美国文学史选读

集团文件发布号：(9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-HistoryAndAnthologyofAmericanLiterature(VolumeⅠ)explorersCaribbeanIslands,ericatheSpanish17th早期EnglishsettlementsinVirginiaandMassachusetts尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史earliestsettlersincludedDutchSwedesnsFreunchSpaniardsItaliansandPortugueses要为thenarrativesandjournalsofthesentsindiariesandinjournalsthelandwithdenseforestsanddeep-bluelakesandrichsoil.ablishedatJamestownVirginiainexplorationth真intheearly1600s,havebeendescribedasthefirstdistinctlyAmericanliteraturewritteninEnglishfilledwiththemesmyths,images,scenes,characterandevents徒前往lurethePilgrimsandthePuritans.Smith在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事实介绍》“ATrueRelationofSuchOccurrencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiaSincetheFirstPlantingofThatColony”.2年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“AMapofVirginia:withaDescriptionoftheCountry”.中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做soughtapostasguidetothePilgrims年《弗吉尼亚通史》“GeneralHistoryofVirginia传奇故事howtheIndianprincessPocahontas(波卡洪特斯)savedhim.xploredtheriversdbaysaroundtheChesapeakeregionhesawfromthebeginningwhatwaseventuallytobeabasicprincipleofAmericanhistory,theneedof“workers”insteadof“gentlemen”forthetoughjobofplantingcoloniesandpushingthefrontierswestward.11.theologicalmoral,historicalandpolitical.ansinNewEnglanddhardshipstogetherwiththedisciplineofaharshchurch社会foundatheocracy，不屈不挠地斗争theyhadtoughnesspurposeandcharacter,theygrappledstronglywithchallengestheysetthemselves，虔诚和节制hardwork,thrift,pietyandPlymouthPlantation630年开始写起anaccountofthesmallgroupofPuritanswhomigratedfromEnglandtoAmsterdamdthentotheNewWold简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicityandtnessofthebookwithitsdirectreportingmakeitableandacommonblessingandfathertothemall”England”.1630年登上“阿贝亚”(Arbella)toMassachusettseepajournalandtotherestofhisbleforitscandidsimplicityandsty是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式文学作品theneedtorecordimportanteventsinpermanentformYetthroughadirectandvigorousprosestyle,eachaccountliteraryexcellence.清教徒(Puritan):就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自Puritanswantedtomakepuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices,ThePuritanwas“Would-bepurifier”.lookeduponthemselvesasachosenpeople式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifewasopposingGod’sWillandwasnottobeaccepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍theywerezealousindefenseoftheirownbeliefsbutoftenerantofthebeliefsofothersmadelawsaboutprivatemoralityaswellaspublicbehavior“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“sternandblack-browedPuritans”.sPatriarchofNewEngland1633年到Boston，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想hewasthe“teacher”(spiritualderofthecommunityanditsguidinginfluencetowardtheidealoftheocracyastateruledbythechurchhisprimaryinfluencewasthroughthepulpit.theyweremuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy.Massachusetts逐到现罗德岛Rhode认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接theideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductnddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothersHealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.趣Indianlanguage部分言指南》“AKeyintotheLanguageofAmerica”or“AHelptothelanguageoftheNativesinThatPartofAmericaCalledNewEngland”DudleyBradstreet中最风趣的诗人之一oneofthemostinterestingoftheearlypoets1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁ectionofpoemsinclassicalallusion个谬斯》“TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica中传奇故事有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poureswereoverambitiousbutwrotewellwhendealtwiththesimpleeventsofherdailylife.Puritanpoets遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出hisworkfollowedtheystyleandformsofthesofthemidseventeenthcentury础进mostofTaylor’sworktreatedreligiousthemes,withmanypoemsbaseddirectlyonthePsalms.PartⅡTheLiteratureofReasonAndRevolution理性和革命时期文学Independence”美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器theyhamperedcolonialeconomybyrequiringAmericanstoshiprawmaterialsabroadandtoimportfinishedgoodsatpriceshigherthanthecostofmakingtheminthiscountry.归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却rulingthecoloniesfromoverseasandbytaxingthecolonieswithoutgivingthemrepresentationinParliament.sofsixteen续了八年(1776-1783)TheWarforIndependence.诺亚·韦伯斯特(NoahWebster)说：文化上的独立，艺术上的着名。ram前惟一的杰出的美国作家inthecolonialperiod,theonlygoodAmericanauthorbeforetheRevolutionaryWar.协助杰弗逊起草独立宣言和美国宪法aidedJeffersoninwriting“TheDeclarationofIndependence”andConstitution.writer表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor.Hewasalsosarcastic.TheAutobiography”CommonerofMankind美国着名政治小册子作家pamphleteer.是政治讽刺的天才apoliticalsatiristofgenius.pamphlets中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志wasreadatoncetoallregimentsitrestoredoraleandinspiredthesuccessofthatcitizensarmynfluencedhiscountrymanmoredeeplyandremainedmoreeffectivelyalive样具人道主义精神vigoroushumanitariansympathies物aproductofthescience,mechanics…..haveafreshstarttowardliberty,selfhood.作为行和能力，不看重世俗中特权ahumanistritandabilityalonenottoprivilege生俱来的权利thenaturalrightsofmanmustbesecuredbylawinalienablyforall,irrespectiveoftion，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出等自由.government,anecessaryevil,foundsanctiononlyinthecommonconsentofasocialcontract,itspurposewasthebenefitoftheindividualnothisploitationitmustprovidefreedomofspeechthoughtassociation,press,worship,education,andenterprise.fofthePostRevolutionaryperiod人也是doubleroleaspoetandpoliticaljournalist典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类hewasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyetromanticinessentialspirit、伤感作家、一个人道主义者wasalsoatonceasatiristoftheBritishandasentimentalist,ahumanitarian.“美国革命诗人”(thepoetoftheRevolution);“美国诗歌之父”(FatherofAmericanPoetry).beenrecognizedasacourageouschampionofAmericanpopulargovernment，他预示了美国文学独立的到来asapoet,FreneauheraldedAmericanliteraryindependenceincontrastwiththeornatestyleofhisoupletshelaterdevelopedanaturalsimpleandconcretediction.PartTheLiteratureofRomanticism浪漫主义文学朝的结束”thefrontierheroAndrewJacksonasthe7thPresidentoftheUnitedStateshadbroughtaneffectiveendtothe“VirginiaDynasty”ofAmericanPresidents.1861年开始CivilWar.市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又荡theUnitedStateshadbeguntochangeintoanindustrialcausesocietytechnologywouldbringvastmaterialbenefitsandcauseoverwhelmingsocialdisorders.到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主响TheattitudesofAmerica’swriterswereshapedbytheirNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromanticstraditionsofEurope.romanticssharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics值观及直觉感社会是腐败之源moralenthusiasm,thinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperceptiondapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.30s—theCivilWar)：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，万物都是善的一部分asamoralphilosophy,anscendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematizedItxaltedfeelingoverreasonindividualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustomTheybelievedinthetranscendenceoftheOversoulanallpervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事这一时期文学的主要形式novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmericasprincipalliteraryforms.人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰wasalandofparadoxes,alandstirredbyspiritualdreamsandshapedbytherealitiesofagrowingmaterialism.Americanshadsoughtnewlibertiesandnewideasinlifeandart,butconflictsoftheirsocietyhadculminatedinabloodycivilwar.sthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticismfamiliarstyle.不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，这归因于他始性theapparenteaseofhiswritingisnotsimplythatofthegiftedamateur;itresultsfromhispurposefulidentificationofhiswholepersonalitywithwhathewrote自己大气，优雅的写作与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，最后形成自己的风格hewasurbaneandworldly,yethumorousandgentle,hisgreatandstylecombinewithAmericanrootsshapedhissonalityhewasthefirstgreatbelletristwritingalwaysforpleasure,andtoproducepleasure.自叙》：“TheAuthor’sAccountof美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的着名小说家thefirstimportantAmericannovelistbeganhisliterarycareeronadare.奇小说和海上传奇小Cooperlaunchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories:theseaadventuretale,andthefrontiersaga.24年《领航者》最为成功“ThePilot”thebestofhismanyseawrotethefirstofficialhistoryoftheU.S.Navy. 止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，hisfrontierstories“LeatherStockingTales”includingfivenovelsTheLastoftheMohicans”.AllanNevinscallsthesefivenovels“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic当时美国人思想意识，还使欧withavastgroupofsupportingcharactersvirtuousorvillainousCoopermadetheAmericanconsciousofhispastandmadetheEuropeanconsciousofAmerican.4．教材作品：《最后的莫希干人》：“TheLastofTheMohicans”1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》(希腊语)，人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作thestatelypoemcalled”Thanatopsis”GreekmeaningviewofdeathintroducedthebestpoettoppearinAmericanuptothattimeBryantmeritsareputationasapoet.“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“ToaWaterfowlisperhapsthepeakofhiswork,“Mostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage”.欧洲读者到了相当高的诗人称号的作家AsIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadcomeofagesoBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandtionHewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet4.教材作品：《死之思考》：“Thanatopsis”《致水鸟》：“ToaWaterfowl”1.(己作为编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说作showedhistruetalentsasaneditorapoet,aliterarycritic,andawriteroffiction.》出版“TheRaven”waspublishedasthetitlepoemofacollection的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深inEurope,hewashailedasapioneerinpoeticandfictionaltechniquesHisinfluencewasespeciallystrongonmanyFrenchwriters.3.教材作品：《给海伦》：“ToHelen”《乌鸦》：“TheRaven”AnnabelLee”《鄂榭府崩溃记》“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领wasresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEnglandandwasrecognizedthroughouthislifeastheleaderofthemovement先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强hebelievedaboveallinindividualismindependenceofmindandselfreliance，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想headmiredcourage,hewasnotafraidofchangingorclashingideas.极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词的东西等缺乏比较好的组织结构；然而他构句的水平高超，一些经过推敲后的句子不仅思想深刻，而且让人难以忘怀hisprosestyleissometimesashighlyindividualashispoetry.Manyofhisessayswereputtogetherfromhisjournalentries,speechesandrandomnotes,andtheyareoftensomewhatdisorganizedYethisskillinpolishingeachsentenceintoastrikingthoughtmakeshiswritingmemorable.《论自助》：“Self-Reliance”wasEmersonstruestdisciple,whoputintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories.WhereILived,andWhatILivedFor阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式heexplainedmanyofthebeliefsthatledhimtotrythiskindoflife.HethoughtitbetterforamantoworkonedayaweekandtherestoftheweekcouldbedevotedtothoughtForThoreau,asforEmersonselfrelianceandindependenceofmindrankedabovealleachshouldfindouthisownwayofliving.来获得创作素材的，听人家讲的一些新头故事、民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事HawthornegatheredhismaterialbyobservingandlisteningtootherswhosetalkwasfilledwithNewEnglandLore,legend,andsuperstition.他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸最好的例自娱的《红字》，小说的每一个字，每一幅画了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事些人获得拯救的故事Hawthorne’suniqueftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichhedeepestrootsofmansmoralnatureThefines