2022年考博英语-南昌大学考前拔高综合测试题含答案带详解第148期

2022年考博英语-南昌大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1.翻译题

Thehistoryofecologicalchangeisstillsoelementarythatweknowlittleaboutwhatreallyhappened,orwhattheresultswere.ThedestructionoftheEuropeanaurochsaslateas1627wouldseemtohavebeenasimplecaseofoverenthusiastichunting.Onmorecomplexmattersitoftenisimpossibletofindsolidinformation.ForathousandyearsormoretheFrisiansandNetherlandershavebeenpushingbacktheNorthSea,andtheprocessisculminatinginourowntimeinthereclamationoftheZuiderZee.What,ifany,speciesofanimals,birds,fish,shorelife,orplantshavediedoutintheprocess?IntheirheroiccombatwiththeseahavetheNetherlandersoverlookedecologicalvaluesinsuchawaythatthequalityofhumanlifeintheNetherlandshassuffered?Icannotdiscoverthatthequestionshaveeverbeenasked,muchlessanswered.

(1)People,then,haveoftenbeenadynamicelementintheirownenvironment,butinthepresentstateofhistoricalscholarshipweusuallydoknowexactlywhen,where,orwithwhateffectsman-inducedchangescame.Asweenterthelastthirdofthe20thcentury,howeverfortheproblemofecologicalbacklashismountingfeverishly.Naturalscience,conceivedastheefforttounderstandthenatureofthings,hadflourishedinseveralerasandamongseveralpeoples.Similarlytherehadbeenanage-oldaccumulationoftechnologicalskills,sometimesgrowingrapidly,sometimesslowly.ButitwasnotuntilaboutfourgenerationsagothatWesternEuropeandNorthAmericaarrangedamarriagebetweenscienceandtechnology,aunionofthetheoreticalandtheempiricalapproachestoournaturalenvironment.TheemergenceinwidespreadpracticeoftheBaconianbeliefthatscientificknowledgemeanstechnologicalpowerovernaturecanscarcelybedatedbeforeabout1850,saveinthechemicalindustries,whereitisanticipatedinthe18thcentury.(2)Itsacceptanceasanormalpatternofactionmaymarkthegreatesteventinhumanhistorysincetheinventionofagriculture,andperhapsinnonhumanearthhistoryaswell.

【答案】1.因此，人们在他们自己的环境中常常是一个动态的因素，但在目前的历史学术状态下，我们通常确实知道人为的变化在何时、何地或以何种影响出现。

2.它被接受为一种正常的行为模式，可能标志着自农业发明以来人类历史上最重大的事件，也许在非人类的地球历史上也是如此。

2.单选题

Ajokeortwoalways

upalecture,Ithink.

问题1选项

A.raise

B.loosen

C.liven

D.inspire

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。raise“提高”；loosen“放松；松开”；liven“使高兴”，livenup“使……有生气”；inspire“激发，鼓舞”。根据关键词alecture，可知是livenup符合题意。句意：我认为一两个笑话可以使课堂更有生气。选项C符合题意。

3.单选题

IhavedevotedfiveweekendscontinuouslytowritingthegraduationthesisandnowIfeelI______agoodrest.

问题1选项

A.deserve

B.preserve

C.conceive

D.receive

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。deserve“应受，值得”；preserve“保存，保护”；conceive“设想，考虑”；receive“接收，接待”。句意：我已经连续五个周末在写毕业论文了，现在我感觉我应该好好休息一下。选项A符合题意。

4.单选题

Inaseminar,everyoneshouldtakepartratherthanallowonepersonto______thediscussion.

问题1选项

A.overwhelm

B.dominate

C.oppress

D.determine

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。overwhelm“淹没，压倒”；dominate“控制，支配”；oppress“压迫，压抑”；determine“决定；确定”。根据关键信息everyoneshouldtakepart（每个人都参与）与oneperson（一个人），可知前后是两者对比，因此选项B符合题意。句意：在研讨会上，每个人都应该参与讨论而不是让一个人来主导。

5.单选题

Anotherimportantissue

thenewrepublicistheproblemoftheeducationofitscitizens.

问题1选项

A.confining

B.confronting

C.facing

D.conforming

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。confine“限制，禁闭”；confront“面对，遭遇”；face“面对”；conform“遵照，符合”。句意：新共和国面临的一个重要问题是公民的教育。选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

Attemptstopersuadehertostayaftershefeltinsultedwere

.

问题1选项

A.innoway

B.onthecontrary

C.ataloss

D.ofnoavail

【答案】D

【解析】考查短语辨析。innoway“绝不”；onthecontrary“相反”；ataloss“亏本地”；ofnoavail“无效，不起作用”。句意：在她遭受羞辱后要她留下来是徒劳无功的。选项D符合题意。

7.单选题

Undergraduatestudentshaveno

totherarebooksintheschoollibrary.

问题1选项

A.access

B.entrance

C.opportunity

D.path

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。accessto“接近，有权使用”。句意：本科生无法去图书馆使用里面的珍贵书籍。选项A符合题意。

8.单选题

“Opinion”isawordthatisusedcarelesslytoday.Itisusedtorefertomattersoftaste,belief,andjudgment.Thiscasualusewouldprobablycauselittleconfusionifpeopledidn’tattachtoomuchimportancetoopinion.Unfortunately,mostdoattachgreatimportancetoit.“Ihaveasmuchrighttomyopinionasyoutoyours,，”and“Everyone'sentitledtohisopinion,”arecommonexpressions.Infact,anyonewhowouldchallengeanother’sopinionislikelytobebrandedintolerant.

Isthatlabelaccurate?Isitintoleranttochallengeanother’sopinion?Itdependsonwhatdefinitionofopinionyouhaveinmind.D.Forexample,youmayaskafriend,“WhatdoyouthinkofthenewFordcars?”Andhemayreply,“Inmyopinion,they’reugly.”Inthiscase,itwouldnotonlybeintoleranttochallengehisstatement,butfoolish.Forit'sobviousthatbyopinionhemeanshispersonalpreference,amatteroftaste.Andastheoldsayinggoes“It'spointlesstoargueaboutmattersoftaste.”

Butconsiderthisverydifferentuseoftheterm,anewspaperreportsthattheSupremeCourthasdelivereditsopinioninacontroversialcase.Obviouslythejusticesdidnotstatetheirpersonalpreferences,theirmerelikesanddislikes.Theystatedtheirconsideredjudgment,painstakinglyarrivedatafterthoroughinquiryanddeliberation.

Mostofwhatisreferredtoasopinionfallssomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Itisnotanexpressionoftaste.Norisitcarefuljudgment.Yetitmaycontainelementsofboth.Itisavieworbeliefmoreorlesscasuallyarrivedat,withorwithoutexaminingtheevidence.

Iseveryoneentitledtohisopinion?Ofcourse,thisisnotonlypermitted,butguaranteed.D.Wearefreetoactonouropinionsonlysolongas,indoingso,wedonotharmothers.

1.ThenewFordcarsarecitedasanexampletoshowthat.

2.Consideredjudgmentisdifferentfrompersonalpreferenceinthat.

3.Asindicatedinthepassage,beingfreetoactonone’sopinion.

问题1选项

A.personaltastesarenotsomethingtobechallenged

B.itisunwisetoexpressone’slikesanddislikesinpublic

C.itisfoolishtocriticizeafamousbrand

D.oneshouldnotalwaysagreetoothers'opinions

问题2选项

A.itisaresultofalotofcontroversy

B.itreflectspubliclikesanddislikes

C.itisbasedoncarefulthought

D.itisstatedbyjudgesinthecourt

问题3选项

A.meansthatonecanimposehispreferenceonothers

B.meansthatonecanignoreotherpeople'scriticism

C.doesn'tmeanthatonehastherighttochargeotherswithoutevidence

D.doesn'tmeanthatonehastherighttodothingsatwill

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第二段倒数第二句话提到意见指的是个人喜好和品味（Forit'sobviousthatbyopinionhemeanshispersonalpreference,amatteroftaste），因此选项A符合题意。

2.判断推理题。文章第三段提到他们陈述的内容是经过深思熟虑得来的（Theystatedtheirconsideredjudgment,painstakinglyarrivedatafterthoroughinquiryanddeliberation），因此选项C符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章最后一段提到每个人都有权发表自己的意见。但是只有在不伤害他人的情况下，我们才可以自由地按照自己的意见行事（Wearefreetoactonouropinionsonlysolongas,indoingso,wedonotharmothers），由此可知每个人都有权发表自己的意见，但是并不是随心所欲地发表，前提是不伤害别人，因此选项D符合题意。

9.单选题

Ifhehadknownhowtorepairthetoaster,hesurely

her.

问题1选项

A.wouldtell

B.wouldhavetold

C.willtell

D.tells

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据if从句的动词时态，可判断出主句应该使用would+现在完成时，因此选项B符合题意。句意：要是他知道怎么修理烤面包机，他肯定早就告诉她了。

10.翻译题

人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高高兴兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。

【答案】Thehistoricalcourseofman’slifeisjustlikeajourney.Atraveleronalongjourneypassesthroughnowabroad,levelplain,nowarugged,hazardousroad.Whileadeterminedtravelercheerfullycontinueshisjourneyuponreachingasafeandsmoothplace,hefindsitstillmorefascinatingtocometoaruggedplace,theenormouslymagnificentspectacleofwhich,hefeels,isbetterabletogenerateinhimawonderfulsensationofadventure.

11.单选题

Competition,manypeoplebelieve,

thenationalcharacterratherthancorruptit.

问题1选项

A.enforces

B.confirms

C.intensifies

D.strengthens

【答案】D

【解析】than决定了这里的corrupt(腐坏，破坏)与空格处的词相对，所以空白处应填入D，表示“加强”的意思。句意：很多人相信竞争会加强民族性格而不是破坏它。

12.单选题

Improvementsinqualitycontroltechniqueshaveresultedinmorehigh-qualityproductswithveryfew______.

问题1选项

A.failures

B.defects

C.routes

D.spots

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。failures“失败”；defects“缺点”；routes“路线”；spots“斑点”。句意：质量控制技术的改进使产品质量更高，缺陷更少。选项B符合题意。

13.单选题

BillGatesisnottheonlyAmericanentrepreneurwithbusinessplantosavetheworld.D.Therearethousands.ConsiderSteveKirsch,whohadjustturned35whenhehadeveiythingeverythinghecouldwant.Adobe,thesoftwaregiant,hadjustpurchasedoneofhisstartups,Eframe.,ThesalemadeKirschveryrich,withashareinaprivatejet,anestateinCalifornia’sLosAltosHillsandaburningquestion:whattodowiththerestofa$50millionfortune?Afterafewyearsofdolingoutmoneytotraditionalcharities—hisalmamater,theUnitedWay—Kirschgotambitious.Hesetuphisownfoundationtobenefit“everyone”,fundingresearchoneverythingfromcancertonear-earthobjects."“Itisguaranteedthatwewillbehitbyanasteroidsometimeinthefuture,，”perhaps“beforeweendthisphoneconversation.”Kirschexplains.“Itwouldcostseveralbillionlives,andwecansavethoselivesfor$50million,whichislessthanthecostofaprivatejet.Icallitenlightenedself-interest.”

Americanphilanthropyisn’twhatitusedtobe.Gonearethedayswhenoldmoneywasdoledoutbybureaucratsfrommahogany-paneledrooms.Morepeoplearegivingoutmoremoneythaneverbefore,atmuchyoungerages,andtoamuchwidervarietyofcauses.In1980s,RonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessewasgreetedwithhootsofliberalderision—andanoutbreakofgiving.Thenumberofprivatefoundationsrosefrom22,000in1980to55,000today.Theynowdoleoutabout$23.3billionayear,a700percentincreasesince1980.Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity.VanessaKirsch,presidentandfounderoftheentrepreneurialcharityNewProfitInc.,says,“There’sthisnewbreedofsocialentrepreneurscomingoutofHarvardBusinessSchoolorfaileddot-coms,andthey’resaying,'‘Iwanttomakebigthingshappen.’”’’

Theiroutlookisincreasinglyglobal,intheGatesmold.D.Theshareoffundingthatthe1,000largestfoundationsdevotetointeractionalcausesjumpedfrom11.3percentin1999to16.3percentin2000.AndwhiletheU.S,governmentisoftencriticizedforstingyforeignaid(wellunder1percentofGNPeachyear),thesamecan’tbesaidofprivatedonors,whonowgiveaway2.1percentofU.S.GNPeachyear.“NonationcomesevenremotelyclosetotheU.S.onthesethings,”saysScottWalkerofthePhilanthropyRoundtable.“Ifyou’reinSwedenorFrance,it’ssomethingthegovernmentissupposedtodo.IfyouwereinEngland,itisthenobility.Americansdon’tthinkit’senoughtosay,‘Igaveattheofficewithtaxes.’”’’

Tobesure,businessandphilanthropyareoldbedfellowsintheUnitedStates.TheRockefellers,theCarnegiesandtheFordssetthemold.D.ButmanywerewhatMarkDowie,authorof“AmericanFoundations:AnInvestigativeHistory,，”calls“s.o.b.B.s”—patronsof“symphonies,operas,ballets,”and“museumsandhospitalswhererichpeoplegotodie.”Thenewfoundationsaremorelike“quasi-publictrusts—progressiveinstitutionsofchange,”arguesDowie.

ThenewmoversandshakersofAmericancharityaremorelikelytobeflashyTVtitanslikeTedTurner.ThestoryofhowTurnergaveawayabillionisafoundinglegendofthisclass.InacabonhiswaytomakeaspeechattheUnitedNations,thecabletitan,sickofofficialU.S.reluctancetopayU.N.dues,decidedtoponyupI$1billionhimself.ThisshamedWashingtonandinspiredimitators.“Itisalotmorepersonality-orientedinthiscultureofnewwealth.,”saysEllenDadisman,vicepresidentoftheCouncilonFoundations.“It’ssortoflikewealthmeetsPeoplemagazine.”

InSiliconValley,thenewfashioniscalled“venturephilanthropy”,Accordingtoonesurvey,

83percentofvalleyhouseholdsgivetocharity,comparedwith69percentnationally.Buttheypreferto“invest”,not“give”.Andtoattract“investors”,fund-raiserspromisehands-onmanagementofthenonprofitstheysupport.Theydemandseatsontheboard,setperformancegoalsandplananexitstrategyincaseexpectationsaren’tmet.“Traditionally,foundationshavenotbeenasinvasive,”saysDadisman.“Theydidn’tgotothenonprofitandsay,‘Howmuchareyoupayingforrent?Whyareyouusingtheseold-fashionedcomputers?’”Itmaybeinvasive,butifitworks,itcouldhelpsavetheworld.D.Evenfromasteroids.

1.WhydoestheauthorintroducesomeAmericanmillionairesatthebeginningofthepassage?

2.TheauthormentionsRonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessas______.

3.Theexpression“whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity”fromthesentence“Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity.”(Para.A.2)means______.

4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeconcludedfromScottWalker’scomment(Para.A.3)?

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

问题1选项

A.TointroducetherapidgrowthofAmericanmillionaires

B.Toshowhowtheybecomemillionaires

C.Todisplaytherelationshipbetweenbusinessandphilanthropy

D.Toexplaintheirchangingattitudetowardscharities

问题2选项

A.RonaldReaganwasthethenAmericanPresident

B.hiscallwasseverelycriticizedbythepublic

C.RonaldReaganfirstunderstoodthesignificanceofprivatefoundations

D.hiscallreceivedmixedresponsesbutpointedthewayforphilanthropy

问题3选项

A.whoruncharitiesinthesamewayastheyrunbusinesses

B.whoupholdtheprinciplesofbusinessinmanagingcharities

C.whomanagethemoneytheysendtocharities

D.whothinkphilanthropistsshouldreceivetraining

问题4选项

A.CharitiesinEuropeancountriesarerunbythegovernmentaldepartment

B.AmericashouldearnestlylearnthepracticeofcharityfromFranceandSweden

C.EuropeancountriesshouldlearnfromAmericancharity

D.TheconceptofAmericancharityisdifferentfromthatofEuropeanones

问题5选项

A.Charitieswillbecomeprofitablebusinessesinthefuture

B.MorepeopleinSiliconValleygivemoneytocharity

C.Managementofcharitiesisrequiredtoundergochanges

D.Foundationsarebeginningtocheckhowthecharitiesarerunning

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。文章主要讲述了很多亿万富翁投身于慈善事业，开启了慈善事业的新的模式，因此选项C符合题意。

2.细节事实题。文章第二段提到里根呼吁用私人慈善机构来取代政府的捐赠引起了自由派的嘲笑和捐赠狂潮（In1980s,RonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessewasgreetedwithhootsofliberalderision—andanoutbreakofgiving），由此可知对他的做法褒贬不一，因此选项D符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第二段提到里根呼吁私人慈善机构代替政府捐赠之后，捐赠狂潮涌现，他们很多都是资本家的后代，把商业的语言带入了慈善事业（Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity），根据后文都是在讲述如何将商业的规则用于慈善事业，因此可知选项B符合题意。

4.推理判断题。文章第三段提到ScottWalker的观点，他认为美国的私人慈善是其他国家无法比拟的，其他国家的慈善都是国家负责（“NonationcomesevenremotelyclosetotheU.S.onthesethings,”saysScottWalkerofthePhilanthropyRoundtable.“Ifyou’reinSwedenorFrance,it’ssomethingthegovernmentissupposedtodo…），因此选项D符合题意，美国慈善的概念与欧洲其他国家的不同。

5.细节事实题。文章最后一段提到基金会并没有侵略性，换句话说，基金会不会不干涉慈善的运作（“Traditionally,foundationshavenotbeenasinvasive,”saysDadisman.“Theydidn’tgotothenonprofitandsay,‘Howmuchareyoupayingforrent?Whyareyouusingtheseold-fashionedcomputers?’”），因此选项D符合题意。

14.单选题

Ofrecentinventions,itisperhapsthemotorcarwhichhas

ourlivesmorethananythingelse.

问题1选项

A.transformed

B.transmitted

C.transferred

D.transplanted

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。transformed“转变”；transmitted“传输”；transferred“转移”；transplanted“移植”。句意：在最近的发明中，也许汽车比其他任何东西都更能改变我们的生活。选项A符合题意。

15.单选题

Vostokisclosetothecoldestspotintheworld,wherean______minus128.6Fwasrecordedin1983.

问题1选项

A.unreliable

B.extra

C.impossible

D.incredible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。unreliable“不可靠的，靠不住的”；extra“额外的”；impossible“不可能的”；incredible“难以置信的”。句意：Vostok靠近世界上最冷的地方，在1983年的记录中到达了难以置信的零下128.6华摄氏度。选项D符合题意。

16.单选题

Manymanufacturerswereaccusedofconcentratingtooheavilyoncostreduction,oftenatthe______ofthequalityoftheirproducts.

问题1选项

A.expense

B.exposure

C.expansion

D.expectation

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。attheexpenseof“以……为代价”。句意：很多生产商被指控过于集中在降低成本，而以产品质量为代价。选项A符合题意。

17.单选题

TBAIndustrialProductsproducesasbestos(石棉)textilesforbrakelinings.Thecompanyisjustinstitutingaprogrammetoreducetheasbestosintheairattheplanttoamaximum0.5fiberspermilliliterofair—thecontrollimitimposedbytheHealthandSafetyExecutiveirresponsible.Withconstantexposuretothatlevel,accordingtoareportbyanOntarioRoyalCommission,betweenoneandfouroutof100peopleworkingfor25yearscouldexpecttodieofaasbestos-relatedcancer.YetDavidGee,healthandsafetyofficeroftheGeneral,MunicipalandBoiler-makersUnion,acceptsthatthecompanyshouldgonolower.Why?

Problemnumberoneisassessingtheriskandthedifferencethatproposedsafetymeasureswouldmaketoit.Therearethreebasiccategories,towhichtheHSE’spolicy-makerswork—inthejargon,corpses,cancersandcatastrophes.

“Corpses”arethevictimsofone-offaccidents.Awealthofevidenceonsuchaccidentsexists,andtheeffectsofmeasurestocombatthemareeasilycalculated.

“Cancers”,thekillerdiseasesthatcanarisefromworkinglongperiodsinunsafeenvironments,arehardertoassess.Thediseasesmaynotappearuntilyearsaftertheprocesswasfirstinitiated,andtherelationshipbetweencauseandeffectisoftencontroversial.

Assessingthepotentialfor“catastrophes”—-likeBhopal,SevesoorFlixborough_inwhichtensofthousandsofpeoplecanbeaffectedisharderstill.Sucheventsareexceedinglyraresotheycannotbepredictedonthebasisofpastexperience.Insteadengineeringexpertsthinkofeverythingthatcouldgowrong—andofthethingsthatcouldgowrongwiththeprecautions.Theprobabilityofanaccidentisthenexpressedintermsofthenumberoflikelycatastrophesper10,000years,usuallyafractionofone.Thisprocessyieldsanestimateoftheriskoflossoflifeforeachplantorprocess.Thenextstageistoputamoneyvalueonit.

Theclassiceconomist’scalculationuseswhatiscalledthe“humancapital”approach.Thedeadpersonisvaluedasamachinewhowouldotherwisehaveproducedgoods.

Thiscallouscalculusmadenoallowanceforwhatmostpeoplewouldregardasthemaincostofalostlife-thepain,griefandsuffering.Thathasnowchanged,thankstoworkbyProfessorMichaelJones-LeeandhiscolleaguesatNewcastleUniversity.Theyaskedmembersofthepublicwhatriskstheywouldbepreparedtorunforwhatoverallrewards.Thisprocessyieldsestimatesofthesubjectivevalueoflives.Theanswerseemstocomeoutbetween£lmand£2m.

1.WhyisTBAIndustrialProductsabouttoreduceasbestoslevelsintheairattheirplant?

2.“Cancers”arehardertoassessthan“corpses”because.

3.Whatdoestheassessmentofthepotentialfor“catastrophes”relyon?

4.Thewritersuggeststhatthe“humancapital”approachis.

5.AtypicalquestionposedbyProfessorJones-Leeandhiscolleagueswouldhavebeen:

问题1选项

A.TocomplywithareportbytheOntarioRoyalCommission

B.BecausetheUnionisdemandingstrictersafetymeasures

C.BecausepresentlevelsareabovethosesetbytheHSE

D.Toimprovethequalityoftheirbrakelinings

问题2选项

A.thesafetymeasuresemployedvaryagreatdeal

B.Ttherearefarmoreofthem

C.Tthewealthofevidencehasnotyetbeenanalyzed

D.Iitisdifficulttotracethecauseofsomediseases

问题3选项

A.Ananalysisofafewpastdisasters.

B.Mathematicalprobabilitycalculations.

C.Acomparisonof“cancers”and“corpses”.

D.Reportsofacompany’scapital.

问题4选项

A.unreliableandrisky

B.invaluable