人教版高考英语一轮复习讲义选修六选修七基础知识

第一部分基础知识选修六～选修七1.了解全球变暖的危害和保护环境的重要性；增强节约能源保护环境的意识。2.了解自然界的威力，认识到人类只有保护自然，才能有效地预防自然灾害并改造和利用自然。3.提高学生理解、尊重、关心、帮助残疾人的意识，使残疾人与健全人一样共享美好生活。一、重点单词需牢记1.quantityn.量；数量Theyarecollectingsecond－handbooksinquantity.他们正在大量收集二手书。quantitiesof大量的Thereisalargequantityofraininthecountry.这个国家多雨。Largequantitiesofwaterhavejustbeendrunkbyhim.他刚刚喝了很多水。aquantityof与quantitiesof既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词。但前者修饰主语时，其谓语动词根据名词的形式确定单复数形式；后者修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。2.tendvi.趋向；易于；照顾vt.(常与to连用)有某种倾向；有……的趋势；走向；趋向；朝向；照管，照料；看护Thewomanstayedathometotendherchild.那个妇女待在家里照料她的孩子。tendencyn.倾向，趋势haveatendencyto/towards有……的倾向Thereisatendencytowardsregionalcooperation.有一种地区性合作的趋势。3.opposevt.反对；反抗；与(某人)较量beopposedto反对……Mymotherisopposedtothenewplan.我妈妈是反对这个新计划的。opposedadj.反对的；对立的oppositen．对立的人(物)；反义词adj.相反的，相对的dotheopposite做相反的事4.rangen.种类；范围vt.排列，归类于，使并列in/within/outof/beyondrange在射程内/外beyondtherangeof超越……范围outofone'srange某人达不到的Therewillbeanincrease__in__therangeof0to3percent.③温度是在15度到35度之间变化。Thetemperatureranges__from__15__to__35degrees.rangefrom...to在……范围内变化ThisstoresellsawiderangeofTVsets.这家商店出售各种型号的彩色电视机。Herlecturerangedoveranumberoftopics.她的讲座涉及许多话题。5.averagen.平均，平均数；adj.一般的，普通的；中等的v．平均达到，平均做到onaverage平均below/aboveaverage在平均水平以下(以上)withanaverageof平均为Wereceived20callsadayonaverage.我们平均每天接到20个。Thiscarruns15kilometresperliteronaverage.这辆车平均每公升(汽油)跑15公里。6.appointvt.任命；委派appointsb.toapost派某人担任某职务HeappointedWilliamsashisdeputyinthecityofYork.他任命威廉姆斯作为他在约克郡的代理人。Theheadmasterappointedanewdirector.校长任命了一位新主任。appointmentn.约会；约定；委任appointedadj.约定的；指定的make/haveanappointmentwithsb.与某人约会breakone'sappointment违约；失约keepone'sappointment守约7.anxiousadj.忧虑的；不安的beanxiousabout/for为……焦虑/担心beanxioustodosth.渴望干某事beanxiousthat－clause(should)＋v.Thereisnoreasontobeanxiousabouttheresult.没有必要为这结果而担心。Weareanxiousthathe(should)dohisbit.我们非常希望他能尽到自己的本分。anxiouslyadv.焦虑地；担心地anxietyn.焦虑，挂念；焦虑的原因；令人焦虑之事8.panic(panicked,panicked)vi.&vt.惊慌n.惊慌；恐慌panicoversth.对某事感到惊慌beinapanic在惊慌中beseizedwithapanic惊慌失措getupapanic引起惊慌causeapanic引起恐慌panic的过去式和过去分词都是panicked，它的现在分词是panicking。Thethunderpanickedthehorse.响雷使马惊慌。Hepanickedandranasfastashecouldtosafety.他很惊慌，赶快跑到安全地方。9.guaranteevt.保证；担保n.保证，保证书，担保，抵押品guaranteetodosth.保证做某事guaranteethat/sth....保证……guaranteesb.sth.＝guaranteesth.tosb.向某人保证某事givesb.aguaranteethat...向某人保证……EvenifyoupleteyourtrainingIcan'tguaranteeyouajob.即使你完成了培训，我也无法保证你能有工作。Iguaranteethathewillappearincourt.我保证他会出庭。10.ambitionn.雄心；野心haveambitionfor对……有野心/雄心Theyoungmanhasambitionforfameandgain.那个年轻人对名利有野心。ambitiousadj.志向远大的；有雄心壮志的；有野心的beambitiousforpower极欲获得权力beambitiousofsuccess渴望成功beambitiousto一心想……11.beneficialadj.有益的；受益的bebeneficialto有益于Freshairisbeneficialtoourhealth.新鲜空气有益于健康。benefitn.利益；好处vt.有益于；得益于beofbenefit有益处forthebenefitof为了……的利益或好处havethebenefitof得益于，占……的光12.adaptvt.使适应；改编adaptto适合adapt(oneself)to...适应……Heisquicktoadapt(himself)tothenewcircumstance.他很快适应了新环境。adaptv.使适应；使适合(与to连用)；改造、修改(为……所用)，改写(与for连用)Iadaptedouroldgarageforuseasaworkshop.我把我们的旧车库改为工作室用。They'retryingtoadaptthisstoryforthefilm.他们正在将这篇小说改编成电影。13.congratulatevt.祝贺；庆贺congratulatesb.onsth.就某事祝贺某人Icongratulatedmyselfonmynarrowescape.我庆祝自己死里逃生。congratulationn.祝贺；贺词Congratulations！祝贺！/恭喜！(常用于口语)14.accessn.(接近的)方法；通路；可接近性beeasy/hard/difficult/ofaccess容易/难接近giveaccessto接见；准许进入have/gain/get/obtainaccessto得以接近；得以会见；得以进入Theonlyaccesstothefarmhouseisacrossthefields.要到那个农舍去唯有穿过田地。Thevillageiseasyofaccess.到那村子的路容易走。accessible是access的形容词，意为“可(或易)接近的或可(或易)使用的”。Medicineshouldnotbekeptwhereitisaccessibletochildren.药品不应放在儿童容易拿到的地方。Theticketisaccessibleatthepresenttime.这票当前有效。二、重点短语需精通1.eabout发生；造成；变方向Theaccidentesaboutinthisway.这事故就是这样发生的。Thewindhaseaboutintothenorth.风向已转北。takeplace，happen,breakout和eabouttakeplace指事先计划或预想到的事情的发生。而且takeplace还有“举行”的意思。happen指一切客观事物或情况的偶然或未能预见的发生。breakout多指灾难、战争、疾病等现象突然发生。eabout属中性词语。可表达正面或负面事物的发生。2.goup涨价；上涨；上升；升级；增长；(楼房等)盖起来Everythingwentupexceptsalaries.除了薪水以外，其他一切都上涨了。Haveyouseenthepapertoday?Upgothepricesagain!你看了今天的报纸吗？又涨价了！Thetemperatureisgoingup.温度正在上升。goup是个不及物短语，没有被动语态；而它的反义短语是bringdown，意为“使价格降下来”，是个及物短语。3.resultin导致，造成It'shislazinessthatresultedinhisfailureinthelastexam.是他的懒惰造成他上次考试的不及格。resultfrom因……产生，源自asaresultof作为……结果withoutresult毫无结果的4.keepon继续keepondoingsth.＝continue/goondoingsth.继续干某事Itwasraining,butthefarmerskeptonworkinginthefields.下雨了，然而农民们还在田里劳动。keepdoing和keepondoing都可表示“不断(老是)做某事”的意思，强调动作连续不断，每隔一会儿发生，这时两者可以换用。keepdoing还可表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态。keepondoing强调“继续干某事”(尽管动作是时断时续)。5.onbehalfof代表……一方；作为……的代言人＝onone'sbehalf代表……；为了……的利益Iamwritingtoyouonbehalfofmyfathertoexpresshisgreatthanksforyourhelp.我代表我的父亲写信对于你的帮助表达他莫大的感激。Hespokeonbehalfoftheplan.他为这项计划辩护。6.putupwith忍受；容忍；受苦Ican'tputupwithyourrudenessanymore.我再也不能容忍你的粗鲁态度了。Thatwoman,asahousewife,hasalottoputupwith.那个女人是个家庭主妇，不得不忍受许多烦恼。eupwith想出keepupwith赶上catchupwith赶上befedupwith厌倦了putdown写下putoff延期putout熄灭putup举起7.inotherwords换句话说inword在口头上inwords用语言(来表达)ina/oneword简言之，总之breakone'sword失信；食言eatone'sword收回前言getinaword插话haveawordwith与……谈一谈havewordswith与……争吵keepone'sword遵守诺言leaveword留言sayafewwords(即席)说几句话uponone'sword一定wordbyword按词序排列；逐字逐句地8.cutout切去；省略；停止(做某事)Icutthisarticleoutofthenewspaper.我从报纸上剪下了这篇文章。cutdown砍倒；削减，压缩cutup切/破碎cutoff切断，停掉；隔绝，挡住Thefloodcutofftheirsupplies.洪水切断了他们的供给。三、重点句式能熟用1.IwasfastasleepwhensuddenlymybedbeganshakingandIheardastrangesound,likearailwaytrainpassingmywindow.我睡得正酣，正在这时我的床开始晃动，我听到一种奇怪的声音，就像一列火车正从我窗外驶过。when引导时间状语从句。在此状语从句中，and连接两个并列的句子。likearailwaytrainpassingmywindow为介词短语作定语，修饰sound，而arailwaytrainpassingmywindow为like的复合宾语。“be＋形容词/表示状态的介词短语＋when...”表示“正在做某事，就在这时……”。beabouttodosth.when...正要做某事，就在这时……bedoing＋when...正在做某事，就在这时……(分句中的动作往往是短暂性的)hadjustdonewhen...刚做过某事，就在这时……2.Theothertwoclimbeddownintothecratertocollectsomelavaforlaterstudy,butthisbeingmyfirstexperience,Istayedatthetopandwatchedthem.另外两人攀下火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。句中的thisbeingmyfirstexperience为独立主格结构。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。独立主格结构基本构成形式为：名词(代词)＋现在分词(过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/名词/介词短语)。Nightcoveringtheearth,nobodycouldmakeoutwhatthedarkmasswasfromadistance.黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。3.Havingtakenthewrongbus,Martinfoundhimselfinanunfamiliardistrict.由于乘错了车，马丁发现自己到了一个不熟悉的地区。findoneself后跟doing,done形式、形容词、介词短语、副词等，表示“在无意识中出现了某种情况”。SuddenlyIfoundmyselfmakingthesamemistakeasImadeyesterday.突然间，我发现自己又犯了昨天的错误。Whenfoodwasserved,wesuddenlyfoundourselvesveryhungry.当食物端上来的时候，我们突然觉得饿了。4.Doesthisdisabilitymakeitdifficultforthemtodosomethings?残疾使得他们做一些事情很困难吗？本句采用的是“主语＋make＋it＋adj./n．＋动词不定式”的结构。在本结构中，it只是形式宾语，而后面的forsb.todosth.才是真正的宾语。在这个不定式短语中，forsb.又成了todo的逻辑主语。用在这种结构中的其他动词还有：think,feel,find,consider等。Itmakesitpossiblefortheearthtosupportsomanypeople.这样就使得地球养活这么多的人成为可能。只有it能作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。【例1】完成句子①这个新工厂已经被投了很多钱。__A__lot__of/Lots__of/Plenty__of/A__quantity__of/Much/A__great__deal__of/A__large__amount__of__moneyhasbeenspentonthenewfactory.②电脑里存了大量信息。Vast__amounts/quantities__ofinformationhavebeenstoredinthisputer.③桌子上有很多苹果。__Quantities__of/A__large__quantity__of__appleswereonthetable.【例2】完成句子①处于压力下的人易发挥自己的潜力。Peopleunderstress__tend__to__expresstheirfullrangeofpotential.②他往往把球掷得过高。He__tends__to__pitchtheballtoohigh.③物价在上涨。Pricesare__tending__upward__.【例3】完成句子①你为什么反对我的建议？Whydidyou__oppose__mysuggestion?②我反对他们结婚。I'mopposed__to__theirmarriage.③他们吵架后就分道扬镳了。Theywenttheir__opposite__waysaftertheyquarreled.【例4】使用恰当的介词填空①酒店提供一系列设施和服务。Thehoteloffersawiderange__of__facili－tiesandservices.②将会有0到3个百分点的增长幅度。【例5】用average的相关短语完成句子①一般地说，男子比女子吸烟多。__On__average__，mensmokemorecigarettesthanwomen.②使他们高兴的是，他们儿子的学习成绩远远高于平均水平。Totheirgreatjoy,theirson'sschoolworkiswell__above__average__.【例6】完成句子①他被任命为这个城市的市长。He__was__appointed__mayorofthecity.②老师任命他为班长。Theteacherappointedhim(__as/to__be__)monitor.③如果你想和他见面，你得预约。Ifyouwanttomeethim,youhavetomakean__appointment__.④我们的来宾在约定的时间到达了。Ourvisitorsarrivedatthe__appointed__time.【例7】完成句子①我急着想知道竞赛的结果。Iamanxious__to__know__theresultofthepetition.②那是一件使我深感焦虑的事情。Thatisagreatanxiety__to__me.eager强调“对成功的期望”或“进取的热情”，含有积极向上的意思。anxious强调“担心”或“焦急”，对结果感到不安。【例8】完成句子①人们听到枪声感到惊慌。Thecrowd__panicked__atthesoundoftheguns.②剧院失火时，引起一阵恐慌。Whenthetheatercaughtfire,therewas__a__panic.【例9】用guarantee的适当形式完成句子①这场雨保证了今年有个好收成。Therain__guarantees__agoodcropthisyear.②我的表保修一年。Mywatch__is__guaranteed__foroneyear.③我的表仍在保修期内。Mywatchisstill__under__guarantee__.【例10】用所给单词的适当形式填空①他在青年时代曾有过当钢琴家的雄心。Inhisyouthhehadtheambitionof__being__(be)apianist.②王子为女孩的美貌打动了，渴望能娶到她。Theprincewasattractedbythegirl'sbeauty,and__ambitious__(ambition)tomarryher.【例11】使用恰当的介词填空①跟上亚洲形势的发展会有帮助。Itwouldbebeneficial__to__keepabreastofdevelopmentsinAsia.②阳光对植物有益。Sunshineisbeneficial__to__plants.③他戒烟是为了对健康有益。Hegaveupsmoking__for__thebenefitofhishealth.【例12】使用恰当的介词填空①他适应了寒冷的天气。Headaptedhimself__to__thecoldweather.②这些材料改一下可以给大一点的孩子用。Thematerialscanbeadapted__for__usewitholderchildren.③我得到了那本书的改写本。Igotanadaptation__of__thatbook.\【例13】完成句子①他们举行聚会庆祝他的生日。Theyheldaparty__to__celebrate__hisbirthday.②请允许我祝贺你这光辉的成就。Allowme__to__congratulate__youonyourbrilliantperformance.celebrate表示“庆祝”，常指举行盛大隆重仪式的庆祝或纪念有意义的日子或时刻。可直接接节日、胜利、成功等名词作宾语。【例14】使用恰当的介词填空①巴肯成功地把一个棘手的题目变得被读者易于理解。Buchansucceedsinmakingadifficultsubjectaccessible__to__thereader.②小海湾只有小船才能进入。Thecoveisonlyaccessible__by__boat.③学生要有使用好图书馆的便利条件。Studentsmusthaveaccess__to__agoodlibrary.④唯有高级官员才可以接近总统。Onlyhighofficialshadaccess__to__thepresident.【例1】完成句子①事故发生在昨天。Theaccident__happened__yesterday.②万一另一次世界大战爆发，人类将会发生什么事？Shouldanotherworldwar__break__out,__whatwouldbeeofhumanbeings?③请告诉我事故发生的经过好吗？Tellmehowtheaccident__came__about,__willyou?【例2】完成句子①尽管电视的价格在上涨，他还是设法让那个经理把价格降下来了。AlthoughthepricesofTVsetare__going__up,__hemanagedtomakethemanager__bring__down__thepriceofthatTVset.②到处都在建新的办公大楼。Newofficebuildingsare__going__up__everywhere.【例3】使用恰当的介词填空①这次事故造成三人死亡。Theaccidentresulted__in__threedeaths.②他的努力终成泡影。Nothinghasresulted__from__hisefforts.【例4】用keep或其相关短语的适当形式填空①捷报频传。Newsofsuccesses__keeps__(on)__pouringin.②这些狗为什么不停地叫？Whydothedogs__keep__barking?③他讲个不停。He__kept__on__talking.【例5】完成句子①我代表我和我妻子感谢你。__On__behalf__of__mywifeandme,Ithankyou.②不要代替我去做那件麻烦事。Don'ttroubletodoit__on__my__behalf__.【例6】完成句子①他想不出一个合适的回答。Hecouldnot__e__up__with__aproperanswer.②他们走得那么快，我没法跟上。TheywalkedsofastthatIcouldnot__keep/catch__up__with__them.③你的抱怨我听厌了。I'm__fed__up__with__yourplaints.【例7】完成句子①Shehasagoodhandwriting,andisgoodatwritingarticles.__In__a__word__(总而言之),sheisaqualifiedsecretary.②Thebeautyofsunsetcannotbedescribed__in__words__(用语言).③Thepersonwho__has__a__word__with__(同……讲话)myfatherisoneofmyrelatives.④Thecouple__have__words__with__(争吵)eachotherinthestreetignoringtheeyesofpassers－by.【例8】用适当的介词填空①Imustcut__out__goingtobedlate.②Thecarindustrycut__down__production.③Thewoodchoppercut__down__thetreeandcutit____up.【例1】完成句子①我睡得正香时房外传来巨大的噪音。Iwasfastasleep__when__suddenlytherewasaloudnoiseoutsidemyroom.②他在去欧洲旅行时接到了她的。HewasonajourneytoEurope__when__hereceivedhercall.③我们正在去东京的飞机上，这时我突然想起我把护照忘在了家里。WewereonaflighttoTokyo__when__suddenlyIrememberedIhadleftmypassporthome.此时的when不可以与while互换，也不可以将when引导的从句置于句首。【例2】用所给单词的适当形式填空①There__being__(be)nobus,wehadtowalkhome.＝Asthere__was__(be)nobus,wehadtowalkhome.②Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatly__improved__(improve)．③Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyes__fixed__(fix)ontheblackboard.【例3】用所给单词的适当形式填空①Whendawncame,wefoundourselves__walking__(walk)onacountryroad.②Whenshecametoherself,shefoundherself__covered__(cover)withablanket.【例4】完成句子①有的学生也许认为很难把英语学好，其实不然。Somestudentsmaythink__it__difficulttolearnEnglishwell.Infact,itisn't.②能被邀请参加这个聚会我感到非常荣幸。Ifelt__it__agreathonourtobeinvitedtotheparty.一、单句语法填空1.There'stoogreata__consumption__(consume)ofalcoholinBritain.2．Therewasapparent__disagreement__(disagree)betweentheirstories.3.Peoplemayhavea__tendency__(tend)towardsobesityevenbeforetheyeattheirfirstmeal.4.Ourmembersaredefinitely__opposed__(oppose)tomakingconcessionsonthesafetyquestion.5.Thisfallofpricesis__consequent__(consequence)ontheriseinproduction.6.Theplete__equipment__(equip)ofthenewhospitalwilltakeayear.7.__Unfortunately__(fortunately),wearrivedtoolatetocatchtheplane.8.It's__absolutely__(absolute)nobusinessofhers.9.Allthestudentsareassignedto__suitable__(suit)jobs.10.Iwasso__annoyed__(annoy)thatIfeltimpelledtowriteal