英语写作基础知识省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖课件

《英语应用文写作》1/145

英语句子（Sentences）

英语段落（Paragraphs）英语篇章（Essay）写作基础知识(BasicWritingSkills)

2/145第一节英语句子

(Sentences)1.1.1.英语基本句型1.1.2.英语句子种类1.1.3.有效句子3/1451.1.1.英语基本句型

（BasicElementsofaSentence）英语句子主要组成成份有：S=Subject主语V=Verb动词O=Object宾语

C=Complement补语A=Adverbial状语4/145英语七种基本句型：SV:

主谓SVO:

主谓宾SVC:

主谓补SVA:

主谓状SVOO:

主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾SVOC:

主谓宾补SVOA:

主谓宾状另外还有比较惯用Therebe句型，表示“存在，有”5/145SV:

Thesunisshining.SVO:

Youshouldalsoconsiderthis.

SVC:

Theappletastesgood.SVA:

Iwasatcollege.SVOO:

Livingatcollegegivesmeasenseofresponsibility.SVOC:

Thatmakesmeresponsibleformyownlife.

SVOA:

Youcanputthedishonthetable.Therebe：Therearefriendlypeoplearoundtotalkwith.

Samples6/145Yourdinnerseemsready.()ImustsendmyparentsaChristmascard. ()Thatclassinterestedme.()Myschoolisonthenextstreet. ()Manystudentsfindthatbookveryhelpful. ()Youmayputyourumbrellaunderthetable. ()Shewassmiling. ()Wehavemadehertheheadofourgroup. ()同时练习

Nowreadthefollowingsentencesandtellwhichclausetypetheybelongto.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOC7/1451.1.2.英语句子种类（TypesofSentences）

1.句子按其用途可分为陈说句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句2.句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句8/145陈说句（DeclarativeSentence):adeclarativesentencemakesapositiveornegativestatement

Ourwarehouseshavelimitedfacilities.

Heisnottherivalinnegotiation.疑问句(InterrogativeSentence):ainterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.

Willyoupleasepayyourpromptattentiontothis matter?(GeneralQuestion)Example我们仓库设施很有限。他不是谈判对手。Example对此问题，请及时加以注意。Example9/145

Howoldareyou?(SpecialQuestion)

Isthedelegationleavingtodayortomorrow?(AlternativeQuestion)

Youdidn’tgotoShanghai,didyou?(TagQuestion)祈使句(ImperativeSentence):animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.

Pleasethinkoverthelocaltaxrate.Don’topenthedoor.感叹句(ExclamatorySentence):anexclamatorysentenceshowsastrongfeelingoremotion.

Whataleverboyheis!

Howcarelesssheis!ExampleExampleExample10/145简单句（SimpleSentence):asimplesentenceisonethatconsistsofasingleindependentclause.

Wewouldappreciateapromptreply.

并列句（CompoundSentence):acompoundsentenceisonethatcontainstwoormoreindependentclauses.

Ihavefinishedthework,butthereisstillmuchtodo.ExampleExample11/145复合句（ComplexSentence):acomplexsentenceisonethatcontainsoneindependentclauseandoneormoresubordinateordependentclauses.

Iwasreadingabookwhenhecame.

并列复合句（Compound-complexSentence):acompound-complexsentenceisonethatcontainsatleasttwomainclausesandatleastonedependentclause.Inotherwords,itisacombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence

Shewearsareddresswhensheisingoodmood,butshewearsablueonewhensheisinbadmood.ExampleExample12/1451.1.3.有效句子(EffectiveSentences)

什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表示准确，生动形象，才能有效地表示作者思想。那么怎样写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵照以下几点：

13/145完整句子

(Completeness)清楚句子

(Clarity)简练句子

(Conciseness)平行结构句子（Parallelism)

5.灵活多变句子

(Variety)14/1451.写完整句子

(Completeness)

一个完整句子既包含结构上完整，也包含意义上完整。(1)结构上完整15/145

SentenceCompletenessWrong:

MynameHelen.

汉语句子能够不用动词，主语也能够省略，而英语句子普通需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语不一样，英语句子中及物动词宾语不能省略。我们还能够用that、who或because之类词把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。比如：Wrong:

Theyeatrice,andweeat,too.Correct:Myname

is

Helen.Correct:Theyeatrice,andwe

eatrice,

too.Example16/145Wrong:

Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Correct:Friendlypeople,that’sanotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Wrong:

Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly.Becausetheyknowhowtolisten.Correct:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly

becausetheyknowhowtolisten.17/145Noneofthefollowingsentencesarecomplete.Make

necessarycorrectionstomakethemcomplete.1.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻).2.ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.-Idislikedogsbecausetheyareverysmelly.-ThedogsarealwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisitthem.3.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.-Ways

of

naming

new

babies

are

different

around

the

world.同时练习18/1454.In

Guangzhou

is

hotter

than

in

Beijing.

5.Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,gotogetastickifyouthrowit.-In

Guangzhou,it

is

hotter

than

in

Beijing.-Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,theygotogetastickifyouthrowit.-It’stoocoldinthisroom.6.Istoocoldinthisroom.7.Becausewedon’thaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet.8.Abookthatyoulike.-Thatisabookthatyoulike.-Becausewedon’thaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet,wedon’tkeepone.19/145简单陈说句语序（WordorderinSimpleStatements）20/145主语部分谓语部分1.主语Whowhichwhat2.动词Action(v.)3.宾语Whowhatwhich

状语4.方式how5.地点where6.时间whenboughtahatyesterdayThechildrenranhomeThedrivershoutedat

meangrilyThecarstoppedsuddenlyJackreadthebookquietlyinhisroomallafternoon名，代，数，短语，从句谓语动词名，代宾，数，短语，从句副词，相当于副词，短语和从句ITheyaresittingbehindme21/145主语部分谓语部分1.2.3.4.5.6.

1.Thefilm

I

enjoyed

yesterday2.Atree

inthecorner

ofthegarden

he

planted.3.Thismorning

abook

I

fromthelibrary

borrowed4.Anewschool

built

they

inourvillage

lastyear.IenjoyedthefilmyesterdayHeplantedatreeInthecornerofthegardenIborrowedabookfromthelibrarythismorningTheybuiltanewschoolinourvillagelastyear22/145exercise这家企业去年非法在我们村建立了一家化学工厂。Thiscompanybuiltachemicalfactoryilleagellyinourvilliagelastyear.今天早上这个小男孩在厨房里贪婪地吃了一个苹果。Thelittleboyateanapplegreedilyinthekitchenthismorning午饭前他在办公室里很快读了信。HereadtheletterquicklyinhisofficeBeforelunch.我们耐心地在机场等候了整个下午就是为了能看到麦克本人.We

waited

patiently

at

the

airport

all

the

afternoon

inorderto

have

a

look

at

Mike简出于她父母意愿，来到中国探望她失散已久舅。Jane

came

to

China

to

visit

her

long-lost

uncle

because

of

her

parents’will.23/145(2)意义上完整

意义上完整指句意要完整。它最少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。 请看以下句子：

a.

WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.Example24/145

以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作以下修改：a.

WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.修改：WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,whoisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.25/145Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.修改：Jimisoneofthefastestrunnersofourschool.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.修改：

ErnestHemingway,anAmericannovelist,wontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.26/1452.写清楚句子

(Clarity)

写作要注意句子清楚度。以下几个情况妨碍文章清楚，影响读者了解。(1)缺乏必要细节。简练尽管主要，但必要细节缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。比如：a.

Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.27/145a句既可了解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也能够了解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清楚明了，应该在该句后半部补上对应谓语：修改：Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissisterdoes.或：Helovessportsmuchmorethanheloveshissister.28/145b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.

b句中aperson和you指代不明。应改为：Whenapersongetsmarried,hetakesonnewresponsibilities.(泛指)或：Whenyougetmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.(特指)c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.c句中，“onemillion”终究指什么，缺乏必要细节说明，应改为：修改：Thecityhasapopulationofonemillion.29/145(2)缺乏连贯性。一个完整意思被无须要地切割成几个句子，这么一连串短句因为未能表达出相互间关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维。

为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联络亲密词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短语、从句等）。比如：Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.theyaresaidtobecolor-blinded.

此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为：Somepeoplewhocannotdistinguishbetween

colorsaresaidtobecolor-blinded.

30/145b.Hefoundthekitchenwindowopen.Heputaladderagainstthewindow.Heclimbedin.此句子可改为：Findingthekitchenwindowopen,heputaladderagainstitandclimbedin.31/145(3)随意转换。

英语句子时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思含糊不清。①时态随意转换。TheydidnotknowwhentheywillgototheGreatWall.应改为：TheydidnotknowwhentheywouldgototheGreatWall.

32/145b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterday

butgetsupearlythismorning.

应改为：b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterdaybutgotupearlythismorning.33/145②语态和主语随意转换。Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandhisanklewasbroken.

应改为：Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandbrokehisankle.34/145b.Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterthelecturewasfinished.应改为：

Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterhefinishedthelecture.或：Havingfinishedthelecture,theteacherlefttheclassroom.35/145c.Shereviewedthelessonsandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.应改为：Shereviewedthelessonsanddidalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacher.36/145语气随意转换。a.Firststopthenoiseandthenyoumaystartdiscussion.应改为：

Firststopthenoiseandthenstartdiscussion.37/145b.Studentsshouldlearntosolveproblemsindependently.Don’trelyonyourparents’help.应改为：b.Studentsshouldlearntosolveproblemsindependently.Theyshouldnotrelyontheirparents’help.38/145④人称和数随意转换。

a.Ifonehastalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.应改为：

Ifonehastalents,onewillbelikelytosucceed.或:Ifwehavetalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.39/145b.Ifapersonisselfish,theywillhavefewfriends.应改为：b.Ifapersonisselfish,hewillhavefewfriends.40/145⑤代词指代不明。Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;theyshoulddosomethingaboutit.应改为：Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;thegovernmentshoulddosomethingaboutit.41/145同时练习:

Correctthefollowingsentencesifnecessary

Therearealwaysalotofgoodnewsovertheradio.Eachoftheplanshasitsadvantage.EitheryouorIaretocleantheroom.Allthosewhowanttogoonthetripshouldgethisequipmentreadyimmediately.is

amtheir42/1455.Paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.6.Theteachergivingsuchahardexam.-----He

paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.(addasubject)-----Theteacheris

givingsuchahardexam.(addahelpingverb)43/1457.Whenonlyfiveyearsold,myfathertookmetoacircus(杂技团)._____Whenonlyfiveyearsold,Iwastakentoacircusbymyfather._____WhenIwasonlyfiveyearsold,myfathertookmetoacircus.8.Acardrovedownthestreetdeckedwithribbon.（用缎带装饰起来）____Acardeckedwithribbon

drovedownthestreet.(Misplacedmodifier误置修饰语）44/1453.写简练句子(Conciseness)

简练就是用尽可能少词表示尽可能充分意思。在不改变句子意义情况下，在能用词地方，不用短语；在能用短语地方不用句子。45/145比较以下两个句子：a.Heexpressesanumberofcleverexpressionsmuchtotheaudience’sdelight.—Hedelightedtheaudiencewithhiscleverexpressionsb.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroom,whenIgotthere,Isawmanypeopleintheclassroom.—ThismorningIwenttotheclassroomandsawmanypeoplethere.46/145要想使句子简练应注意以下几点：(1)防止重复意义相同词。a.Itwasblueincolor.b.Itwassmallinsize.c.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.d.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.

以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。47/145又如：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.应改为：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.Example48/145(2)

防止使用累赘词。累赘词指是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆词或词组。比如：Shewastoldofthefactthateatingjunkfoodmightharmherhealth.b.Mrs.SmithlikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.c.Therearesomestudentswhocheatinexams.以上划线部分都是累赘词，应去掉。49/145同时练习

Thechairmanwillgiveuphisjobnextyearbecauseofoldage.-------Thechairmanwillretirenextyear.Thewomanwhoisdressedinblackoverthereisthepersonwhoisnowinchargeofoursalesdepartment.-------Thewomaninblackoverthereisthe

managerofoursalesdepartment.50/1454.写平行结构句子（Parallelism)在一个句子中，有几个表示相近或相对意义并列成份时，应该使用词性一致排比结构，这就是写作中平行结构标准。两三个词性相同词连成一串，形成平行结构。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。比如：Example51/145

a.

Thearticleisshort,informative,andreadingitwaseasy应该为：Thearticleisshort,informative,andeasytoread.(threeadjectives)b.Knowingwhattodoandtodoitwellwillbringyousuccess.应该为Knowingwhattodoanddoingitwellwillbringyousuccess.(twogerundphrases)52/145再看下例：

Insummary,Idolikealotofthingsaboutcollege,asIsaidbefore－beingon

myown,talkingwithfriendlypeople,havingFridaysoff...(这里是3个动名词短语并列。)53/145同时练习1.

Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusic,andsheworksinthegarden.——Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusicandworkinginthegarden.

54/1452.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandtowriteashortreviewofit.——

Theteachertoldusthatweshouldread

ourtextandwrite

ashortreviewofit.——Or:Theteachertoldus

toread

ourtextand

write

ashortreviewofit.55/1453.Mr.Butlerisamanofwideexperienceandwhoisverypopularwithhisco-workers.——Mr.Butlerisamanof

wideexperience

and

greatpopularity

amonghisco-workers.56/145

4.Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayingindoors?——Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayindoors?

57/1455.Pleasecleanthekitchen,theheatmustturndown,andlockthedoors.

——Pleasecleanthekitchen,turndowntheheat,and

lockthedoors.58/1456.ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderorleavingthecompany.——ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderortoleavethecompany.59/1457.Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andworkshard.

——Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andhard-working.60/1458.Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andwantedtoeat.

———Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andhungry.61/1455.写灵活多变句子(Variety)要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要经常变换句型和句子结构。(1)句子开头多样化62/145①分词或分词短语开头。a.Wereachedourdestinationexhausted.应该为：Exhausted,wereachedourdestination.b.Ifinishedmyhomeworkandbegantoreviewthelessons.应该为：Havingfinishedmyhomework,Ibegantoreviewthelessons.63/145②形容词开头。Hewasintelligentandhard-working,andhegraduatedwithhonors.应该为：

Intelligentandhard-working,hegraduatedwithhonors.64/145③介词短语开头。a.Thegirlwasindespairandturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.应该为：

Indespair,thegirlturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.65/145④不定式短语开头。a.Heworkedharddayandnighttopasstheexams.应该为：Topasstheexams,heworkedharddayandnight.b.Hespokeslowlyandemphaticallytomakeeverythingclear.应该为：

Tomakeeverythingclear,hespokeslowlyandemphatically.66/145(2)

句型多样化。用排比句、修辞疑问句、倒装句等多样化句型能增添语言渲染力，增加文章艺术色彩。比如：

a.Themorewegettogether,thehappierwe’llbe.b.Whyisitthatthemoreconnectedweget,themoredisconnectedIfeel?Example67/145

再如:美国黑人“民权运动”领袖马丁·路德·金（MartinLutherKing）著名演说《我有一个梦想》（Ihaveadream）。这份演讲气势如虹，感情充沛，鼓动性强。其中非常主要原因是利用了一些比喻、排比修辞手法和句型，增添了语言渲染力及文章艺术色彩。比如“Ihaveadreamthatoneday…”。Example68/145

Ihaveadreamthat

onedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:"Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal."

IhaveadreambyMartinLutherKing

我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻；人人生而平等。”

69/145Ihaveadreamthat

onedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.

我梦想有一天，在佐治亚红山上，昔日奴隶儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主儿子坐在一起，共叙弟兄情谊。70/145Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.…

我梦想有一天，我四个孩子将在一个不是以他们肤色，而是以他们品格优劣来评判他们国度里生活。71/145同时练习：Usecoordinationorsubordinationtocombinethegroupsofsimplesentencesintolongersentences.Omitthewordswherenecessary.(用并列连词或隶属连词将以下简单句连成长句。)72/145Ineededsomeonetohelpme.Icouldn’tfindanyone.Ihadtodoitallonmyown.2.Thesechildrentooktheirnaps.Theyunrolledtheirsleepingmats.3.Mycarisnotstartingoncoldmornings.Ithinkthebatteryneedstobereplaced.Ialreadyhaditrechargedonce.Idon’tthinkitwouldhelptochargeitagain.4.Thepipeshadfrozen.Theheathadgoneoff.Wephonedtheplumber.Hecouldn’tcomefortwodays.Hehasbeenswampedwithemergencycalls.,but,soBefore,Because,,sobecause,butas73/145第二节英语段落

(Paragraphs) 语段，又叫“句群”，是由句子组成语言表示单位，它是句子和语篇之间中间层次。我们知道，句子在一定语境中能够单独地使用，能够单独地表示相对完整意思。不过，要表示多方面、比较复杂思想，往往需要把几个句子组织起来，结成更大言语片断，以表示“一层”意思。所以，语段是一个相对独立较大语义单位，既与上下语段相关联，又与上下语段相区分。正是许多这么语段相结合，才组成了语篇。74/145 一个段落既是一篇文章组成部分，又是一个自成一体、相对独立整体。一个段落就是一篇微型文章，它内容应该完整、连贯而且展开得法。内容完整就是要求段落中各句都紧紧围绕一个中心或主题，如有必要另辟主题则需另起一段。内容连贯则要求文字条理清楚，层次结构清楚，句与句之间有内在逻辑关系。 一个段落可长可短，视全篇需要而定，比如要看该文章主题是什么，本段落在全文中处于什么位置，以及它在文章观点阐述过程中有何作用等。长段落通惯用于表示比较复杂主题，而短段落有时是做一个过渡或进行一次概括，也有可能是用来强调某个观点。

75/145段落组成和特征1.2.1.段落组成(BasicStructureofaParagraph) 一个关键英语段落普通由一个主题句(topicsentence)、若干个支持句或扩展句(supportingsentence或developingsentence)组成,有还相关联句（transitionalsentence）和结论句（concludingsentence）。主题句给出谈论话题，或着段落主旨即中心思想；支持句是对主题句进行阐释、说明、例证或引申等；关联句使主题句和各支持句连贯成一个整体；结论句对全段作总结，往往照应主题句，起承上作用。这些详细细节使中心思想表述展现一定层次。比如：

76/145TopicSentence(general)SupportingSentenceNo.1(specific)(explanation,example,ormoredetails)SupportingSentenceNo.2(specific)SupportingSentenceNo.3

(specific)ConcludingSentence(general)77/145主题句(TopicSentence) 主题句在英语段落中起着举足轻重作用。英语段落主题句大多位于句首，但也有居于中间或末尾。主题句位于句首，开段明义，让读者很快就能了解作者要说明问题。比如：78/145

Althoughworkingisgoodforus,asithelpstrainourbodyandmind,yetthereshouldbealimit.Toomuchworkwilluseupourenergy,andweshallfeeltied.Weshouldknowthatourcapacity(容量)

islimited.Ourmindalsoneedsrelaxation,withoutwhichwecouldbecomesluggish(行动迟缓).Weshouldalwaysrememberthatwearehumanbeings,andthatweneedplayingandamusementstomakeourlifefuller.

Thisparagraphisaboutthelimitofworking.本段段首句是TopicSentence.主题句位于句首。后面句子便是支持句（SupportingSentences)，为主题句所表示思想提供支持。作者采取是“从普通到详细”写作方法。Example79/145

Let’sSpeakforOurselves

Mostofusdependtoomuchonpreprintedgreetingcardstoexpressourfeelingsonspecialoccasion.

Insteadofmakinganefforttosaywhatwefeel,wecommunicatealmostexclusivelythroughwordswrittenbyprofessionalcardwriters.Wesendpreprintedcardsforbirthday,anniversaries,congratulations,majorholidays,andnumerousotherevents.Weusethesecardstoexpresslove,longing,regrets,andcongratulations.Mostofthesecardscommunicatetheirmessages---ourmessages---throughcorny(平淡)rhymesorsillyjokes.Whatanimprovementitwouldbeifwepurchasedcardsthatwereblankinsideandtookthetimetowriteourownwords,orifwetelephonedorsentahandwrittennote.Ourwordsmightnotbeasslick（灵巧）orfunnyasstore-boughtsentiments,buttheywouldcertainlybemoregenuine.TopicSentenceSupportingSentencesConclusionExample80/145

段落第一句是主题句，清楚地表述了中心思想，其它句子都与中心思想相关，详细例子和理由对中心思想提供了支持。段落经过词汇（如feeling,cards,words等）和意义上重复，代词使用，以及过渡词（如insteadof,if,or,but）到达连贯，最终是强有力结尾。81/145同时练习I.阅读以下段落并标出各段主题句:Paragraph1_____________________________.Paragraph2_____________________________.Paragraph3_____________________________.82/145

WhenIfirstenteredcollegeasafreshman,IwasafraidthatIwasnotabletodowellinmystudies.Iwasafraidofbeingoff(离开）bymyself,awayfrommyfamilyforthefirsttime.HereIwassurroundedbypeopleIdidnotknowandwhodidnotknowme.Iwouldhavetomakefriendswiththemandperhapsalsocompetewiththemforgrades(分数）incoursesIwouldtake.WeretheysmarterthanIwas?CouldIkeepupwiththem?Wouldtheyacceptme?83/145

Isoonlearnedthatmylifewasnowupto（取决于）me.IhadtosetastudyprogramifIwantedtosucceedinmycourses.IhadtoregulatethetimeIspendstudyingandthetimeIspendsocializing.Ihadtodecidewhentogotobed…ThesequestionsIhadtoanswerformyself.Atfirst,lifewasabitdifficult.ImademistakesinhowIusedmytime.Ispendtoomuchtimemakingfriends.IalsomadesomemistakesinhowIchosemyfirstfriendsincollege.

84/145II.依据以下段落，选择恰当主题句：

Myfirstvisitwasinthesummerof1974,toseetheworld’sFair.Thesecondtimewasin1976,toseefriends.ThelasttimeIvisitedNewYorkjustlastmonth,whenIwenttheretolookforajob.MaybesoonIwillbearesidentofNewYorkinsteadofavisitor.IhavemadethreevisitstoNewYorkIhavevisitedNewYorkfourtimesIwillliveinNewYorksoonKey:a.85/145III.将以下句子改写成简练明晰主题句：Ingeneral,Iusuallygotocinemaonweekend.Inmyopinion,myfavoritemovieisGonewiththeWindIoftenthinkifImadeaspeechbeforeotherswholistento,itishardformetodoso.Iusuallygotocinemaonweekend.GonewiththeWindismyfavoritemovie

Itishardformetomadeaspeechbeforeothers.Makingaspeechbeforeothersishardforme.86/1451.2.2段落特征（QualitiesofEffectiveParagraph） 1.段落统一性(Unity)。 2.段落连贯性(Coherence)。 3.段落完整性(Completeness)。

87/1451.段落统一性(Unity)

一个好段落通常只有一个中心思想。段落统一性表达在用这个中心思想来统帅全段内容，段落中其它句子则都应围绕这一主题，一切与主题无直接关系句子都必须删除比如：88/145Sample1:

Televisionisnotonlyaconvenientsourceofentertainment,butalsoacomparativelycheapone.WithaTVsetinthefamily,peopledon’thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,themovies,ortheopera.Alltheyhavetoistopushabuttonorturnonaknob,andtheycanseeplays,films,operasandshowsofeverykind.

此段主题句即段首句是本段中心（Thisparagraphisabouttheconvenienceandcheapnessoftelevision）全段围绕这一中心展开，符合段落统一性标准。再如：Sample189/145

Aneducatedmanisatolerant宽容man.Herespectstheopinionsofhisfriends.Forexample,Dr.Reynoldslikesoldthings.Helikesoldpaintings.Heenjoysoldbooks.Heownsoldfurniture.Somepeopledon’tlikeanyoldthing.Theydon’tlikeoldpaintings.Theydon’tenjoyoldbooks.Theyalwaysbuymodernfurniture.Dr.Reynoldsnevercriticizesthem.Herespectspeople’sdifferences.Heunderstandshumannature.Heisawiseandkindman.这种“主题句加例证”写作格式是取得统一性惯用方法。Sample290/1452.段落连贯性(Coherence)。一个好段落除了内容要统一、完整外，还要结构连贯。连贯性指是段落结构是否有条理。一个段落内各句应该有逻辑地、自然地衔接在一起，成为一个完整整体。只有这么，读者才能跟上作者思绪，明白他讲意思。到达连贯性一个主要策略是使用适当连接词。比如：91/145

Sample1:

Themoonhasalwaysbeenanobjectofinteresttohumanbeings.Untilthe1960s,gettingtherewasonlyadream.Somethoughtthatpeoplecouldneverreachthemoon.NeilArmstrongsteppedontothelunar(月亮)surfacein1969.Moonlandingshavebecomeroutine(日常事务)tothegeneralpublic.本段没有加连接词，比较下段加连接词效果。Example92/145

Themoonhasalwaysbeenanobjectofinteresttohumanbeings；howeveruntilthe1960s,gettingtherewasonlyadream.Althoughsomethoughtthatpeoplecouldneverreachthemoon,NeilArmstrongsteppedontothelunar(月亮)surfacein1969.Afterthatmoonlandingshavebecomeroutine(日常事务)tothegeneralpublic.经过两段比较能够看出，加了连接词段落，段落内句与句之间衔接友好、条理清楚、层次分明、通顺流畅。可见学会正确使用连接词对段落协调连贯是非常主要93/145

3.段落完整性(Completeness) 这里段落完整性指整个段落在意义上完整性。段落中心思想必须得到充分讨论，一个观点必须得到足够事实支持，方可进入下一段落。换言之，写了主题句以后还必须回答与之相关问题。不然，这个段落就是不完整。比如：

94/145Sample1

Nowadaysmoreandmorestudentstakepart-timejobs.Theyhelpinshops;theydopublicinvestigationsforcompanies;theybecometutorsorgovernesses.Theyspendtheirfreetimedoingpart-timejobs.AsfarasIamconcerned,itisverygood.Thereasonsareasfollows;Firstly,doingapart-timejobcanrelievethefinancialburdenoftheirfamilies.Secondly,part-timejobsprovideagoodopportunityforstudentstoputthetheorytheylearnintopractice.Finally,throughdoingpart-timejobs,studentscanknowthesocietybetter.

Example95/145

此段列举了三个理由阐述大学生兼职好处，但阐述不够完整，假如将所列理由再深入展开阐述，使之完整、丰富。试比较下段效果。（theparagraphwillbemuchbetterifthethreereasonsarefurtherdeveloped.)96/145

Nowadaysmoreandmorestudentstakepart-timejobs.AsfarasIamconcerned,it’sverygood.Thereasonsareasfollows;Firstly,bydoingpart-timejobs,studentscanrelievethefinancialburde