceatglobalprices.Risinguptheincomeladderindevelopingnationsofteninvolvesabandoninglifeinagriculture舍弃农业生活andmovingtocitieswherethereismoreopportunityforhigher-wageemployment.Manyofthesejobsarein―sweatshops‖.Manyofthemhavelowpayandpoorworkingconditions,buttheyalsoprovidethepoorwithopportunitiesthey‘veneverknownpreviously.Manyacceptthesebenefitsofglobalizationbutworrythatitraisesincomeinequality.Whatarethefacts?Globalinequalityhasactuallydeclined下倾ifonetreatseveryindividualasacitizenofPlanetEarthandignorestheirnationality.True,mostofthisisduetothespectacular壮观的advancement先进ofincomesinChinaandIndia,butmanyothercountriesaresharinginthegoodfortunesthatglobalizationbrings.Withincountries,thepatternofchangesininequalitydefies使成为不可能easycharacterization.Incomeinequalityhasindeedincreasedoverthelast30yearsincountriesliketheUnitedStates,buttheconsensus一致的意见isthatthecauseistechnologyratherthantrade.ThelastmaterialbenefitImentionedwasacleanerenvironment.Freedom—andfreemarkets---eventuallytranslateintoacleanerenvironment.WenowknowthatsomeoftheworstenvironmentalabusesoccurredinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,undercentralplanningandabsenceofpoliticalfreedoms.Inmarketeconomies,incontrast,onceaverageincomeshavecrossedathreshold门槛ofabout$3000to$4000,risingincomesandcleanerenvironmentsgohandinhand.关系密切1.Theauthor‘stravelfromBombaytoNewYorkonhis20thbirthdayiscited引用toillustrate注解__________.A)thehighincomeheenjoysB)thefreedomtocrossnationalbor