专业英语试题库

选择题A（关键专业词汇5题以上）Bacterialcellwallsarecomposedprincipallyofpeptidoglycans,andreproductionisbybinaryfission.[A.abruption;B.binaryfission;C.breakup;D.divide]ThephotosyntheticbacteriacontainarangeofbacteriochlorophyllsanddonotliberatefreeO2duringphotosynthesis.[A.photosynthesis;B.photosynthate;C.breath;D.Reverse]Conjugationinvolvesthetransferoflargeportionsofgeneticmaterialbetweendonorandrecipientcellsinmatingpairs.[A.donor;B.donate;C.donation;D.endow]Thecyanobacteriaarephotosyntheticprokaryotescontainingchlorophyll,andalsophycobiliproteinpigmentssuchasphycocyanin.[A.peptidoglycan;B.crystalviolet;C.chlorophyll;D.algae]Thoseusinglightastheirenergysourcearetermedphototrophic.[A.chemotrophic;B.lithotrophic;C.organotrophic;D.phototrophic]Excessiveextractionofwatercanlowerwater-tables,which,insomeinlands（内陆）,mayleadto____.A.subsidenceB.salt-waterinstrusionC.earthquakeD.floodingButbecauseoflossesthrough______andplanttranspiration.A.evaporationB.environmentC.evaporateD.evaporativeIrrigationhasallowedtheexpansionofagricultureintosemi-aridandeven____environments.A.dryB.aridC.droughtd.waterThesteadyflowsthatdamscausealtertheseasonalcyclesof_____andriparianplantsandanimals.A.aquaticB.aquaticsC.aquacultureD.aquationNewlandfillshavecomplexbottomlayerstotrapcontaminant-ladenwater,calledleachate,leakingthroughtheburiedtrash[A.wallB.leachateC.leaderD.little]Amodernmunicipalsolidwastelandfillistypicallyconstructedaboveanimpermeableclay.[A.impressB.impermeableC.improveD.impolite]However,manyincineratorswereeliminatedbecauseofaestheticconcerns,suchasfoulodors,noxiousgases,andgrittysmoke.[A.graveB.grittyC.groveD.glass]Theburingwasteheatswaterandthesteamdriveaturbinetogenerateelectricity,whichissoldtoautility.[A.toolB.turbineC.troopD.type]Selectionoflandfillsitesisbasedonanunderstandingoflocalgeologyconditions.[A.geobloB.geologyC.conditionD.location]Theparadoxisthatinitsgaseousstate____,abundantthoughtitis,isunavailabletomostlife.A.nitrogenB.oxygenC.hydrgenD.alcoholTobeused,freemolecularnitrogenhastobefixed.This____comesaboutintwoways.A.energyB.fixationC.paradoxD.radiationThisfixationisaccomplishedby____bacterialivinginassociationwithleguminousandroot-noduledmonleguminousplants,byfree-livingaerobicbacteria,andbycyanobacteria(blue-greenalgae).A.togetherB.biologicalC.symbioticD.noneofaboveAccordingtotheauthor,theenergyneededforhighenergyfixationscomesfrom______.A.cosmicB.meteoriteC.lightningD.allabove_____isabiologicalprocessinwhichammoniaisoxidizedtonitriteandnitrate,yieldingenergy.A.ammonificationB.denitrificationC.bacterfiationD.nitrification1Howvolatilenitrogenisturnedinto______forplants?A.nutrientB.nitrateC.nitriteD.nitric2_____gasesemittedduringthefirstphaseofwastetreatmentareharvestedforuseasfuel.AgreenBwarmCgreenhouseDignite3______istheprocessinwhichsoilbacteriaoxidizeammonia(NH3)sequentiallyintonitrite(NO2-)andthennitrate(NO3-).ArespirationBdenitrificationCphotosynthesisDnitrification4Buttoomuchuntreatedwastesdumpeddirectlyintofishpondcanrobthefishof______,andendupkillingthefish.AnitrogenoxideBnitrogenCoxygenDcarbondioxide5The_____farmtypicallyconsistsofcrops,livestockandfishponds.AdreamBintergratingCintervaDintegratedEthanolisagood_______forgasolineinspark-ignitionengines.A.reserveB.substituteC.replaceD.shiftAsasummary,thelongstorywas______intoafewsentences.A.condensedB.condemnedC.concealedD.concentratedTheproblemwiththecountryishowtoliftitseconomyoutof____.A.reservationB.recreationC.recessionD.reversionEthanoldoes_____lesscarbonmonoxideandsulfuroxidesthangasoline.A.releaseB.outputC.setD.affranchiseAlcoholcanbeobtainedfrom_____A.sugarcropsB.starchycropsC.celluloseD.allofaboveTheairwhichwebreatheconsists,byvolume,ofabout78percent______.A.OxygenB.NitrogenC.carbondioxideD.ArgonGaseoushydrogen,producedbythe______ofwater,isanother______topetroleum.A.electrolysis,choiceB.hydrolysis,choiceC.electrolysis,alternativeD.alternative,alternative选择题B（关键短语5题以上）Bacterialcellwallsarecomposedprincipallyofpeptidoglycans,andreproductionisbybinaryfission.[A.makeupof;B.buildup;C.arecomposed;D.constitute]AspeciesadaptedtolivingunderconditionsofabountifulenergysourceisdesignatedasKselected.[A.livingunder;B.livingin;C.living;D.lived]Itwouldbeexposedtoselectionpressuresdifferentfromthoseaffectinganr-selectedorganismlivinginuncrowdedbutpossiblyphysicallyrestrictiveenvironments.[A.differentfrom;B.differentwith;C.otherthan;D.differwith]Someestimateplacetheirnumberashighas40%ofthetotalplate-countpopulation.[A.ashighas;B.ishighas;C.highas;D.ashighto]Ther-selectedorganismsexposedtoflushesofsubstrateinanotherwiseuncrowdedenvironmentwouldplaceapremiumonhighgrowthincreaseperunitoffoodratherthanoncompetitiveness.[A.placeapremiumon;B.placeapremiumto;C.placeapremiuminto;D.placeapremiumwith]Nowadays,governmentsinmostOECDcountriesare____largeprogrammerstodevelopirrigation.A.scalebackB.scaledbackC.scalingbackD.scalesbackIndrierpartsofthearea,suchasCalifornia,andtheMurray–DarlingbasininAustralia,agricultureaccountsforwellover90%ofconsumptiveuse.A.accountsB.accountsuptoC.accountsforD.accountsfromWeallwanttoknowhowOECDgovernmentsarerespondingtotheincreaseddemandforwaterinagriculturalproduction.A.areresponsibleforB.arerespondingtoC.areresponsibilitytoD.responsetoLanddegradation,isthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.(A.abilityB.ableC.capacityD.capacitly)Soilcompactionisaworldwideproblem.(A.compactB.compactionC.compactnessD.degradate)Acceleratedsoilerosionisanotherprincipallanddegradationprocess.Similartocompaction.(A.erosionB.erosionalC.degradationD.degradate)Nutrientdepletionisanotherprincipalprocessoflanddegradationwithsevereeconomicimpactonaglobalscale.(A.depletionB.depleteC.expandD.expanding)Despitethevoluminousliterature,landdegradationremainsadebatableissue.(A.degradationB.degradateC.gradateD.gradation)Landdegradation,declinesinlandqualityduetonaturalprocessesandanthropicactivities,isamajorglobalissueforthe20thcenturyandwillremainhighontheinternationalagendaevenforthe21stcentury.(A.becauseofB.duetoC.althoughD.asif)2.Landdegradationcanalsobeconsideredintermsofthelossofactualorpotentialproductivityorutilityasaresultofnaturaloranthropicfactors.(A.intermsof;B.referto;C.evolvedfrom;D.simplystated)3.Highpopulationdensityisnotnecessarilyrelatedtolanddegradation.(A.asthoughB.resultedinC.relatedtoD.aswellas)4.Lands,dependingontheirinherentcharacteristicsandclimaticconditions,rangefromhighlyresistantorstabletoextremelysensitiveandfragile.(A.relatingtoB.dependingonC.soastoD.therefore)5.Landdegradationisabiophysicalprocessdrivenbysocioeconomicandpoliticalcauses.(A.drivenbyB.resultedinC.becauseofD.aswell)Asbetterwaste-disposaltechnologiesweredevelopedandasvalueschanged,moreemphasiswasplacedontheenvironmentandqualityoflife.[A.areplacedonB.wasplacedonC.locateinD.waslocatedin]Theheatderivedfromtheburingisconvertedintosteamandelectricity.[A.convertedtoB.convertedintoC.transformtoD.being]However,thelandfilloftodayisfardifferentfromasimpleholeinthegroundintowhichgarbageisdumped.[A.differentB.differentfromC.abstrictonD.referto]Theycurrentlycostupto$1millionperhectaretoprepare.[A.rightB.uptoC.belowD.about]Untilrecently,thedisposalofmunicipalsolidwastedidnotattractmuchpublicattention.[A.attempB.attractC.absortD.eyeson]Cosmicradiation,meteoritetrails,andlightningprovidethehighenergy______combinenitrogenwiththeoxygenandhydrogenofwater.A.neededtoB.gottentoC.cametoD.needingtoFixation___molecularnitrogen(N2)___twoatomsoffteeN.A.go…intoB.get….intoC.splits….intoD.jump…..intoInnonagriculturalsystemssome12,000species,fromcyanobacteriatonodule-bacteriaplants,_____nitrogenfixation.A.bereponsibleforB.beingreponsibleforC.isreponsibleforD.arereponsibleforInterrestrialecosystemnitrogen,largelyintheformofammoniaornitrates,_______byplants,whichconvertittoaminoacids.A.istakenupB.aretakenupC.isbrokedownD.arebrokedownInaquaticecosystems,nitrogencyclesinasimilarmanner,exceptthatthelargereservoirinthesoil______.A.islackingB.lackedC.arelackedD.islackedTheintegratedfarmtypically______crops,livestockandfishponds.A.makeupB.madeupofC.isconsistedofD.consistsofBothofwinterwheatandsummercornhasstillgreatpotentialtoincrease____.A.yellB.yieldsC.yieldD.yellsThesmallamountofresidualnutrientsleftaftertremendouslossesthat_____theenvironmenthavetakenplace.AdestroyBdamageCruinDviolateOfficialsalsosayawomanmay_____asecondattackinthenorthernpartofthecountry.\o"点击发音"A.arerespectiveforB.ispossibleforC.areresponsibleforD.arelookingforNearlyallorgansfortransplant______executedprisoners.\o"点击发音"A.areproducedfromB.areharvestofC.areharvestedfromD.aregottenfromLiquidfuels______theUSeconomy.A.isindispensabletoB.areindispensabletoC.isprojectedtoD.areprojectedtoTheproductionanduseofethanolfuel______theincreaseinatmosphericcarbondioxideandtoglobalwarming.A.resultinB.bringoutC.asresultD.contributetoChangingherjoblikethat______givingherthesack.A.isequivalenttoB.isequabletonC.isdifferentfromD.isdisparateto

Hydrogenhasthepotentialtoserve______arenewablegaseousfuelfortransportionvehicles.A.onB.forC.upD.as______gasoline,bothmethanolandethanolreducetheamountofcarbondioxide,whichisgoodforourenvironment.A.comparedtoB.withregardtoC.consideringD.inviewofMankindmusttakecarenotto______theearth______itsnaturalresources.A.expend，ofB.spend，onC.deplete，ofD.defray，to配对题（核心专业词汇8题以上）Ethanol乙醇，酒精Cellulose纤维素Sugarcane甘蔗Hydrolysis水解（作用）Electrolysis电解Photovoltaics太阳能电池Carbonmonoxide一氧化碳Distillation蒸馏Livestock家畜，牲畜Hydrogenperoxide过氧化氢fungi真菌eukaryote真核生物peptidoglycan肽聚糖binaryfission二分裂autotrophic自养的heterotrophic异样的cyanobacteria蓝细菌aerobic好氧的、需氧的chlorophyll叶绿素bacteriochlorophyll细菌叶绿素transpiration植物蒸腾semi-arid半干旱aquifers含水层erosion腐蚀，侵蚀replenish补充，填满Degradation退化Anthropology人类学Eutrophication富养化Contamination污染Regulatory调整的Compaction板结Unsustainable不可持续的Acidification酸化Impermeable 不透性的impermeablemembrane 非渗透性膜geologic 地质的scavenge 清除hectare 公顷turbine 涡轮mercury 水银gritty 有沙的Fixation固定Symbiotic共生Ammonification氨化作用Nitrification硝化作用Glucose葡萄糖Nitrogen氮Nitricacid硝酸Photosynthesis光合作用aerobically 需氧地，好氧性的nitrogenperoxide 过氧化氮zeroinputandzeroemission 零输入和零排放plankton 浮游植物decompose 分解non-arid 不干旱的potablewater 饮用水manure 粪肥by-product 副产品是非题（重点专业知识句子3题以上）（F表示错误，T表示正确）Carbonmonoxideisharmfultomankind'shealth.[T]Ethanolcanbeobtainedfromoilcrops.[F]Theoxygencanbecombinedwithhydrogeninafuelcell.[T]Alcoholproducedfromcornisarenewableenergysource.[F]Asolarcellworksmainlybasedontheoptoelectronicseffec.[T]Bacteriaaretermedprokaryoticbecausetheylacknuclearmembranes.[T]Chemoorganotrophsarereferredtoasautotrophs.[F]AspeciessurvivinginuncrowdedbutpossiblyphysicallyrestrictiveenvironmentsisdesignatedasK-selected.[F]ThenumericallypredominantbacteriainsoilareStreptomycetes.[F]Throughoutmostoftheworld,industryistheleadingconsumptiveuserofwater.[F]WithdrawalsforagriculturalpurposescurrentlyaccountforovertwothirdstotalabstractioninallOECDcountries.[F]Thepracticeofexploitingundergroundwaterforagricultureisessentialfortheprotectionofnaturalresources.[F]Landdegradation,isthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.[T]Landdegradationisaphysicalprocessdrivenbysocioeconomicandpoliticalcauses.[F]Acceleratedsoilerosionisanotherprincipallanddegradationprocess[T]Inancienttimes,thedisposalofmunicipalsolidwasteattractedmuchpublicattention[F]Nowadays,noneofcountriesofareasdumpssolidwastesoutsideofthecityorvillage[F]Landfillshadbeentheprimarymethodofwastedisposalbecauseofthelowestcostandthesimplesttechnologyuntilthethreatofgroundwatercontaminationwasrecognized.[T]Highenergyfixationisthemainwayofnitrogenfixation.[F]AccordingtothetextthesecondstepofbiologicalfixationisthatthefreeNatomscombinewithoxygentoformtwomoleculesofnitrate.[F]Nitrogenisdirectlyabsorbedbyplantrootsandincorporatedintoaminoacids,whichpassthroughthefoodchain.[T]Nitrosomonasbacteriaandnitrobacteraretwogroupsofmicroorganismsthatinvolvedintheprocessofnitrification.[T]Accordingtothetext,nitrogencyclesinaquaticsystemsinasimilarmannerwithterrestrialecosystem.[F]Forestsareimportanttotheenvironmentbecausetheytakeincarbondioxideandreleaseanothergas–oxygen.[T]Livestockmanurecontainslargeamountsofammoniagasthatmustbeturnedbackintostablenitratebeforeitcanbeabsorbedasnutrientbyplant.[T]Abundantlyproductivefarmswithzeroinputandzeroemissionarepoweredbywaste-gobblingbugsandhumaningenuity.[T]句子翻译题（重点难、长句子3题以上）Variousrawmaterialscanbeusedformethanolproduction,includingnaturalgas,coal,wood,andmunicipalsolidwastes.[许多种原料可用于甲醇生产，包括天然气、煤炭、木材和城市固体废物。]Methanolcanbeobtainedfromwoodorwoodycropsbymeansofawoodgasificationprocessfollowedbycompressionandmethanolsynthesis.[甲醇可以由木材或木本作物经过气化、压缩、合成三个阶段制得。]Partofthereasonforthisdifferenceisthatthevolumeofhydrogenfuelisaboutfourtimesgreaterthanthatforthesameenergycontentofgasoline.[这种差异的原因之一是：在能量相同的情况下，氢燃料的体积约为汽油的四倍。]Themajorlimitationinusingbiomassformethanolproductionistheenormousquantitiesneededforaplantwithsuitableeconomiesofscale.[利用生物质生产甲醇主要的局限性就在于一个具有相当经济规模的工厂对于生物质的巨大需求量。]Essentiallythesamedifferentiationgiveninthetermslithotrophicandorganotrophicisprovidedbythetermsautotrophicandheterotrophic,respectively.[实际上，“无机营养型”和“有机营养型”这两个词间的区别可以分别用“自养型”和“异养型”这两个词来表达。]Theobligatechemolithotrophsusethesamebasicphysiologicalpathway(theCalvinCycle)foundinmostotherorganismsinmetabolizingtheirowncellconstituents..[专性化能无机营养菌采用与其他大多数相同的基本的生理途径（即Calvin循环），这些生物都利用这种途径代谢自身细胞成分。]AdesignationG+isgiventocellsthatretaincrystalvioletfollowingsubsequentexposurestoKIsolution,alcohol,andcounterstain,andG-forcellsfromwhichthecrystalvioletreadilydestains.[那些浸泡在碘溶液、酒精和革兰氏试剂后细胞内含有结晶紫的细菌为革兰氏阳性菌，反之，细胞内结晶紫消褪的为革兰氏阴性菌。]Ther-selectedorganismsexposedtoflushesofsubstrateinanotherwiseuncrowdedenvironmentwouldplaceapremiumonhighgrowthincreaseperunitoffoodratherthanoncompetitiveness,aswouldbethecaseofaK-selectedorganism.[当r选择性微生物处于营养丰富而且其他竞争性微生物不多的环境时，它们会更加倾向于利用好现在的食物来快速繁殖，而不是像K选择性微生物那样倾向于增强其竞争力。]Water-useinagriculturehasmarkedeffectsontheenvironment,notallofthemadverse.农业用水对环境有显著的影响，但这些影响并不全是负面的。HowareOECDgovernmentsrespondingtotheincreaseddemandforwaterinagriculturalproductionandthegrowingpublicawarenessoftheimpactofagricultureontheenvironment?经合组织各国如何应对增长中的农业生产用水需求和农业对环境影响的公共意识。Buttheexploitationofgroundwateraquifersforfarmingcontinuestogrowapace-notonlyinaridandsemi-aridregionsbutinmanyhumidareasaswell.但是无论干旱、半干旱地区还是在一些潮湿的地区，为农业进行的地下水蓄水层的开发持续增长。Landdegradationcanalsobeconsideredintermsofthelossofactualorpotentialproductivityorutilityasaresultofnaturaloranthropicfactors.土地退化也可依自然或人为因素造成的实际或潜在的生产力或效用损失考虑。Nutrientdepletionisanotherprincipalprocessoflanddegradationwithsevereeconomicimpactonaglobalscale.养分消耗是在全球范围内另一个对有严重的经济影响的土地退化主要过程。Landdegradationisthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.土地退化指土地质量下降或者生产率、环境自身调节能力降低。Amodernmunicipalsolidwastelandfillistypicallyconstructedaboveanimpermeableclaylayerthatislinedwithanimpermeablemembraneandincludesmechanismsfordealingwithliquidandgasmaterialsgeneratedbythecontentsofthelandfill.[一个现代化的城市固体废物填埋场建造在非渗透性的粘土层之上，这粘土层再衬上一层非渗透模型的膜，并包括能够处理填埋物产生的气和液体的装置。Landfillshavehistoricallybeenth