考研英语写作常见问题与对策

第-0-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟考研英语写作常见问题及对策考生可以用归纳法(induction)构思，然后以演绎法(deduction)写作。作属于非开放性话题(controlledwriting)，不是可以随意创作的。考生应该严格按照题目要求进行。考生的作文应该是对于题目的合理回应(responsetothetaskrequirement)。因此，考生文章条理方面的缺乏往往是因为没有紧扣题目要求(directions)所造成。现行考研机联系。这主要是因为没有采用正确的论证方法和文章衔接手段(cohesivedevices)运用不成功造成。一般说来，在提出论点(thesisstatement)的时候要明确清晰。在进行论证的时第-1-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟流畅。衔接手段主要有语法手段(照应、省略、替代、连接)、和词汇手段(重复、同义反然出现众多语言错误。事实上，12分以上的作文，在内容和结构方面已经很少有什么差异，。许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如moreand确度，又要求有速度。写得好而慢，或者快而差，都是不可取的。要想做到写作既快又好，写作步骤审题(Analyzethequestion)构思(Brainstorm)列提纲(Outline)写作(Writeup)检查(Checkup)首先，考生可以用5-6分钟时间做一些准备工作。拿到题目先花1分钟仔细审题(Analyzethequestion)，多看几遍。如果题目里面有生词的话，尽可能地通过上下文推断意思。还要把题目中的核心词(keywords)划出来。然后进行Brainstorm(构思)。想一想这道题考的第-2-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟什么方面的话题，应该从哪些方面展开，可以有什么样的论据。接下来进行Outline(列骤是Writeup(着手写)。考生可以在刚才所列提纲的基础上敷衍成文。如果说在。研英语写作题型分类可以用很多种方法对考研英语写作进行分类。如果按照提示信息的形式来分的话，可一．提纲式作文(1991—1996)ECTIONSA)Title:GOODHEALTHBTimelimit:40minutesopeningsentenceD)YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.”E)YourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.E1.Importanceofgoodhealth2.Waystokeepfit3.Myownpractices二．图表作文(1997，1999)三．图画作文(1998，2000—2004)ectionsAssumingthatamanagerisgoingtointerviewsomejobapplicantsandoneofhisfriendsgiveshimapieceofadvicethatthefirstimpressionisnotareliablebasisforjudgment.Thismanagerwantstohearmorefromothersanddecidestohaveawallnewspaperputupformoreviewsonthattopic.Youaregoingtowriteanarticletoofferyouropinionaboutit.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.第-3-页共28页crkedgnificantcrkedgnificantsechangesdecreaseproblemTherearefortheThereareseveralreasonsformyeason.Thefor…are.山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟ections格战。但是，┄”Willtherebeanair-conditioner“pricebattle”thisyear?Thereisadiscussioninanewspaperontheissue.Writeanessaytothenewspapertroductiontotheissuestatingyourviewaboutthe“pricebattle”,and3.justifyingyourprediction.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.研英语写作常用句型nynterorpreferenceonyirstForonething…Onereasonis…oranotherFinallyPerhapstheprimaryinostimportanteasonatednyprofoundeeeasoneasonfiedasonsesponsibleforplaysapartincontributestolso.山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟mberoffactorscouldereasonis…resultinuntfoributetoeoniseproblemapsthengthemostostimportantprimaryootngingantbypeoplefor…,oneshouldbensideredntionedseeinlylargelypartlyresultarisefromtributableduetoisbecauseofthefactthatyeeseebackto…endproblemphenomenonbackto…第-4-页共28页askjobvealsTheaskjobvealsTheButitdoesntthewhy…/of…problemphenomenonotsgofardeeper.ynagersmenpossiblereasonblee第-5-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟theonlyanswerbyitselfanadequateexplanationthewholestorynproblemcizeforblameforattributetoThefaultiswithwho…FactorWemaylookintoevery/Theleadingcauseexcepttherealone.othereasonforthisatedphenomenoneatedtendencywhichinvolvesmany/severalfactorsccordingtoAscanbeseenfromAsshowninItisclear/apparentformphbleagramertgraphablestatisticsattionipledoseat,numberpercentagesedipledoseat,numberpercentageseddedorethanicemeshalfatosereThewasXpercent,Bycomparisonwith,iteachedpproachedrisentoofplateaupercenterageofXpercents第-6-页共28页usewivesesoungcouplesthenumberofstudents山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟Fromthegiveninthe,wecanthat…Thenumberfigurepercentageof…arlymostorethanaredwithnstoflastyear.icetwoandahalftimesdwithpercentagenumbermuchastenumberjumpedsedoseedanhalferofthe1998total.byXpercentfromXtoYpercenttoXpercenthepastfewyearsin1998yercenthanorethanmanyasearlyofthetotal.three-quartersofXpercentofoneoutoffiveoneinfouronehalf/thirdof第-7-页共28页erhalf/twicerderhalf/twicerdtnearlytoverBapproximatelylypreciselyneyofthesame.cedrapidlyslowlyamaticallygnificantlyightlyaduallyarplyfromto90ringthefiveyearperiodasasbeenXaccidents/suicidescentincreaseech山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟ystudentsasmuchmoneyasnumberproportionamountFrom1910to1974cecetheearlysthenumberofpeoplewhopersonalincomecollegepopulationasasbeenjumpsecreaseuctuationcreaseclineductionropsedjumpedoseedddedanincreaseofpercentinathree-monthperiodupfromXpercentforthesameperiodlastyearhesthirdlowestrateinhistory.stltitudeofproblemsItyaableprofoundbeneficialstltitudeofproblemsItyaableprofoundbeneficialfavorableundesirablenegativecelablemarked/drasticbleundesirableise.Ityagativendesirableeriousnumberpercentageemainedtableunchanged山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟gthedecadebetween1990and1995from1990to1995percentageeachedointinthebottomThefigureeachedpicked90percent,thehighestchleveleverrecordedsince1960rsestillorisetoaveexertaproduceproducebringaboutllbringelperniciousconsequencesonconsequencesof第-8-页共28页第-9-页共28页encencehasnotbeenoencencehasnotbeenoteresultitshow(s)that…is…PersonallyIm…ebenefitat山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟6.Thereareanumberof…eddproducesbringsabouthinkatwhatwouldhappenif…sonalexperienceExamplesIreadofAgoodcaseinpointexampleinfavorofeprefernotherggestsavebothestagesaknessesTheadvantagesofBtweighthebenefitwegainfromcarrymoreweightthanthoseofaremuchgreaterthanthoseofA第-10-页共28页5.Theeffectofisheightenedbyanother5.TheeffectofisheightenedbyanotheradvantageBenjoysculouseansnothingAsadvantageswhenB’sadvantagesareonespitetheseadvantageskeanythingelseGoodasAisbrings文的结构句型Whetherithasmoreadvantagesonethingiscertain:…problemoublehegreatwiththeatbesuredmittedly…that…山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟ontntionederedkenintoationWhentheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof…arecarefullycompared,themoststrikingtoughAwithBincontrastcontrarysctsableadvantageofitcantcompetendisadvantagesproblemsarmfuleffectseversaesmoreharmthangoodethodaythisisnottosaybutitdoesn’tmeanItdoesn’tfollow4.Youmaythat…,but…Thereisnothat…6.Agoodis…Thereisnothat…6.Agoodis…Idoubtwhethertheargumentbear.populartionwidecommonlyacceptedoughtheisthat…,pollesvealsncovershatAntiontakeintoaccountificantsaretheseargumentstheyappearwhen…istakenintoconsiderationblemwiththe山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟nnpointalysisuchexaminationAsopposedyodelyylyeldbelief,iewsuebeliefionewecentisatendencytothinkthaterightaboutbuttheyseemtofailtoclidewtewbuttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasicewbuttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasiceasonthat第-11-页共28页第-12-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟oplefailtounderstandisthatforexampleForexample,…Whenaskedabout…,mostpeoplesayWhenitcomesto…,somepeoplethinkhereisapublicdebatetodayNow,itiswidelybelievedManyofusbelievethategeneralpublicNowalotofpeoplefeelInreactiontotheidea,somepeoplesaynwayofbutisitawiseonethesedaysweoftenhearaboutweareoftenshownthesedaysRecentlythephenomenonhasarousedwideconcernRecentlytheproblemhasbeenbroughtintofocusManynationshavebeenfacedwiththeproblemOneofthesearchingquestionsfacingourworldisOneofthebiggestissuesmanypeopletalkaboutisNowmostdangerousforoursocietyisInflationisanotherbittertruthwehavetofacenowAnacuteshortageof…isnowunderwayHereandthereacrossthecountryNowinmanybigcitiesWiththerapiddevelopmentofNowadaysthereisagrowingtendencyInrecentfewyearsthereisasuddenincreaseAnyvisitortothiscitywouldbesurprisedWheneveryousee,youcannothelpNothingismoredangerousthanNowhereinhistoryhastheissuebeenmorevisibleItistimeweexplodedthemyth第-13-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟PerhapsweshouldrethinktheideaNowpeoplearebeginningtorealizeNowthereisagrowingawarenessWemightmarvelattheprogressOneofthegreatearlywriterssaid“Knowledgeispower.”Suchistheremarkof“…”That’showoneofficialcomplained“…”Thesameideaisvoicedby“…”HowoftenwehearsuchwordslikethoseAhedgebetweenkeepsfriendshipgreen.(prov.)君子之交淡如水。2.Atruefriendisonesoulintwobodies.(prov.)挚友如异体同心。3.Truefriendshipislikesoundhealth,thevalueofitisseldomknowuntilitislost.——C.C.4.Loveisrarerthangeniusitself.Andfriendshipisrarerthanlove.——C.Peguy6.Prosperitymakesfriends,andadversitytriesthem.(pron.)兴旺时节交朋友，艰难处境验交Amanisknownbythecompanyhekeeps.(pron.)从其交友，知其为人。(欲知其人，先8.Beslowinchoosingafriend,slowerinchanging.——Franklin9.Allarenotfriendsthatspeakusfair.(pron.)说我们好话的未必全是朋友。Foryearsithadbeenviewedas…ButnowPeopleusedtothinkButthingsaredifferentarsagopeopleNowAfteragoodmanyyearsofefforts…,peoplebeginItisatraditionalwaytoButnowthependulumghoutourlivesInrecentyearsthereisasteadyshiftLastSundayIThestoryisnotrareOnceinastreetTheproblemhasdrawnpublicattentionIhaveafriendwhoSuchadilemmaweoftenmeetOnceuponatimeThestorystillhasarealisticsignificance第-14-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟Afactoryworkerwho…nionsvarygreatlyWhatdoyouthink…?WhyManypeopleposethequestionlikethisWhyofallthecomplaintsFromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaydrawtheconclusionTheevidenceuponallsidespointstoInsummaryitisimportantInconclusionIwouldliketosayereallessontobelearntWemustsearchforaquickaction,becauseifObviouslyifweignoretheproblem,itislikelyAnypersonwhoignoresthewarningwouldWeneedtotakeasecondlookat…,otherwiseItmightbetimetotakethewarningItistimethatweurgedanendtoItisnecessarythatstepsshouldbetakenThereisnodoubtthatattentionmustbepaidObviouslyIfwearetoitisessentialItishopedthateffortsbemadeInshortweshouldWhatweneedisItishightimeHereareafewexamplesWhileitcannotbesolvedimmediately,stilltherearewaysAwarenessoftheproblemisthefirststepIfwearetosucceedasapeopleManysolutionsarebeingofferedhereThereisnoeasymethodbutmightbehelpful第-15-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟Noeasymethodisathand,but…mightbethefirststepnesfirstreactiontosuchsuggestionsWhatwillhappento…?OnethingiscertainToisnotaneasyjob,anditrequiresadifferentoutlookItisclearthatthetaskdemandsgreateffortsWehavedone…ButwewillachievemoreifTruetheremaybequestionswecannotanswerThegreatchallengetodayisWemayhavealongwaytogobeforeThereisnobettertimetostartthanItremainstobeseenwhetherFollowingthesemethodsmaynot..,butthepay-offmightbeworththeeffortainlybutitwilleimportancecannotbeoveremphasizedAnyhowithasafar-reachinginfluenceoparticipateinisanexperienceTheproblemissomethingnoonecanavoidWearenowenteringanewerawhichcallsforAnyhowwhetheritisgoodornot,onethingiscertainEdisonisrightinsayingAlongtimeago,agreatmansaidIfwewanttoachieveoursuccessIagreewiththewriterAsLincolnonceremarkedifweconsiderisitnyonereallydoubtYearsago,IheardastoryTherearemanyreasonsfor第-16-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟WhyForonethingItisnoeasyjobtoadvancethereasonsItisfairlyeasytoidentifythereasonTheanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactorshereasonsarevariedTheyincludekstoheincreasemainlystemsfromthefactybecausesefromnemayattributethechangetoOnetendstoviewthetrendasaresponsetonemaytracethisproblembacktotsthereasonwhyAnumberoffactorscouldaccountforthesuccessAnumberoffactors,bothindividualandsocial,affectThesefactorscoupledwiththegrowthof…,leadtoManyfactorsweighheavilyforefactorsthatcontributetoincludeAmongthemostimportantreasonscitedbypeopleisOneofthemostpopularreasonsisPartoftheexplanationisisisduetoseveralfactorsAnotherimportantreasonisAlsoplayingapartisforthechangeofcoursethegrowthisnotthesolereasonforsomepeoplesuggestthatthefaultiswemaylookintoeverypossiblereasonexceptitisonlythesurfaceexplanationforwemayblame…,butthecausesgofardeeperereareanumberofeffectseffectsisevidenttwillexertaprofoundinfluenceItmaycauseasweepingchange第-17-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟TheinfluencehasnotbeenconfinedtotleavessomeseriousconsequencesItmaygiverisetoahostofproblemseimmediateresultitproducesisheadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantagesAlthoughAenjoysadistinctadvantageeareseveraladvantagesheeffectofcomparisonisheightenedbyWhentheadvantagesanddisadvantagesareweighedAmeansnothingwhen…ismentionedIndeedAcarriesmuchweightwhencomparedwithousastheproblemmaybeitpalesintoinsignificanceAmaybe…butitsuffersfromthedisadvantagesForallthedisadvantages,ithasitscompensatingadvantagesObviouslyithasbothnegativeeffectsandpositiveeffectsereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesLikeanythingelseithasitsfaultsHoweveritisnotwithoutweaknessesButisitallgood?whenconsideringthedrawbacksNothingcanequalNothingismore…thanetonAisnot…anymorethanAisnoless.ThanBisJustasA…,soBThesameistrueofkeAisasmuchasBAandBhaveseveralthingsincommonAbearssomeresemblancestoBAB第-18-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟A…So/NorisBWhileontheonehandA…,whereasBAandBdifferinseveralwaysBoth…,buttheydifferinWhatAviews,BmayseeButthesamecannotbeappliedtoInthepast…Butnowitisnolonger句型：Although,IdoubtwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysisAlthoughthepopularbeliefis…,astudyindicatesAlthoughtheinclinationislaudable,onemaywonderAlthoughitiswidelyfelt…,itisunlikelyManypeoplebutthisclaimmaybedoubtedMostofushavebeenundertheillusionPeopletendtothink.Thereisnomorereasontobelieve…thanthereistothinkthateymayberightinassertingInallthedebateover,onefactisoverlookedItistruebutonepointisbeingleftoutItistruethat…,butthisisnottosayYoumaysay….ItprobablywillSomepeoplesuggestButwhatthesepeoplefailtounderstandisepeoplesayButthisdoesntholdThereisanelementoftruthbutAcloseexaminationwouldrevealhowCloserscrutinyshowstheclaimmaynotbemeritedbyAtfirstthought,itmayseem…,butonesecondthoughtsgicalastheseargumentsForalltheclaimitisacommonknowledgeAsopposedto…,factschallengetheopinionItisacommonbeliefWehavebeenbroughtuptobelievePeopletendtoclingtotheidea第-19-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟heyarguethatandthatSomepeoplearguethatButtheoppositeisusuallythecasepeopleassumethatQuitethecontraryTherearethosewhoholdthat….Andontheotherhand,…PeopleobjecttotheideaToclaimthatisfarfrombeingprovedTosuggestisexactlyasifyouoposalsareanassaultonthevalueIfoneadvocatesitisnogoodbeingdisturbedItmakesnosensetoarguefor…,butobjecttoThemmainproblemwiththisviewisheobviousflawintheideaisToomuchemphasisplacedonmayoverlookInmanycasespublicdissatisfactionisunfairWhatafoolishideaabsurdityisobviousheretiswrongtothinkisironicthattwouldbeabsurdtobelieveereisnoreasontobelieveButtheargumentsimplydoesn’tholdestatementrestsontheassumptionItisagoodthingto….ButisitTheyarenotwrongtoputemphasison…,butItisallverywelltocriticize…,buttisgenerallybelievedthatItiswiseButitisprobablylesswiseItwouldbereasonable….YetI’mnotsosureItisonethingtoinsist…,itisquiteanother型：tseemsquitelikelyreiseverychancethatisclearthatemsnaturaltismoreaccuratetosay第-20-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟tisprettycertainFortunatelyitisoftenthecaseItisurgentlynecessarytonoteisthatreallymattersWhatsurprisesusmostisItishorrifyingtofindreisnodenyingplainfactisthatproblemisthatNowonderthatItshouldcomeasasurprisetolearnPerhapsitisrightlysaidthatOfcourseitwouldbeanerrortosuggestOnthefaceofititsoundsridiculous.YetitistrueWemayfindmuchtobesaidforWecan,butwemayneverhanbyTodoisnotbutratherdoesnotbutHistorically,oursocietyhastakenadimviewofInfactisnotthebadthingitisoftenheldtobeThisisnottosaythat…ThatwouldbesillyDontgettheideathatLittleissaidaboutAlongwiththeawareness…comesItisnotthatIdon’twishotherearethreekindsIfthisisthecasewemayThismaybetrueifIfitissimplybecauseIfwhyshallweMoreover,ifIfhalfthemoneywerespentonHavingrecognizeditfollowsOfcourseifyou….ButassoonasButevenifitcouldbeproved第-21-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟eunlessfnotimpossibleNoamountofindignationcanEvenaminorimprovementcanmallestchangecanAnyonewiththeleastknowledgecantellAlittlestudyof…canhelpWhoistosayifItisalmostimpossiblewithoutardlyanyonewithoutYoucant…withoutItdoesntmatterwhetherNomatterhowWhateverthecausesHoweverurgenttheneedhemorethemore：xampleAgoodcaseinpointisostdramaticexamplesoffersatypicalexampleTothefamiliarfactsanothermaybeaddedAsanillustration,wemaytakeHistoryisfilledwiththeexamplesConsiderthecaseofforexamplerecallfrommychildhoodWhatshallwesay,forexampleButconsiderforexample,AverysimilarstorycanbetoldlesmightbegivenindefinitelyIcanthinkofnobetterillustrationthanecaseisonlyoneexampleegendhasitthat第-22-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟tussupposethatJustthinkofJustimaginewhatwouldbelikeifereishardlyamanItisararemanwhoNoonecandenythefactWemustfacethefacthisbringsoutafactYetitcan’tchangethefactThereisnojustificationforheideaishardlysupportedbyfactsreisstrongevidencethatAllreliabledatajustifytheviewPersonalexperienceteachesmecentstudiesindicateshavefoundthatAccordingtoanexperimentWehavewholehistorytotellvidenceispilingupthatUnortunatelynoneoftheavailabledatashowsAsevidencedinthereportsWhileitmaybetrue,theevidencesuggestsAlthough,theavailableinformationshowsNothingcouldbemoreobviousthantheevidenceYoudonthavetolookveryfartofindoutthetruthNooneiscomfortablewiththefactThishasprovedtobethecaseButthemostsurprisingthingisemoststrikingfactreareinstanceswhenarethedayswhenOnemaynotforgettheolddaysWroteEdisonagreatinventorManyyearsagoawriterremarkedAsonescientistwrote第-23-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟AnotedteacheroncetoldmenyresearchersfindbyXpercentttwicecomparedwithAreportestimatesthatthenumberishalfthenationalaveragerethandoubledasagainstMorethanthreequarterspeoplepreferredTherewereaXpercentdeclinethisyear,adropofXpercentagepointfromTheratehasreachedanaverageofXpercentItaccountsforXpercentofthetotalAfterlevelingofffor3years,theratestartsrisingonceagain型：Tounderstandthetruthof…,itisimportanttoseeTogetasenseofhow…,wemustturnfirsttoToillustratethispointletusconsiderAstudyof…willmakethispointclearButyoumayaskButifButthat’sonlypartofthestoryAnotherequallyimportantaspectiselyconnectedwiththisistedbymanyeffectsAnotherisBesidesotherwaysareeoverlNolessimportantNotonly…butalso第-24-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟espitethedifficultyeotherhandweverherthanButtheoppositeisusuallytrue基本要领CistoDMoralcorruptionistotheStateasphysicaldiseaseistoanindividualbody.2)Justas…,so…Justaswoodsareindispensabletobirds,soistheearthtohumanbeings.ndBhavesthincommonAsfaraspersonalityisconcerned,theyhavealmosteverythingincommon.AissimilartoBMyhobbyissimilartohisinthatwebothlikecollectingrecords,foreignanddomestic.5)Thesameistrueof,ThesamecanbesaidofAstheeconomiesofallcountriesarecloselyinterrelatednocountrycandevelopinself-seclusion.ThesameistrueofChina.相异性itetoBBeijingispopulousandcrowded,whileCanberraisjusttheopposite.2)AdiffersfromBinthat…China’sconditiondiffersfromoursinthatChinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.snotthesameWhileitmaybetruethatbasketballandvolleyballsharecertainfeatures,theexcitementeacharousesinthespectatorsisnotthesame.hthedisadvantagesItseemssafetosaythattheadvantagesofmarriageoutweighthedisadvantagesofdivorce.2)Nothingcanrival…Perhapsnothingcanrivalthepleasurefromreading.3)…hasdrawbacksaswellasmerits.第-25-页共28页山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟Therecouldbenodoubtthatjob-hoppinghasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.AissuperiortoBMenmaybesuperiortowomeninphysicalaffairs.Yet,thereisnodifferenceinintelligence.esfrompersontopersonPeople’sattitudetowardsdrugsvariesfrompersontoperson..过渡句1)Itistruethatmostjobsareaseriesofmoreorlessunpleasantchores,butitdoesn’tfollowthatthat’salltheyare.2)Thisistrue,nodoubt,butitisnotthewholestorybyanymeans.3)ItisfairlywellknownthatVitaminCisindispensabletohealth.Butitisprobablylesswellknownthattakingitexcessivelymaydoharmtothehumanbody.4)Thisstoryalsoillustratestheimportanceofseizinganopportunitywhenitpresentsitself.Itisonethingtobeofferedanopportunity;itisanotherthingtotakeitanduseitwell.关系1)Asiaranksfirstbothinareaandinpopulationamongthesevencontinents.EuropeissecondtoAsiainpopulation,butinareaitisthel