美国工资不平等情况分析报告-培训课件外文版2024.4

POLITICS

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SOCIETYWageinequalityintheU.S.CHAPTER

01ThegenderpaygapTheglobalgendergapindex2023Theglobalgendergapindex2023Indexscore0.40.00.10.20.30.50.60.70.80.91.0IcelandNorwayFinland0.910.870.860.85NewZealandSweden0.810.810.81GermanyNicaraguaNamibiaLithuaniaBelgiumIreland0.80.80.790.790.790.79RwandaLatvia3Description:Theglobalgendergapindexbenchmarksnationalgendergapsoneconomic,political,education,andhealth-basedcriteria.In2023,thecountryofferingmostgenderequalconditionswasIcelandwithascoreof0.91.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):WorldEconomicForumFemaletomaleearningsratioofworkersintheUnitedStatesfrom1990to2022U.S.femaletomaleearningsratio1990-202284%83.7%85%83%81%79%77%83.1%82.3%81.7%81.6%80.5%79.6%78.6%78.3%76.5%77.8%77%76.9%

77.1%77%76.9%77%76.6%76.6%75.5%76.3%74.2%73.8%75%73%71%69%67%65%73.7%72.3%73.2%72%71.5%71.6%71.4%70.8%69.9%Year4Description:In2022,thefemaletomaleearningsrationwasat84percent.Theratioindicatesthataregularfemaleworkerearnsabout84percentoftheamountamaleemployeeinthesamepositionwouldreceive.ThefemaletomaleearningsratiointheU.S.from1990to2022arebasedonearningsin2022CPI-U-RSadjusteddollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1990to2022Source(s):USCensusBureauMedianweeklyearningsoffull-timewageandsalaryworkersintheUnitedStatesinthefourthquarterof2022,byeducationalattainmentandgender(incurrentU.S.dollars)U.S.weeklyearningsbyeducationandgenderQ42022MenWomen2,5002,0001,5001,0005002,0201,6271,5401,2541,2381,1161,0109608647537545930TotalLessthanahighschool

Highschool,nocollegediplomaSomecollegeorassociate'sdegreeBachelor'sdegreeAdvanceddegree5Description:IntheUnitedStates,womenholdingabachelor'sdegreeearnedonaverage1,254U.S.dollarsperweekinthefourthquarterof2022.Thiscanbecomparedwithmalebachelor'sdegreeholderswhoonaverageearn1,627U.Sdollars.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022;25yearsandolderSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsMedianweeklyearningsoffull-timewageandsalaryworkersintheUnitedStatesin2022,bygenderandethnicity(inU.S.dollars)U.S.wageandsalaryworkers:weeklyearningsbygenderandethnicity2022WomenMen1,8001,6001,4001,2001,0008001,5591,2341,1721,1549739589218878357616004002000AsianWhiteTotalBlackorAfricanAmericanHispanicorLatino6Description:Thisstatisticshowsthemedianweeklyearningsoffull-timewageandsalaryworkersintheUnitedStatesbygenderandethnicityin2022.TheusualweeklyearningsofamaleAsianAmericanwageworkerwas1,559U.S.dollarsin2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022;16yearsandolderSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsFemaletomaleearningsratioofworkersintheU.S.inQ42022,byagegroupU.S.genderpaygapbyagegroupQ42022100%90%87.53%84.21%82.91%76.9%76.52%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%75.82%16to2425to3435to4445to5455to6465andolderAgegroup7Description:ThestatisticshowsthefemaletomaleearningsratiointheUnitedStatesinthefourthquarterof2022,basedonthemedianincomeincurrentU.S.dollars,byagegroup.Inthefourthquarterof2022,theearningsratiooffemaletomaleworkersagedbetween16to24yearswasatabout82.91percent.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;Q42022;16yearsandolder;Full-time,year-roundworkersSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsShareofworkerspaidhourlyratesatorbelowprevailingfederalminimumwageintheUnitedStatesfrom1980to2022,bygenderU.S.minimumwageworkers1980-2022,bygenderShareofworkersMenWomen0%5%10%9.7%9.6%15%20%25%19801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199121.6%21.3%8.6%8.4%17.3%16.4%7.5%6.9%14.8%13.2%5.9%5.4%11.9%10.5%4.4%8.6%3.5%3.4%6.7%6.9%6%10.9%8Description:ThisstatisticshowsthepercentofworkerspaidhourlyratesatorbelowprevailingfederalminimumwageintheUnitedStatesfrom1980to2022,bygender.In2022,only1.8percentofthefemalewageandsalaryworkerswerepaidhourlyratesatorbelowthefederalminimumwage,comparedto21.6percentin1980.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1980to2022;16yearsandolderSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsGenderwagegapbyindustryintheUnitedStatesin2021,bymedianweeklyearnings(inU.S.dollars)U.S.genderwagegap,byindustry2021MedianweeklyearningsinU.S.dollarsMen'searnings

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1,00002001,2001,4001,6001,8002,0001,097TotalProfessionalandtechnicalservicesFinanceandinsurance9121,7361,2571,6571,0741,539Information1,1421,1371,351Utilities1,327Mining,quarrying,andoilandgasextractionPublicadministration1,2991,3111,2481,2011,1321,0891,0481,0581,063EducationalservicesHealthcareandsocialassistanceDurablegoodsmanufacturingNondurablegoodsmanufacturingWholesaletrade9008908569079Description:In2021,femaleemployeeearningswereoutpacedbymaleearningsacrossnearlyallindustries,withsharpdisparitiesintheprofessionalandtechnicalservicesindustry,aswellasthefinanceandinsuranceindustry.Inthatyear,therewerenoindustriesinwhichwomenearnedmorethanmen.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021;16yearsandolderSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsGenderwagegapforthemostcommonoccupationsforwomenintheUnitedStatesin2021,bymedianweeklyearnings(inU.S.dollars)U.S.genderwagegapwithinthemostcommonoccupationsforwomen2021MedianweeklyearningsMen'searningsWomen'searnings200

40006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,437RegisterednursesElementaryandmiddleschoolteachersSecretariesandadministrativeassistants,exceptlegal,medical,andexecutiveNursingassistants1,2741,3011,1381,006807740796823615674ReceptionistsandinformationclerksOfficeclerks,general726737867CustomerservicerepresentativesTeachingassistants639641520513Cashiers622MaidsandhousekeepingcleanersBookkeeping,accounting,andauditingclerksPersonalcareaides5291,00980266659810Description:In2021,femaleelementaryandmiddleschoolteachersearnedonaverage1,138U.S.dollarsperweek,whiletheirmalecounterpartsearned1,301U.S.dollars.Maleofficesupervisorsmadeanaverageof1,184U.S.dollarsperweek,whilefemalesupervisorsearnedanaverageof913U.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021;*Dataunavailableordatathatdonotmeetpublicationcriteria.Popularwomen'soccupationsdefinedasoccupationsinwhichwomenoutnumbermen.Dataaresortedbytheextenttowhichwomenoutnumber[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsGenderwagegapforthe20mostcommonoccupationsformenintheUnitedStatesin2021,bymedianweeklyearnings(inU.S.dollars)U.S.genderwagegapformostcommonoccupationsformen2021MedianweeklyearningsWomen'searnings500Men'searnings1,00001,5002,0002,5003,0001,396Managers,allotherSoftwaredevelopers1,7471,8401,992733First-linesupervisorsofretailsalesworkersRetailsalespersons992635561855JanitorsandbuildingcleanersChiefexecutives6751,9042,721512572Cooks1,157Salesrepresentatives,wholesaleandmanufacturingLandscapingandgroundskeepingworkers*CustomerservicerepresentativesPoliceofficers1,3566297378671,1971,2421,285Generalandoperationsmanagers1,54811Description:In2021,U.S.femalesoftwaredevelopers(applicationsandsystemsoftware)earnedonaverage1,840U.S.dollarsperweek,whiletheirmalecounterpartsearned1,992U.S.dollars.Malechiefexecutivestookhomeanaverageof2,721U.S.dollarsperweek,whileafemaleinthesamerolecouldexpecttotakehome1,904U.S.dollarsaweek.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021Source(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsFemaletomaleearningsratioofworkersintheU.S.in2021,bystateU.S.genderpaygapbystate2021Earningsratioinpercent0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%VermontDistrictofColumbiaNewYorkMaryland89.18%86.32%79.16%79%78.52%78.46%77.83%77.64%77.35%77.21%77.12%76.96%76.77%NevadaArizonaNewMexicoArkansasFloridaHawaiiRhodeIslandMaineOregon12Description:In2021,Vermonthadthehighestearningsratioforwomenasfemaleworkersearned89.18percentoftheirmalecounterpartsonaverage.ThestateofUtahhadthelowestearningsratioforfemaleworkerswhoearned60.18percentofwhattheirmalecounterpartsearn.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021;16yearsandolder;Full-time,year-roundworkersSource(s):USCensusBureauCHAPTER

02TheracialwagegapMedianweeklyearningsofwhitefull-timewageandsalaryworkersintheUnitedStatesfrom1979to2021(incurrentU.S.dollars)U.S.whitefull-timewageandsalaryworkersweeklyearnings1979-20211,1501,0509501,0181,00394591689086283581680279277576585075774271669067275065055045035025015065763662361059057354551950649448447545844242440939538437135633632031029126924814Description:In2021,themedianusualweeklyearningsofawhitefull-timeemployeeintheUnitedStatesamountedto1,018currentU.S.dollars.In1979,themedianweeklyearningsforwhite,full-timeemployeeswas248currentU.S.dollars.ThetermcurrentU.S.dollarsdescribesthevalueofthecurrencyinthatparticularyear.MedianwagesforwhiteworkersintheU.S.adjustedforinflationcanbefoundhere.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1979to2021;16yearsandoverSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsMedianweeklyearningsofAfricanAmericanfull-timewageandsalaryworkersintheUnitedStatesfrom1979to2021(incurrentU.S.dollars)U.S.AfricanAmericanfull-timewageworkersweeklyearnings1979-202190080179480070060050040030020010073569467868263964162962161161560158956955452552051449849147444542640038338736937135734832931931430129127726926124523521219915Description:In1979,themedianusualweeklyearningsofaBlackfull-timeemployeeintheUnitedStatesamountedto199currentU.S.dollars,whichwas42U.S.dollarsbelowthegeneralaverage.In2021,themedianusualweeklyearningsofanAfricanAmericanworkingfull-timewas801currentU.S.dollars.ThetermcurrentU.S.dollarsdescribesthevalueofthecurrencyinthatparticularyear.ThemedianweeklyearningsofBlackandAfricanAmericansintheU.S.adjustedforinflationcanbe[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1979to2021Source(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsMedianweeklyearningsofAsianfull-timewageandsalaryworkersintheUnitedStatesfrom2000to2021(incurrentU.S.dollars)U.S.Asianfull-timewageandsalaryworkersweeklyearnings2000-20211,4001,3001,2001,3281,3101,1741,0951,1001,0431,0219931,0009008007006005009539429208808668618558307847537086936586396152000

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202116Description:In2000,themedianusualweeklyearningsofanAsianfull-timeemployeeintheUnitedStatesamountedto615currentU.S.dollars,whichwas39U.S.dollarsabovethegeneralaverage.Whereasin2021,themedianusualweeklyearningsofanAsianfull-timeemployeeintheUnitedStatesamountedto1,310currentU.S.dollars.ThemedianweeklyearningsofAsianAmericansadjustedforinflationcanbefoundhere.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2000to2021;16yearsandoverSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsMedianweeklyearningsofHispanicfull-timewageandsalaryworkersintheUnitedStatesfrom1979to2021(incurrentU.S.dollars)U.S.Hispanicfull-timewageworkersweeklyearnings1979-2021900800700777758706680655624604594578568549535600500400300200100541529503486471456440424417399385370351339331

329321

32431230429829028527727025925024022320919417Description:In1979,themedianusualweeklyearningsofaLatinofull-timeemployeeintheUnitedStatesamountedto194currentU.S.dollars,whichwas47U.S.dollarsbeneaththegeneralaverage.In2021,thisfigurewas777currentU.S.dollars.ThemedianweeklyearningsofHispanicAmericansadjustedforinflationcanbeaccessedhere.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1979to2021;16yearsandoverSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsMedianhouseholdincomeintheUnitedStates,byraceandethnicityfrom1967to2022(in2022U.S.dollars)U.S.medianhouseholdincome1967-2022,byraceandethnicityAllracesWhite,non-HispanicBlackHispanic(anyrace)AsianAmericanIndianandAlaskaNative120,000110,000100,00090,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,0001967

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202118Description:IntheU.S.,medianhouseholdincomerosefrom51,570U.S.dollarsin1967to74,580dollarsin2022.Intermsofbroadethnicgroups,BlackAmericanshaveconsistentlyhadthelowestmedianincomeinthegivenyears,whileAsianAmericanshavethehighest;medianincomeinAsianAmericanhouseholdshastypicallybeenarounddoublethatofBlackAmericans.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1967to2022Source(s):USCensusBureauMedianhouseholdincomeintheUnitedStatesin2022,byraceandethnicity(inU.S.dollars)U.S.medianhouseholdincome2022,byraceandethnicity120,000108,700100,00081,06080,00060,00040,00020,000062,80052,81052,860Asian,aloneWhite,notHispanicHispanic(ofanyrace)AmericanIndianandAlaskaNativeBlack19Description:In2022,thegrossmedianhouseholdincomeforAsianhouseholdsintheUnitedStatesstoodat108,700U.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022Source(s):USCensusBureauUnemploymentrateintheUnitedStatesin2022,byethnicityU.S.unemploymentrate,byethnicity2022Unemploymentrate0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%U.S.AverageBlackorAfrican-AmericanPuertoRican3.6%6.1%5.7%Hispanic/Latino*MexicanAmericanCuban4.3%4.3%3%2.8%AsianWhite/Caucasian3.2%20Description:In2022,6.1percentoftheBlackorAfrican-AmericanpopulationintheUnitedStateswereunemployed,thehighestunemploymentrateofanyethnicity.In2022,thenationalunemploymentratestoodat3.6percent.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022;16yearsandolder;*IncludespersonsofCentralorSouthAmericanoriginandofotherHispanicorLatinoethnicity,notshownseparatelyReadmoreSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsShareofthepopulationlivinginpovertybyraceandHispanicoriginintheUnitedStatesfrom1959to2022ShareofthepopulationlivinginpovertybyraceintheUnitedStates1959-2022AllracesWhite,non-HispanicBlackHispanic(anyrace)AsianAmericanIndianandAlaskaNative45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%21Description:IntheU.S.,theshareofthepopulationlivinginpovertyfluctuatedsignificantlythroughoutthesixdecadesbetween1987and2022.In2022,thepovertylevelacrossallracesandethnicitieswas11.5percent.Historically,whitesgenerallyhadthelowestpovertyrates.HoweverthepovertyrateamongAsianAmericanswasbelowthatofwhitesinmostyearsofthe2010s.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1959

to2022Source(s):USCensusBureauMeanearningsintheUnitedStatesin2022,byhighesteducationaldegreeearnedandethnicity/raceU.S.meanearningsbyeducationalattainmentandethnicity/race2022MeanearningsinU.S.dollarsAsianAlone

Whitealone,notHispanic40,000

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100,000BlackAlone20,000TotalallracesHispanic140,0000120,000160,000180,000200,000TotalLessThan9thGrade9thto12thgrade(nongraduate)Graduate(includingGED)SomeCollegeNoDegreeAssociateDegreeBachelor'sDegreeMaster'sDegreeProfessionalDegreeDoctorateDegree22Description:In2022,themeanincomeofBlackBachelor'sdegreeholderswas72,680U.S.dollars,comparedto88,640U.S.dollarsforWhiteAmericanswithaBachelor'sdegree.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022;18yearsandolderSource(s):USCensusBureau;USDepartmentofCommerceCHAPTER

03ImpactofeducationMeanearningsintheUnitedStatesfrom2005to2021,bylevelofeducationalattainmentU.S.meanearnings2005-2021,byeducationalattainmentTotalLessThan9thGradeSomeCollegeNoDegreeMaster'sDegreeHighSchool(9thto12thNongrad)AssociateDegreeProfessionalDegreeGraduate(InclGED)Bachelor'sDegreeDoctorateDegree180,000160,000140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,000020052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021LevelofEducation24Description:In2021themeanearningsofBachelor'sdegreeholdersintheUnitedStatesamountedto80,384U.S.dollars.Peoplewithhighereducationdegreestendedtoearnmorethanthosewithout.Forexample,highschoolgraduates,includingthosewithaGED,hadmeanearningsof42,851U.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2005to2021;18yearsandolderSource(s):USCensusBureauNumberofworkerspaidhourlyrateswithearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageintheUnitedStatesin2022,byeducationalattainment(in1,000s)U.S.numberofminimumwageworkers2022,byeducationNumberofworkersinthousands050100150200250300350400LessthanahighschooldiplomaHighschoolgraduates,nocollegeSomecollege,nodegree119368288Associatedegree90Bachelor'sdegreeandhigher15825Description:ThisstatisticshowsthenumberofworkerspaidhourlyratesatorbelowtheprevailingfederalminimumwageintheUnitedStatesin2022,byeducationalattainment.In2022,around119,000peoplewithoutahighschooldiplomaearnedtheminimumwageorbelow.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022;16yearsandolderSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsMastersdegreeswiththebestjobprospectsintheUnitedStatesin2021,bymid-careermedianpay(inU.S.dollars)U.S.leadingmaster'sdegreesforfindingajob2021Mid-careermedianpay(U.S.dollars)010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000100,00097,133110,000PhysicianAssistantNursepractitionerComputerscienceInformationsystemsFinance95,60893,80887,83486,443Statistics84,527BiomedicalengineringHealthadministrationCivilengineeringOccupationaltherapy77,66077,34272,47366,92026Description:Thebestmaster'sdegreeforgettingajobwasconsideredtobePhysiciansAssistantwithamid-careermediansalaryof97,133U.S.dollarsin2021.Salariesfornursepractitionerandcomputersciencemaster'swerealsohigh.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021Source(s):PayScale;Website()MastersdegreeswiththeworstjobprospectsintheUnitedStatesin2021,bymid-careermedianpay(inU.S.dollars)U.S.worstmaster'sdegreesforfindingajobU.S.2021Mid-careermedianpayinU.S.dollars010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00050,67654,42255,23159,19960,00070,00080,000CounselingSocialWorkMusicEducationLibraryandInformationScienceHistory53,56758,60661,754FineArtsBiology62,61062,818ArchitectureHumanResourcesManagement67,98727Description:Theworstmaster'sdegreeforjobprospectswasfoundtobecounselingwithamedianmid-careersalaryof50,676U.S.dollarsin2021.Master'sinsocialworkandmusicwerealsothoughtohavelowjobprospects.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021Source(s):PayScale;Website()U.S.collegeswhosegraduates(AllAlumni)earnthemostin2021/22,rankedbystartingandmid-careersalary(inU.S.dollars)LeadingU.S.colleges2021/22,bystartingandmid-careerpayofgraduatesStarting

salary*Mid-career

salary**167200MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyHarveyMuddCollege93700977008180083700871008090077800758008420078300931007380078000166600PrincetonUniversity161500UnitedStatesNavalAcademyStanfordUniversity160100156500HarvardUniversity156200BabsonCollege155400SantaClaraUniversityUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademyUniversityofPennsylvaniaCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyColgateUniversity154700154300153100153100152600YaleUniversity15160028Description:Asofthe2021/22academicyear,graduatesfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)hadastartingsalaryof93,700U.S.dollars,andamid-careersalaryof167,200U.S.dollars.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021Source(s):PayScaleLeadingcollegesforsocialmobilityintheUnitedStatesin2021,bySocialMobilityIndexscoreLeadingcollegesforsocialmobilityU.S.2021,byindexscoreSocialMobilityIndexscore100

150050200250300350400CUNYBernardMBaruchCollegeCaliforniaStateUniversity-LosAngelesCaliforniaStateUniversity-LongBeachCharlesRDrewUniversityofMedicineandScienceCaliforniaStateUniversity-FresnoCaliforniaStateUniversity-SanBernardinoCaliforniaStateUniversity-NorthridgeCaliforniaStateUniversity-DominguezHillsCUNYBrooklynCollege379.13378.01285.58278.43277.96277.54274.89272.91268.55CUNYLehmanCollegeTexasA&MInternationalUniversityCUNYHunterCollege261.83261.39252.96241.49CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity-Pomona29Description:In2021,CUNYBernardMBaruchCollegewasthebestcollegeforsocialmobilityintheUnitedStates,withaSocialMobilityIndexscoreof379.13.CaliforniaStateUniversity-LosAngeleswasthesecondbestcollegeforsocialmobility,withascoreof378.01.TheCaliforniaStateUniversitysystemdominatedthelist,with10ofthetop20spotsgoingtouniversitiesinthatcollegesystem.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021Source(s):CollegeNET(SocialMobilityIndex)PercentageoftheWhite,non-Hispanicpopulationagedbetween25and29withabachelor'sdegreeorhigherintheUnitedStatesfrom1975to2018,bygenderWhitepopulationsharewithabachelor'sdegreeorhigherbygenderU.S.1975-2018MaleFemale50%45%40%35%30%25%20%15%30Description:ThisstatisticshowsthepercentageoftheWhite,non-Hispanicpopulationagedbetween25and29withabachelor'sorahigherleveldegreeintheUnitedStatesfrom1975to2018,bygender.In2018,about47percentofWhite,non-Hispanicfemaleshadattainedatleastabachelor'sdegreeintheUnitedStates.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1975to2018;25-29yearsSource(s):CollegeBoard;NCESPercentageoftheBlack,non-Hispanicpopulationagedbetween25and29yearswithabachelor'sdegreeorhigherintheUnitedStatesfrom1975to2018,bygenderBlackpopulationsharewithabachelor'sdegreeorhigherU.S.bygender1975-2018MaleFemale30%25%20%15%10%5%31Description:ThisstatisticshowsthepercentageoftheBlack,non-Hispanicpopulationagedbetween25and29yearswithabachelor'sdegreeorahigherleveldegreeintheUnitedStatesfrom1975to2018,bygender.In2018,about25percentofBlack,non-Hispanicfemaleshadattainedatleastabachelor'sdegreeintheUnitedStates.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1975to2018;25-29yearsSource(s):CollegeBoard;NCESConfidenceamongparentsandstudentsaboutmeetingthecostsofcollegeeducationintheUnitedStates(U.S.)in2023,byraceConfidenceaboutcoveringcollegecostsintheU.S.2023,byraceCompletelyconfidentSomewhatconfidentNeitherconfidentnorunconfidentSomewhatunconfidentNotatallconfident100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%WhiteBlackHispanic32Description:In2023,BlackrespondentshadthehighestratesofconfidenceaboutbeingabletomeetthecostsofacollegeeducationintheUnitedStates(U.S.).Meanwhile,43percentofHispanicrespondentsand38ofwhiterespondentswerecompletelyconfidentaboutbeingabletopaythecostsofcollegeeducation.Ontheothersideofthespectrum,threepercentofwhiterespondentswereunconfidentaboutbeingabletomeetthesecosts.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;March31toMay8,2023;2,200*;Studentsandparentsinvolvedinthedecisionabouthowtopayforcollege;*Sample:1,549white,410black,and460Hispanicrespondents.

ReadmoreSource(s):Ipsos;SallieMaeCHAPTER

04RegionaldifferencesAnnualprivateindustrymeanwagesperemployeeintheUnitedStatesin2021,bystate(inU.S.dollars)U.S.privateindustryaveragewages2021,bystateAverageannualwage40,000

60,000020,00080,000100,000120,000DistrictofColumbiaNewYork108,21489,52589,485MassachusettsCalifornia86,45083,996WashingtonConnecticutNewJerseyNewHampshireColorado78,82276,61774,08971,53871,08669,39968,14668,029IllinoisMarylandVirginiaUnitedStates34Description:In2021,theaveragewageinprivateindustryinAlabamawasat53,689U.S.dollars.EmployeesintheDistrictofColumbiatoppedtherankingwith108,214U.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021Source(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsPercentageofworkerspaidhourlyrateswithearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageintheUnitedStatesin2022,bystateU.S.percentageofminimumwageworkers2022,bystateShareofhourlystateworkers0.0%Louisiana0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%2.5%3.0%2.8%DistrictofColumbiaMississippiRhodeIslandNorthCarolinaIndiana2.7%2.5%2.5%2.3%2%PennsylvaniaTennesseeSouthCarolinaIowa2%2%2%2%Nebraska1.9%FloridaNewJersey1.7%1.7%35Description:In2022,around2.8percentofhourlywageworkersinLouisianaearnedwagesatorbelowthefederalminimumwage.ThiswasthehighestshareofanyU.S.state,followedbytheDistrictofColumbiawith2.7percentofhourlywageworkersmakingminimumwageorless.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022;16yearsandolderSource(s):BureauofLaborStatisticsMinimumwageratesintheUnitedStatesin2023,bystate(inU.S.dollars)U.S.minimumwage2023,bystateMinimumwageinU.S.dollars024681012141618DistrictofColumbiaWashingtonCalifornia16.515.7415.5MassachusettsNewYork*******NewJersey******Connecticut*Arizona1514.214.131413.8513.8MaineColoradoOregonMarylandVer