高考英语中国文化读写专项：徽派建筑+中国长城

ChapterVIIIChineseArchitectureLesson1Hui-styleArchitecture徽派建筑 AtthefootofbeautifulHuangshanMountainliegroupsofgrey-tiledandwhite-walledhouses,formingthemosttypicalsceneliketraditionalChineselandscapepaintings.ItisHui-stylearchitecture,oneofthemajorChinesearchitecturalstylesofancienttimes,withtheexquisitehomes,ancestralhallsandmemorialarchwaysasitsmostimpressiveembodiments. HuiarchitecturedevelopedintoasignificantschoolintheSongDynasty.DuringthemiddleperiodoftheMingDynasty,gardensandhousesconstructedwithHuistylesdevelopedveryquicklyalongwiththeprosperityofHuitradeandthedevelopmentofitssocialeconomy.HuistylesoonsteppedoutfromHuizhouandwasintroducedtobigtownsalongtheYangtzeRiver. ThetechnicalfeaturesandstyleofHuiarchitecturearemostlyputtouseintheconstructionofhouses,ancestraltemples,josshouses,archways,andgardens.Huistylehousesaretypicallyoneswithskylights.Withasquare-shapedskylightsurroundedbyhousesfromfoursidesorfromleft,rightandbackside,theseHuistylehousescanreducethebeatofsunshineandenjoyfreshair.Allthehousesdrainoffwatertotheskylightwhichmeansfortunewillnotrunoffoutside,whichiscalled"foursideswaterreturningtothemainhallofthehouses"bylocalnatives.Huistylehousesmainlyreflectthemountainousfeatures,geomanticomen,andthebeautifulterrainthere.ThewholeshowofHuistylehouses,builtwithblacktilesandwhitewalls,surroundedbyhighwallsshapedlikehorseheads(forfireproofing),andharmonizedwithrefinedandelegantcolors,bringsusastrongsenseofbeauty.Thesehousesareondecoratedwithartworksmadeofbrick,wood,andstone.Asatraditionalarchitectureschool,Huistyleembodieselegance,conciseness,andmagnificence,andstillkeepsitsspecialartisticfavortothisday. Generallyspeaking,theouterappearanceofHui-stylebuildingsdifferslittlewhiletheirinteriorcanvaryalotbasedonthewishesoftheowners.HomedecorischaracterizedbythreetypesofHuicarving:stonecarving,woodcarvingandbrickcarving.Theaveragehomeownerwouldspendlesseffortondecoratingtheinteriorroomsthantheirfrontface.Thewindowsandgatesfacingoutwardwouldnormallyrequiredelicateworkmanship,andthegatehouseinparticularservedasanimportantbannerofwealthandsocialstatus,soworthyofbeingdecoratedwithcomplicatedpatternsorshapes. TotakealookattheHuiarchitecture,XidiVillageinYixianCountyisthebestplacetogo.ItisasiteoftypicalHuiresidences,andoneofthe“AncientVillagesinSouthernAnhui”thathavebeencollectivelylistedasaWorldCulturalHeritageSitebyUNESCO.Withahistoryofover950years,thevillagecameintobeingintheHuangyouPeriod(1049-1054)oftheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127)andhaditsdevelopingdaysintheearlypartoftheQingDynasty(1644-1911).Historicalrecordssuggestthatinitsheydayitsupportedapopulationover10,000peopleandsawtheconstructionofover40publicbuildings,mostlyschoolsandtemples,andmorethan1,000dwellings.Todayover240wellpreservedresidencesfromtheMingandQingdynastiesstillhousesome300householdsofmorethan1,100residents.ThetouristattractionsinthevillageincludeLingyunPavilion,CishiArchway(orknownastheMemorialArchwayoftheGovernor),TaoliGarden,EastGardenandtheHallofRespect.Thesecenturies-oldstructureshavemadethevillageamicrocosmoftraditionalChinesecultureandanopen-airmuseumofMing-andQing-styleresidences.（590words）◆Helper:exquisite[ɪkˈskwɪzɪt]精致的ancestral[æn'sestrəl]祖先的archway[ˈɑ:tʃweɪ]拱门joss[dʒɒs]神像，佛像skylights[ˈskaɪlaɪt]天窗,天井drain[drein]排水geomantic[dʒɪə'mæntɪk]风水的omen['əʊmən]征兆，兆头terrain[təˈreɪn]地形，地势fireproofing['faɪəˌpru:fɪŋ]防火，耐火harmonize['hɑ:mənaɪz]使和谐refined[rɪˈfaɪnd]精炼的interior[inˈtiəriə]内部heyday[ˈheɪdeɪ]盛世，全盛期residence[ˈrezidəns]住处，住宅microcosm[ˈmaɪkrəʊkɒzəm]微观世界,缩影LingyunPavilion凌云阁；CishiArchway胡文光刺史牌坊；TaoliGarden桃李园；EastGarden东园；theHallofRespect敬爱堂◆ChineseBriefIntroduction:徽派建筑是中国古建筑最重要的流派之一，主要流行在古徽州地区（今安徽省黄山市、宣城市绩溪县、江西省婺源县）以及泛徽州地区（浙江淳安、江西浮梁）。它的工艺特征和造型风格主要体现在民居、祠庙、牌坊和园林等建筑实物中。在徽州地区现今尚有大量徽派古建遗存，散落在徽州大大小小的村落中，吸引着海内外无数的游客纷至沓来。徽派建筑集徽州山川风景之灵气，融风俗文化之精华，风格独特，结构严谨，雕镂精湛，不论是村镇规划构思，还是平面及空间处理、建筑雕刻艺术的综合运用都充分体现了鲜明的地方特色。尤以民居、祠堂和牌坊最为典型，被誉为“徽州古建三绝”，为中外建筑界所重视和叹服。它在总体布局上，依山就势，构思精巧，自然得体；在平面布局上规模灵活，变幻无穷；在空间结构和利用上，造型丰富，讲究韵律美，以马头墙、小青瓦最有特色；在建筑雕刻艺术的综合运用上，融石雕、木雕、砖雕为一体，显得富丽堂皇。◆Exercise:I.Questions:1.WhendidHuiarchitecturedevelopintoafamousschool?2.WhydidHuistylesdevelopveryquicklyduringthemiddleperiodoftheMingDynasty?3.Whatdoestheunderlinedpartmeaninthetext?TrytotranslateitintoChinese.4.IfyouwanttohaveagoodlookattheHuiarchitecture,whereisworthvisitingmost?II.Matchthefollowingpictureswiththeirnames.A.theLingyunPavilion；B.theCishiArchway；C.theTaoliGarden；D.theEastGarden；E.theHallofRespectF.theWastGarden(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)III.Writtenwork假如你是校学生会主席，根据学校的安排，由你给全校同学播送一条通知。内容如下：（1）10月16日（星期六）下午2：30有一个实事报告（2）

报告人：英国剑桥大学SmithMilton教授（3）报告内容：东西方不同建筑风格及其对艺术，文化的影响（4）地点：学校礼堂（5）要求：所有同学都要参加，准时到场，认真听讲，做好笔记。在听报告期间，如有问题询问，可举手或递纸条给报告人。报告会结束后将分班进行讨论请根据以上内容写一则100词左右的英文广播通知。Lesson2TheGreatWall

In221B.C,thefirstEmperor(QinShiHuang)startedtobuildagreatwallrightacrossthenorthofhisempire.HewantedtokeepthetribesofHansandTartarsoutsidehiscountry.TherewereearlierwallsbuiltinsomeplacesbydifferentkingsofChina,buttheFirstEmperor,nowthatheruledallChina,decidedtocompletethewall.HedecidedtomakeitrunrightacrossfromTibettothesea,adistanceofover1,500miles.Ittooksevenyearstobuild.Thegreatwallranacrosswild,steep,mountainouscountry,overthemountainsanddownthevalleys.Northandwestofittherewereonlywildmountainsanddeserts,andsouthandeastthereweretherichYellowRiverplains.Itwasbuilthigherthanadouble-deckerbus.Inthemostplacesitwaswideenoughforeightmentomarchsidebysidealongthetop.Itwasbuiltofstonesandclay.Therewerehugeblocksofstonesonthesidesandonthetopthereweremorestones.Carscouldtravelalongthetop.Abouteverytwohundredyardsthereweretall,strongtowerswheresoldierscouldkeepwatchfortheenemy,andwheretheycouldlightfirestosignaltoeachother.Therewerealwayssoldiersinsidethesetowers,winterandsummer,keepingguardagainstattacksfromtheHans.Therewereafewwell-guardedgatewayswithhugewoodengatesstrengthenedwithironnails.TheseconnectedthemainroadsofChinatootherroadsthroughthemountainsandacrossthedesert.TheGreatWallhasoftenbeenrebuiltthroughthecenturiesandmuchofitrunninglikeasnakeacrossthecountryandcanstillwalkalongthetop.Muchofthetrafficwhichpassesthroughtheancientgatewayshasnotchangedmuch.Buttoday,aswellashorsesandcartstherearemotorcarsandtrucks.Tobuildsuchanenormouswallacrosssuchwildandmountainscountrywithoutanymoderntractorsorotherheavymachineswasverydifficult.AlltheEmperor’sbuilderswerethousandsofmen,oftenprisonersofwar.Theyliftedtheearthinbuckersanddraggedthestonesinteamswithropesovertheirshoulders.Theyworkedinsuchwildanddistantplacesthatitwasdifficulttosupplythemwithenoughfoodortomakepropersheltersinwhichtheycouldsleep.Thousandsofworkersdiedandwereburiedintheclayinsidethewall.ThepeoplehatedtheEmperorforhiscruelty.Manypeoplewereseizedandforcedtoworkonthewallfarawayfromtheirhomes.Manyofthemnevercameback.SuperstitiouspeoplewhobelievedinmagicusedtosaythattheEmperorhadriddenacrossthemountainsonmagichorses.Thewallappearedunderhimashewentalong.Whereverthehorsestampeditfoot,awatch-towerappeared.Butthewallwasnotmadebymagic.Itwasmadebytheworkandlivesofthousandsofmen.（506words）◆Helper:steep[sti:p]陡峭的，险峻的valley[ˈvæli]山谷double-deckerbus[ˈdʌblˈdekəbʌs]双层巴士clay[klei]黏土，泥土gateway['ɡeɪtweɪ]入口nail['neɪlz]钉子tractor[ˈtræktə]拖拉机,牵引器bucker['bʌkə]装运工shelter[ˈʃeltə]居所Superstitious[ˌsu:pəˈstɪʃəs]迷信的stamp[stæmp]跺脚◆ChineseBriefIntroduction:据记载，秦始皇使用了近百万劳动力修筑长城，占全国总人口的二十分之一。当时没有任何机械，全部劳动都由人力完成，工作环境又是崇山峻岭、峭壁深壑，十分艰难。长城始建于春秋战国时期，历史达2000多年，今天所指的万里长城多指明代修建的长城。长城东西绵延上万华里，因此又称作万里长城。长城是中国也是世界上修建时间最长、工程量最大的一项古代防御工程。据2012年国家文物局发布数据，历代长城总长为21196.18千米，是第一批全国爱国主义教育示范基地。长城是我国古代劳动人民创造的伟大的奇迹，是中国悠久历史的见证。与古罗马斗兽场、古埃及金字塔、比萨斜塔等是古世界的八大奇迹之一。1987年12月，长城被列为世界文化遗产。◆Exercise:I.MultipleChoice:ChosethebestanswerfromthefollowingA,B,C,D.(

)1.TheGreatWalltook_________yearstobuild.A.

221

B.

1500

C.

7

D.

20

(

)2.TheGreatWallprotectedtheplaininthe_________.A.

northandwest

B.

northandeast

C.

southandwest

D.

southandeast(

)3.Firesweresometimeslitto____________.A.

keepthesoldierswarmandcookthefood

B.

keeptheenemyaway

C.

brightentheroadandcookthefood

D.

signalfromonetowertoanother(

)4.Thegatewaysweremadefor__________topassthroughA.

horsesandcarts

B.

carsandlorries

C.visitorsandtractors

D.HansandTartars(

)5.Whichstatementisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Therewasclayinthemiddleofthewall.B.Therewerenowaysthroughthemountainsandacrossthedesertoutsidethewall.C.Agreatnumberofworkersdiedbecausetherewasnotenoughfoodandshelter.D.Therewereagreatmanygatesinthewall.II.Writtenwork1.假设由你接待一组加拿大中学生代表团。该团经广州、成都等地在北京只逗留两天。团长向你征求意见在北京先参观何处，请按以下提示提出你的口头建议：（1）首先建议去长城。长城是世界是最长的墙，是世界八大奇观之一，有20个世纪的悠久历史，全部由手工建成，令人惊叹不已。（2）其次是故宫，它建于1406年，曾有24位皇帝在那儿居住过。皇帝在那儿发号施令。参观它，可以更多地了解中国历史。（3）对其逗留时间短暂深感遗憾，否则，可以参观许多具有历史意义的地方和景区，如颐和园、北海公园等。参考词汇：发号施令：issueorders令人惊奇：amazing2.假如你是一名导游，陪同某外国旅游团游览长城。车抵长城，下车前你准备对大家作必要的介绍和交代。请拟一份讲话稿。讲话稿必须包括以下内容：（1）简单介绍长城（世界上最长的城墙，有两千多年的历史，是世界奇观之一）；（2）在长城逗留两个半小时，11点离开；（3）游览车在入口处等候，记住车号，准时返回；（4）贵重物品随身携带，下车前关上车窗；（5）游览时注意安全，祝大家玩得愉快。注意：不要逐句翻译，字数100个单词左右。SuggestedAnswerstoChapterVIII1.Hui-styleArchitectureI.3.Waterinalldirectionsgatherstogether,whichmeansrichwatershouldbekeptinone'sownfields.ItshowsHuibusinessmen’sideasofgatheringmoney.“四水归堂”II.Matchthefollowingpictureswiththeirnames.Keys:(1)B(2)E(3)C(4)D(5)A(6)FIII.Writtenwork【参考答案】Boysandgirls,MayIhaveyourattention,please?NowIhaveanannouncementtomake.TherewillbealectureinourschoolauditoriumonSaturdayOct.16.Itisaboutthedifferentstylesbetweeneasternandwesternarchitectureandtheireffectsonartandculture.ThelecturewillbegivenbySmithMilton,aprofessorfromCambridgeUniversityinEngland.Itwillbeginat2:30p.m.Everyoneisrequiredtoattend.Pleaselistencarefullyandtakenotes.Ifsomebodyhasaquestion,pleaseputupyourhandorwriteitdownonapieceofpaperandpassittothespeaker.Afterthelecture,we’llhaveadiscussionineachclass.Pleasedorememberthetimeandplace:2:30p.m.SaturdayOct.16,schoolauditorium.Don’tbelate.That’sall.