语音学导论课件

2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook1AnIntroductionto

Phonetics

SangZh-GPRELUDE1.basicsofPhonetics2.fluencyandaccuracyofspeaking3.GA&GB:Experiencewiththedifferences2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook2outline1.Definition

2.Branches

3.PhoneticDescription

4.PhoneticTranscription5.PhoneticClassification

2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook31.DefinitionPhoneticsisthestudyofspeechsoundsaswellasthemethodsfortheirdescription,transcriptionandclassification.Phoneticsisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesspeechsoundswithregardtotheirarticulation,physicalproperties,andperception.2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook4Questions1.What’sthephonicmediumoflanguage?2.Whatarespeechsounds?2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook5ThePhonicMediumofLanguage

1.

Thephonicmediumoflanguagereferstothelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunication.2.

Speechsoundsreferstotheindividualsoundswhichthephonicmediumoflanguage.2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook62024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook72.BranchesThestudyfallsintothreemainareas:articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.SpeechproductionSpeechperceptionSpeechtransmissionFigure1Theprocessofspeechtransmission3.PhoneticDescriptionLips,teeth,tongue(tip,blade,front,back,root)teethridge(alveolus),hardpalate,softpalate,uvula(小舌),pharynx（咽）,larynx（喉）,vocalfold(cords),trachea(windpipe),lung.2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook8Figure2SpeechorgansOrgansofspeechA.Thepharyngealcavity:13windpipe,12glottis/vocalcords,11pharyngealcavityB.Theoralcavity:1/2lips,3/4teeth,5teethridge(alveolus),6hardpalate,7softpalate(velum),14uvula,8tipoftongue,9bladeoftongue,10backoftongueC.Nasalcavity:152024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook9咽腔14154.PhoneticTranscriptionSegmentanddivergenceInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)Coarticulation2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook104.1SegmentanddivergenceSegment:anylinguisticunitinasequencewhichmaybeisolatedfromtherestofthesequence,e.g.asoundinanutteranceoraletterinawrittentext.(Feasibility)Divergence:betweensoundsandsymbols(necessity)2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook114.2InternationalPhonetic

Alphabet(IPA)Historyanddevelopment:1886,1888,1897,1920s,1993,1996.Mainprinciple:thereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.TableofIPA(onPage38ofthetextbook)2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook12Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds1.IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet):Astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.Thepresentonemainlyderivesfromonedevelopedinthe19202bytheBritishphonetician,DanielJones(1881-1967),revisedin1993,corrected(updated)in1996.2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook13BroadandNarrowTranscription1.Diacritics（发音符号/辨音符）:thesetofsymbolsinIPA,whichareaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutfinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.Leaf[li:f],feel[fi:ł];pit[phit],spit[spit]2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook14BroadandNarrowTranscription2.Broadtranscription（宽式音标）：

Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolsonly./_/3.Narrowtranscription（严式音标）:Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.[_]2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook154.3CoarticulationCoarticulation:theinfluenceonasoundbyitsneighborse.g.cap[kap]can[kan]Thevowelinthesecondwordisnasalized,thusmarkedwith“”above.Broadandnarrowtranscriptions:withoutorwithdiacriticse.g.can[kan](broad)can[kan](narrow)2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook16_

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5.PhoneticClassification2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook17VowelsandconsonantsClassificationofconsonantsClassificationofvowels气流由肺部发出，经过口腔能自由呼出不受阻碍，而且声带颤动，这样发出的声音就是元音。如a、i等。气流从肺部呼出后，经过口腔时，在一定部位受到阻碍，除几个浊辅音（m、n、ng、l、r）外，声带不颤动，这样发出的语音就是辅音。如b、p等。声母和辅音的关系如何？声母和辅音是两个不同的概念。声母是从分析音节结构的角度划分出来的，而辅音是从分析音素性质的角度提出来的。与元音比较，辅音的主要特征是：气流在发音器官中受到一定程度的阻碍或阻塞，气流较强，发音器官参与节制气流的部分肌肉紧张。声母是由辅音充当的，但辅音并不都是声母。如“光”(guāng)这个音节中的“ng”，它是辅音，但它处在音节里后面的部位，因此它不是声母。又如“难”(nán)这个音节，前后都有“n”，它是辅音，处在音节开头的是声母，处在音节末尾的是韵母，并不是声母。韵母和元音的关系如何？韵母和元音不是同一个概念。韵母是就音素在音节中的位置讲的，元音是就音素的性质而言的。元音的主要特征是：气流在口腔中不受阻碍，气流较弱，发音器官肌肉均衡紧张，正常发音时声带振动。元音可以单独作韵母，如：a、o、e、i、u、ü等，这些韵母是由复合元音充当的，又如：an、en、in、ün等，这些韵母是由元音带上鼻辅音韵尾构成的。由上面的例子可以看出，凡是元音都可以做韵母或作为韵母的一个组成部分，但韵母不全是元音，辅音n、ng也可以和元音结合起来做韵母。可见韵母的范围比元音大。2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook18Placemanner

Bilabial

Labiodental

DentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarGlottalStoppb

td

kg

Nasalm

n

η

Fricativefv

θð

sz

∫3

h

Approximantw

r

j

Laterall

Affricatet∫d3

2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook195.2Classificationofconsonants

Table1AchartofEnglishconsonants5.3Classificationofvowels2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook20Monophthongs(purevowels)anddiphthongs(vowelglides)Tonguerising:open(low),half-open(mid-low),half-close(mid-high),closeRaisedpart:front,central,backTenseness(length):tense(long),lax(short)Liprounding:rounded,unrounded5.3Classificationofvowels2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook212.2.4ClassificationofEnglishSpeechsoundsAdichotomyofEnglishspeechsounds:1.Vowels:Speechsoundswhichareproducedwithnoobstructionwhatsoeverofthevocaltract,sonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.2.Consonants:Speechsoundswhichareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook222.2.4.1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants1.Intermsofmannerofarticulation:

A.stops/plosives:[p][b][t][d][k][g]

B.fricatives:[f,v,s,z,+,+,+,+,h]

C.affricates:[+,+]

D.liquids:lateral[l],retroflex（卷舌）[r]

E.nasals:[m,n,ŋ]

F.glides/semivowels:[w,j]2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook23ClassificationofEnglishconsonants2.Intermofplaceofarticulation:A.bilabial:[p,b,m,w]B.labiodental:[f,v]C.dental:[θ,+]D.alveolar:[t,d,s,z,n,l,r]E.palatal:[+,+,+,+,j]F.velar:[k,g,ŋ]G.glottal:[h]2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook24ClassificationofEnglishconsonants3.Intermsofthestateofthevocalcords:A.voiced:consonantsproducedwhenthevocalcordsareclosed,andtheair-streamcausesthemtovibrateagaineachother.B.voiceless:consonantsproducedwhenvocalcordsareapart,andairpassesthrougheasily.2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook25ClassificationofEnglishvowelsAdichotomy1.Monophthongs:individualvowels2.Diphthongs:vowelswhichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.[ei,ai,au,əu,+,iə,eə,uə]2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook26ClassificationofEnglishmonophthongs1.Intermsofthepositionofthetongue

A.front:B.central:C.back:2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook27ClassificationofEnglishmonophthongs2.IntermsoftheopennessofthemouthA.close:B.semi-close:C.semi-open:D.open:2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook28ClassificationofEnglishmonophthongs3.Intermsoftheshapeofthelips

A.unrounded:allthefrontvowels,centralvowels,and[a:].

B.rounded:allthebackvowelsexcept[a:].2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook29ClassificationofEnglishmonophthongs4.Intermsofthelength

A.short:B.long:5.Intermsofthestateofthelarynx

A.tense:allthelongvowelsB.lax:alltheshortvowels2024/5/6Linguistics:ACoursebook30ReferencesRoach,P.EnglishPhoneticsa