人教版高中英语选修8课件unit1AlandofdiversityGrammar

Unit1Alandofdiversity名词性从句（一）人教课标高二选修8Unit1Lookatthefollowingclausesinthesentencesandthinkaboutwhatroledotheseclausesplayinthesentences.WhatattractspeopletoCaliforniais itspleasantclimateandrelaxed lifestyle.主语RevisingusefulstructuresHowever,mostapplicantsknowthat theyhaveverylittlechanceofgettinga visa.宾语

Thisiswhyeachyearagreatnumber ofpeoplefromallovertheworldtryto immigratetoCalifornia.表语1.概念在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NounClauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句(SubjectClause)、宾语从句(ObjectClause)、表语从句(PredicativeClause)和同位语从句(AppositiveClause)。名词性从句2.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:

连接词/从属连词

不充当从句的任何成分连接代词:

连接副词:that,whether,if

what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which

when,

where,

how,

why3.不可省略的连词：1)介词后的连词2)

引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That

she

was

chosen

made

us

very

happy.We

heard

the

news

that

our

team

had

won.SubjectClause(主语从句)ObjectClause(宾语从句)PredicativeClause(表语从句)Nounclause一、主语从句在复合句中作主语,它可以位于句首,但常见的主语从句多放在句末,句首则用形式主语it。Thattheearthisroundistrue.=Itistruethattheearthisround.主语从句的用法(3)It＋不及物动词＋从句

Itseemsthat…似乎……Ithappenedthat…碰巧……Itappearsthat…似乎……(4)Itis＋过去分词＋从句

Itisreportedthat…据报道……Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…Itissaidthat…据说……thatsomeAmericanfriendswillvisitourschoolnextweek.thatwewereoutforawhetherIsayornot.walkyesterdayevening.★三、用带–ever的引导词(如whoever,whatever)引导的主语从句一般不后置。

Whoeverleavestheroomlastshouldclosethedoor.Whateverwedomustbeintheinterestsofthepeople.Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.四、it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

it作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:五、what与that在引导主语从句时的区别

what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that则不然,即不担任何成分。例如：

Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.句子结构：主句+连接词(引导词)+宾语从句连接词:

从属连词that,whether,if

连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what

连接副词where,how,why,when宾语从句的用法Hehasgotapen.Ithink…Ithink(that)hehasgotapen.WheredotheystudyEnglish?Lilyasks…LilyaskswheretheystudyEnglish.

Willyouhelpme?Iask…Iaskifyouwillhelpme.一、连词(引导词)1.当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句),连词由that引导,因为that在从句中不作任何成分,也没有任何具体意思,因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。

Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.Janesaid(that)shewasn’tlateforthemeeting.2.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,由特殊疑问词充当连接词,因为该特殊疑问词(即连接词)在从句中担任一定的句子成分,具有一定的意义,所以不可以省略。Doyouknowwhathesaidjustnow?Idon’trememberwhenwearrived.IaskedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.Pleasetellmewhowehavetosee.Doyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?Marywroteanarticleon______theteamhadfailedtowinthegame.A.whyB.whatC.whoD.thatIwassurprisedbyherwords,whichmademerecognize___sillymistakesIhadmade.A.whatB.thatC.howD.which3.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,由连词whether或if引导(口语中常用if),因为if/whether翻译成“是否”,具有一定的意义,所以不能省略。

Lilywantedtoknowif/whetherhergrandmalikedthehandbag.Let’sseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.

注意:

①关联词只能用whether不能用if。表 示“是否”的情况如下：A.在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：

Thequestioniswhetherthefilmis worthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhas wonthematchisunknown.B.在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语 时,whether和if都能引导主语从句, 否则,也只能用whether。如:

Whetherweshallattendthemeeting hasn’tbeendecidedyet.Ithasn’tbeendecidedwhether(if)we shallattendthemeeting.C.在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)如:Italldepends(on)whethertheywill supportus.D.后面直接跟动词不定式时。如：

Hedoesn’tknowwhethertostayornot.E.后面紧接ornot时。如：

Wedidn’tknowwhetherornot shewasready.②关联词if,whether均可使用的情况 如下：A.引导宾语从句。如：

Iwonderif(whether)thenewsistrueornot.B.在“be+形容词”之后。如：

Hewasnotsurewhether(if)itisrightorwrong.4.跟在介词后的宾语从句:宾语从句放在 介词后作介词的宾语,在使用这种结构 时不能丢掉介词。

Thereisnonewsaboutwhetheranew bridgewillbebuilt.Weareconsideringofwherethese treesshouldbeplanted.二、语序:连接词＋陈述句合成一个句子：Hewouldbebackinanhour.Hesaid…

Hesaid(that)hewouldbebackinanhour.DotheyspeakEnglish?Wewanttoknow…

Wewanttoknowif/whethertheycanspeakEnglish.Whatishername?Heasksme…Heasksmewhathernameis.三、时态：如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时),那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。WhenwillProfessorLigiveusatalk?Wewantedtoknow…

WewantedtoknowwhenProfessorLiwouldgiveusatalk.Jimisagoodstudent.Theteachersaid…

Theteachersaid(that)Jimwasagoodstudent.HasMr.GreenbeeninBeijingforfiveyears?Heasked…

Heaskedif/whetherMr.GreenhadbeeninBeijingforfiveyears.★注:此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we，而且它的反意疑问句的助动词由从句的助动词来定。

Idon’tthinkhecandoit,

?Idon’tthinkyouareright,

?

canhe

areyou

在suggest,insist,demand,order,require等表示建议,命令,要求的动词后,从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如:Iinsistedthathe(should)doitatonce.Shesuggestedthatthework(should)befinishedatonce.

注意:1.当从句是客观真理,定义,公理,定理时用一般现在时。2.如果主句的谓语动词是ask时,连词不可能是that;如果主句的谓语动词是say时,连词用that。1)Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.2)HeasksifIlikeplayingthepiano.3.如果从句中含有or或ornot时,只能用whether而不用if。

Doyouknowwhetherheisrightornot?Idon’tcarewhetherhe’llstayhereornot.Idon’tknowwhetheritisgoingtorainornot.★五、在接复合宾语的句子中,为了保持句子平衡,用it作形式宾语,将从句放于句尾,常接复合宾语的动词有:make,find,see,hear,feel,think...Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.I

think

it

a

pity

to

waste

the

food.

在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句,引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用asif引导。其基本结构为:主语+系动词+从句。

That’swhatweshoulddo.That’swhyIwanttoseeyou.表语从句的用法1.be,seem,look等动词后均可跟表语从句：

Mysuggestionisthatweshouldgoshopping.Itseemsthatitisgoingtorain.

☆Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.

☆ItwasbecauseIgotuplate.

☆ThereasonformyabsencewasthatIwasill.

☆Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathedidn’tcatchtheearlybus.

☆

Mysuggestionisthatweshouldhaveadiscussionaboutthismatterinsteadofjustsettingitaside.shouldhavesuggestion注意:在表语从句中,当reason做主语时,引导词只能用that,不能用because。如:Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathedidn’tcatchtheearlybus.他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。4.主句的主语是名词idea,advice, suggestion,order,request, requirement时,表语从句应用虚拟语 气。即:(should)+v.Mysuggestionisthatweshouldhave adiscussionaboutthismatterinstead ofjustsettingitaside.Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.

Ibelieve(that)heishonest.

Thequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenextspeaker.

Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheworld.

主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句高考链接

考点一：主语从句

[考例回顾]Itwasneverclear_____themanhadn’t reportedtheaccidentsooner.

（江苏 2011）A.thatB.how C.when D.why[点拨]答案为D。根据句意“那个人为什么没尽快汇报那起意外事故还没弄清楚”可知D项符合语境。此句中，it为形式主语，真正的主语是why引导的主语从句。2.Beforeaproblemcanbesolved,itmustbeobvious_____theproblemitselfis.（湖南2011）

A.what B.that C.which D.why[点拨]答案为A。此句中it作形式主语，真正的主语为what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作表语。[点拨]答案为B。whoever在此引导主语从句，表示“无论谁”。

考点二：宾语从句

[考例回顾]1.Ourteachersalwaystellustobelievein_____wedoandwhoweareifwewanttosucceed.（四川2011）

why B.how C.what D.which[点拨]答案为C。根据从句wedo后缺少宾语可知选what。2.Itisnotalwayseasyforthepublictosee_____useanewinventioncanbeoftohumanlife.（重庆2011）

whose B.what C.which D.that[点拨]答案为B。whatuse作beof的宾语。3.We’veofferedherthejob,butIdon’tk