Unit-7-Glorious-Messiness-of-English市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖

Unit7

LearningAboutEnglish

TextA

TheGloriousMessinessofEnglishGAOXiu-pingEnglishEducationCenterMarch,1/80Doyouknow?HowmanycharactersdoesaChineseneedtoreadnewspapers?3000HowmanywordsdoesanEnglishspeakerneedtoreadnewspapers?20,000HowmanycharactersarethereinChinese?40,000inKangxiDictionaryHowmanywordsarethereinEnglish?2,000,000approximately2/80Guesswherearetheyfrom?Court,judge,fashion,jewelFrenchLibrary,medicine,equal,simileLatinPiano,concert,duet,soloItalianZero,alcohol,sofa,lemonArabicTofu,litchi,mahjong,taichiChinese3/80eggplant,pineapple,hamburgerEnglishmuffin,Frenchfriessweetmeat,sweetbreadsparkway,drivewayshipbytruck,sendcargobyshipnosesthatrun,feetthatsmellaslimchance,afatchanceawiseguy,awisemanoverlook,overseequitealot,quiteafewhotashell,coldashellAhouseburnsup.Ahouseburnsdown.fillinaform,filloutaformAclockgoesoff.Aclockgoeson.whenstarsareout,whenlightsareoutwindupawatch,windupaspeechListeningPracticepage1854/80ApproachthenewwordsPage196Checkandmarknewwordsandphrases5/80GlobalReading-1 Readparagraphs1to3and17to19:What’sstrangeaboutthetitle?Whatdoestheauthormeanby“glorious”?Whatdoestheauthormeanby“messiness”?What’stheauthor’sattitudetoEnglish?Why?Oxymoron“Bittersweetmemories,thatisallIamtakingwithme”“thesoundofsilence”cruelkindness,acleverfool,avictoriousdefeat

6/80GlobalReading-2

Readparagraphs4to6andanswer:What’sthemeaningofOldEnglish?WhatarethefeaturesofOldEnglishwords?WhatdoestheauthorshowwiththeexampleofWinstonChurchill?7/80GlobalReading-3Readparagraphs7to16andputthefollowingeventsintoproperorder:1.VikingsattackedBritain.2.TheAnglesandtheSaxonscametoBritain.3.WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpress.4.JuliusCaesarinvadedBritain.5.TheCeltsinhabitedBritain.6.AmericanEnglishcameintobeing.7.ChristianityenrichedEnglish.8.TheNormansconqueredEngland.8/805.TheCeltsinhabitedBritain.4.JuliusCaesarinvadedBritain.2.TheAnglesandtheSaxonscametoBritain.7.ChristianityenrichedEnglish.1.VikingsattackedBritain.8.TheNormansconqueredEngland.3.WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpress.6.AmericanEnglishcameintobeing.1.VikingsattackedBritain.2.TheAnglesandtheSaxonscametoBritain.3.WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpress.4.JuliusCaesarinvadedBritain.5.TheCeltsinhabitedBritain.6.AmericanEnglishcameintobeing.7.ChristianityenrichedEnglish.8.TheNormansconqueredEngland.9/80GlobalReadingSummarizethestructureofthisarticle(page193).Part1.pp.1-3,introductionTopic:“gloriousmessinessofEnglish”Idea:ThetoleranceandwillingnesstoborrowmakesEnglishatrulygloballanguage.Part2.pp.4-6,transitionHowdidEnglishbecomeagloballanguage?“thehistory”Part3.pp.7-16,developmentIntroducethehistoryofEnglishintimeorder.Part4.pp.17-19,conclusionEnglishrepresentsfreedom.Englishisthetongueofcommonman.10/80Transitional/linkingskillsFindthetransitional/linkingtermsinthepassageP.2.“forexample”P.3.“walkman”,topicP.4.“globallanguage”,topic,questionP.6.“everyoneofthosewords”P.11.“theAnglo-Saxons”P.12.“thenextbiginfluence”P.13.“thenintothis…”P.14.“anotherfloodof…”P.17.“thattolerance”P.18.“Ilikethatidea”11/80Part1ThestoryofourEnglishlanguageistypicallyoneofmassivestealingfromotherlanguages.ThatiswhyEnglishtodayhasanestimatedvocabularyofoveronemillionwords,whileothermajorlanguageshavefarfewer.French,forexample,hasonlyabout75,000words,andthatincludesEnglishexpressionslikesnackbarandhitparade.TheFrench,however,donotlikeborrowingforeignwordsbecausetheythinkitcorruptstheirlanguage.ThegovernmenttriestobanwordsfromEnglishanddeclaresthatWalkmanisnotdesirable;sotheyinventaword,balladeur,whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinstead--buttheydon't.Walkmanisfascinatingbecauseitisn’tevenEnglish.Strictlyspeaking,itwasinventedbytheJapanesemanufacturerswhoputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct.Thatdoesn’tbotherus,butitdoesbothertheFrench.SuchisthegloriousmessinessofEnglish.Thathappytolerance,thatwillingnesstoacceptwordsfromanywhere,explainstherichnessofEnglishandwhyithasbecome,toaveryrealextent,thefirsttrulygloballanguage.DH12/80ParaphraseThestoryofourEnglishlanguageistypicallyoneofmassivestealingfromotherlanguages.Englishtodayhasanestimatedvocabularyofoveronemillionwords.Englishisatypicallanguagethatborrowsextensivelyfromotherlanguages.Englishisagoodexampleoflanguagesthatborrowalotofwordsfromotherlanguages.ItisestimatedthatEnglishtodayhasavocabularyofoveronemillionwords.13/80ProtectingLanguageFrenchlanguagepoliceBlogv.s.abloc-note

Talkshowv.s.

débat-spectacle

Emailv.s.

courriel

Brainstormingv.s.

unremue-méningesProtectinglanguageisprotectingculture.AmericanandBritishculturesareinvadingFrancewithEnglish.WhatdoyouthinkofthelanguageprotectingpoliciesofFrance?DoyouthinkChinafacesculturalandlanguageinvasion?Whatcanwedo?Howcanweprotectourlanguageandatthesametimekeeppacewiththeworld?14/80corrupttochangethetraditionalformofsomething,sothatitbecomesworse+language/culture/traditionTheculturehasbeencorruptedbyWesterninfluences.HasJapanesebeencorruptedbytheintroductionofforeignwords?Thebusinessmantriedtocorrupttheofficialsinthelocalgovernment.encouragesomeonetodosomethingimmoralordishonestCorruptionslowsacountry’sdevelopment.反腐败运动Anti-corruptioncampaign15/80BanForbidofficially,prohibitThelocalgovernmentwillbansmokinginallofficeslaterthisyear.officiallybannedbook再次被发觉超速后，Tom被禁止驾驶6个月。Tomwasbannedfromdrivingforsixmonthsafterbeingcaughtspeedingagain.atotalbanoncigaretteadvertising16/80Strictlyspeakingusedtosaysomethinginaveryexactandcorrectway.Strictlyspeaking,spidersarenotinsects.Doyouknowanyother“speaking”phrases?GenerallyspeakingtointroduceastatementthatistrueinmostcasesbutnotalwaysGenerallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethestereo,thebetteritis.roughlyspeakingtosaysomethingwithoutgivingexactdetailsorinformationRoughlyspeaking,I‘dsayweneedabout$500.relativelyspeakingtocomparesomethingwithallsimilarthingsRelativelyspeaking,landpricesarestillprettycheaphere.exactlyspeakingExactlyspeaking,theworkwascompletedinsixhours.franklyspeakingFranklyspeaking,Idon'tagreewithyou.17/80to…extenttosayhowtruesomethingisorhowgreataneffectorchangeisIagreewithhimtoacertainextentbuttherearestillsomeareasofsharpdisagreementbetweenus.Tosomeextentthewaterpollutionhasaffectedthelocalresidents.从很大程度上来说，餐馆失败是因为经营不善造成。Toalarge

extentthefailureoftherestaurantwasduetobadmanagement.Hissuccesswilldependtoagreatextentonluck.Idoagreewithhimtoanextent.Towhatextent(=howmuch)didsheinfluencehisdecision?Theyexaminedtheextenttowhich

(=howmuch)ageaffectedlanguage-learningability.18/80GlobalLanguageWorldLanguageEsperantoWhatdoyouknowaboutit?LudwikŁazarzZamenhofPolishdoctorandlinguistInventedin1887Whycannot“WorldLanguage”becomeareal“globallanguage”?HowdifferentisitfromEnglish?19/80Part2HowdidthelanguageofasmallislandoffthecoastofEuropebecomethelanguageoftheplanet--morewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherhaseverbeen?ThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearnsabout

identity(I,me,you);possession(mine,yours);thebody(eye,nose,mouth);size(tall,short);andnecessities(food,water).ThesewordsallcomefromOldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonEnglish,thecoreofourlanguage.Usuallyshortanddirect,thesearewordswestillusetodayforthethingsthatreallymattertous.GreatspeakersoftenuseOldEnglishtoarouseouremotions.Forexample,duringWorldWarII,WinstonChurchillmadethisspeech,stirringthecourageofhispeopleagainstHitler’sarmiespositionedtocrosstheEnglishChannel:“Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.Weshallneversurrender.”VirtuallyeveryoneofthosewordscamefromOldEnglish,exceptthelast--surrender,whichcamefromNormanFrench.Churchillcouldhavesaid,“Weshallnevergivein,”butitisoneofthelovely--andpowerful--opportunitiesofEnglishthatawritercanmix,foreffect,differentwordsfromdifferentbackgrounds.Yetthereissomethingdirecttotheheartthatspeakstousfromtheearliestwordsinourlanguage.20/80OffthecoastintheseanearthelandasmallislandoffthecoastofScotland21/80ParaphraseThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearnsaboutidentity(I,me,you);possession(mine,yours);thebody(eye,nose,mouth);size(tall,short);andnecessities(food,water).ThesewordsallcomefromOldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonEnglish,thecoreofourlanguage.Usuallyshortanddirect,thesearewordswestillusetodayforthethingsthatreallymattertous.ParaphraseThehistoryofEnglishcanbefoundinthefirstwordsachildlearnsabout…22/80NecessitysomethingnecessaryorindispensableWaterisabasic

necessityoflife.Alotofpeoplewouldconsideraprivatecarasanecessityratherthanaluxury.thestateofbeingnecessary;theneedforsth.有必要再搞一次选举吗？Isthereanynecessityforanotherelection?Thereisabsolutelynonecessityforyoutobeinvolvedintheproject.23/80NecessitysomethingnecessaryorindispensableWaterisabasicnecessityoflife.AlotofpeoplewouldconsideraTVasmoreofanecessitythanaluxuryitem.Theworkers’wagesweresolowthattheyhardlyhadenoughmoneytobuythenecessitiesoflife.thestateofbeingnecessary;theneedforsth.(followedbyfor)有必要再搞一次选举吗？Isthereanynecessityforanotherelection?Thereisabsolutelynonecessityforyoutobeinvolvedintheproject.

necessity:n.

Collocation：feelthenecessityof thebarenecessitiesthenecessitiesoflifeby/ofnecessity感到有……必要最低程度必需品生活必需品无法防止地，势必；迫不得已24/80ArouseProvoke,cause(acertainfeeling)+interest/expectations/suspicion/angerMatt'sbehaviorwasarousingtheinterestofhisneighbors.AgreatdealofangerwasarousedbyCampbell'sdecision.Theman’sstrangebehaviorarousedthepoliceman’ssuspicions.Asynonyminthisparagraph?Stirtomakesomeonehaveastrongfeelingorreaction照片激起了我儿时回想。Thephotographsstirredmychildhoodmemories.25/80 WinstonChurchillBritishPrimeMinisterWheredidheworkasayoungsoldier?EgyptandIndiaWhatdidhedoinSouthAfrica?journalistWhendidhebecomethePrimeMinister?In1940WhatdidhedoinWorldWarII?GavewartimespeechesandencouragedtheBritishpeople.Whendidhedie?In1965.Churchill’sSpeech(11’08’’)“Weshallgoontotheend,weshallfightinFrance,weshallfightontheseasandoceans,weshallfightwithgrowingconfidenceandgrowingstrengthintheair,weshalldefendourisland,whateverthecostmaybe,weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills;weshallneversurrender

”26/80PositionNounorverb?tocarefullyputsomethinginaparticularpositionYoumustpositionyourselfwhereyoucanseetheblackboard.Army?ForacountrytoputitsarmyinacertainplaceTheUnitedStateshaspositioneditsmilitaryforceinIraq.27/80VirtuallyAlmost,practicallyIt’svirtuallyimpossibletotellthefakethingfromtherealone.晚饭差不多准备好了；我只差做蔬菜了Thedinner’svirtuallyready;Ionlyhavetofinishthevegetables.Asanadjective?

ThewebsiteallowsyoutotakeavirtualtouroftheForbiddenCity.ontheInternetoronacomputer,ratherthanintherealworld28/80Foreffect“for”or“effect”Lookupthenouninanounphrase.ifsomeonedoessomethingforeffect,theydoitinordertomakepeoplenoticeShepausedforeffect,thencarriedonspeaking.29/80ParaphraseChurchillcouldhavesaid,“Weshallnevergivein,”butitisoneofthelovely--andpowerful--opportunitiesofEnglishthatawritercanmix,foreffect,differentwordsfromdifferentbackgrounds.ParaphrasethesentenceEnglishspeakershaveopportunitiestomixdifferentwords.WhatChurchilldidisoneexampleoftheopportunities.30/80Part3

WhenJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainin55B.C.,Englishdidnotexist.TheCelts,whoinhabitedtheland,spokelanguagesthatsurvivetodaymainlyasWelsh.Wherethoselanguagescamefromisstillamystery,butthereisatheory.TwocenturiesagoanEnglishjudgeinIndianoticedthatseveralwordsinSanskritcloselyresembledsomewordsinGreekandLatin.Asystematicstudyrevealedthatmanymodernlanguagesdescendedfromacommonparentlanguage,losttousbecausenothingwaswrittendown.Identifyingsimilarwords,linguistshavecomeupwithwhattheycallanIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,spokenuntil3500toB.C.Thesepeoplehadcommonwordsforsnow,beeandwolfbutnowordforsea.Sosomescholarsassumetheylivedsomewhereinnorth-centralEurope,whereitwascold.Travelingeast,someestablishedthelanguagesofIndiaandPakistan,andothersdriftedwesttowardthegentlerclimatesofEurope.SomewhomadetheearliestmovewestwardbecameknownastheCelts,whomCaesar’sarmiesfoundinBritain.VeniVidiViciIcame;Isaw;Iconquered.SirWilliamJonesScholarofOrientalStudiesSpeechin1786onSanskrit31/80CeltsCeltsAngles,SaxonsCelts—Scottish,Welsh,IrishAngles,Saxons—English32/80Mysteryanevent,situationetcthatpeopledonotunderstandorcannotexplainTwentyyearsaftertheevent,hisdeathisacompletemystery.未解之谜anunsolvedmystery.埃及金字塔（pyramid）是怎样建成依然是个谜。HowEgyptianpyramidswerebuiltremainsamystery.33/80Resemble[transitivenotinprogressiveorpassive]tolooklikeorbesimilartosomeoneorsomethingBrianandSteveresembleeachother.I’dsayheresembleshismothermorethanhisfather.

约翰在各方面都非常像他父亲。Johnresembleshisfatherverymuchinallways.34/80Descendtohavedevelopedfromsomethingthatexistedinthepastdescendfromsomebody/somethingTheideasdescendfromConfucius.bedescendedfromsomebodySheclaimstobedescendedfromAbrahamLincoln.TheWelshandtheScotisharedescendantsoftheCelts.de+scenddown+moveAscendtranscend35/80commonPara.8FromacommonparentlanguagePara.9Thesepeoplehadcommonwordsforsnow,bee,etc.Para.14thecommonpeoplePara.19Thetongueofthecommonman.commonaims,beliefs,ideasetcaresharedbyseveralpeopleorgroups;sameorsimilarpeopleworkingtowardsacommongoalcountriesthatshareacommonlanguageordinaryandnotspecialinanywaythecommonmanCommonsalt36/80Indo-EuropeanparentlanguageIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily（印欧语系）13languagefamilieslanguagebranchSino-Tibetan（汉藏语系）Chinese,TibetanAltaicfamily（阿尔泰语系）

Japanese,Korean37/80Part4NewwordscamewiththeGermanictribes--theAngles,theSaxons,etc.--thatslippedacrosstheNorthSeatosettleinBritaininthe5thcentury.TogethertheyformedwhatwecallAnglo-Saxonsociety.TheAnglo-Saxonspassedontoustheirfarmingvocabulary,includingsheep,ox,earth,wood,fieldandwork.Theymusthavealsoenjoyedthemselvesbecausetheygaveusthewordlaughter.

ThenextbiginfluenceonEnglishwasChristianity.ItenrichedtheAnglo-Saxonvocabularywithsome400to500wordsfromGreekandLatin,includingangel,discipleandmartyr.

ThenintothisrelativelypeacefullandcametheVikingsfromScandinavia.TheyalsobroughttoEnglishmanywordsthatbeginwithsk,likeskyandskirt.ButOldNorseandEnglishbothsurvived,andsoyoucanrearachild(English)orraiseachild(Norse).Othersuchpairssurvive:wishandwant,craftandskill,hideandskin.EachsuchadditiongaveEnglishmorerichness,morevariety.DScandinaviaPeninsula38/80GermanicGermanic≠Germany/GermanGermanicpeoples/tribesGermanic,Slavic,CelticDanes,Swedes,Norwegians,Icelanders,Germans,Austrians,Dutch,Anglo-Saxons/English(notBritish/Scottish/Welsh/Irish)Germaniclanguages39/80Passontohandorgive(sth.)to(sb.)passsth.ontosb.TheAnglo-Saxonspassed

ontoustheirfarmingvocabulary,includingsheep,ox,earth,wood,fieldandwork.TheKingpassedonmuchofhisfortunetotheprincess.Whenyouhavefinishedreadingthenovel,pleasepassitontoLaura.40/80Englishv.s.NorseButOldNorseandEnglishbothsurvived,andsoyoucanrearachild(English)orraiseachild(Norse).Othersuchpairssurvive:wishandwant,craftandskill,hideandskin.Forthethreepairswishandwant,craftandskill,hideandskin,whichareEnglishandwhichareOldNorse?rearv.s.raisewishv.s.wantcraftv.s.skillhidev.s.skinExerciseonpages198-19941/80AdditionapersonorthingaddedThisexcellentbookwillbeawelcomeadditiontothelibraryofanystudent.他将是我们篮球队里可贵新增力量。Hewillbeavaluableadditiontoourbasketballteam.42/80Part5

Anotherfloodofnewvocabularyoccurredin1066,whentheNormans

conqueredEngland.Thecountrynowhadthreelanguages:Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.Withthreelanguagescompeting,thereweresometimesdifferenttermsforthesamething.Forexample,Anglo-Saxonshadthewordkingly,butaftertheNormans,royalandsovereignenteredthelanguageasalternatives.TheextraordinarythingwasthatFrenchdidnotreplaceEnglish.OverthreecenturiesEnglishgraduallyswallowedFrench,andbytheendofthe15thcenturywhathaddevelopedwasamodified,greatlyenrichedlanguage--MiddleEnglish--withabout10,000“borrowed”Frenchwords.43/80NormanConquest1066TheNormansorFrenchinNormandyattackedandconqueredBritain.WilliamtheConquerorNormanDukeFirstNormanKingofBritainNormandyInvasionin1944DuringWorldWarII44/80ConquergetcontrolofacountrybyfightingEgyptwasconqueredbyPersia.Shehasconqueredtheheartsofmanymen.全世界已作出巨大努力来征服癌症。Theworldhasmadegreateffortstoconquercancer.45/80ChurchesWhatdo“churches”standforhere?bishops,priests,churchmenandothersinreligiousorganizationsmetonymy(转喻、借代)Thetongueofthecommonman(Para.19)TheWhiteHouseisconsideringalargescalebailoutplantospurtheeconomy.Beijinghasnotrespondedtotheeventyet.Thekettleboils.TranslatethesentenceThecountrynowhadthreelanguages:Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.46/80Whyarethesynonyms?

NativeEnglishFrenchLatinfreedomlibertylatitudekinglyroyalregalaskquestioninterrogateteachtraininstructfriendlyamiableamicableheartcardiacLeg/armlimbliverhepatichepatitislungpneumpneumonia47/80alternativesomethingyoucanchoosetodooruseinsteadofsomethingelseIsthereanalternativetothepresentsystem?Ifpaymentisnotreceivedwithinfivedays,legalactionwillbeouronlyalternative.除了辞职，我别无选择。Ihadnoalternativebuttoquitthejob.alternativeways/methodsetcHaveyouanyalternativesuggestions?Wereturnedbyanalternativeroad.48/80swallowEnglishgraduallyswallowedFrench.Paraphrasethesentence.UseasynonymouswordEnglishgraduallyabsorbedFrench.UseamoresimplewordEnglishgraduallytookinFrench.ChangethestructureandmakeitevenmoresimpleFrenchbecamepartofEnglish.metaphor49/80modifymodify,revise,changeYourfeedbackwillbeusedto

thecoursefornextyear.Thegovernmentwill

theMarriageLawnextmonth.modifytomakesmallchangestosomethinginordertoimproveitandmakeitmoresuitableoreffectiverevisetochangesomethingbecauseofnewinformationorideasmodifyrevise50/80Part6

Around1476WilliamCaxton

setupaprintingpressinEnglandandstartedacommunicationsrevolution.PrintingbroughtintoEnglishthewealthofnewthinkingthatsprangfromtheEuropeanRenaissance.TranslationsofGreekandRomanclassicswerepouredontotheprintedpage,andwiththemthousandsofLatinwordslikecapsuleandhabitual,andGreekwordslikecatastropheandthermometer.TodaywestillborrowfromLatinandGreektonamenewinventions,likevideo,televisionandcyberspace.

AssettlerslandedinNorthAmericaandestablishedtheUnitedStates,Englishfounditselfwithtwosources--AmericanandBritish.ScholarsinBritainworriedthatthelanguagewasoutofcontrol,andsomewantedtosetupanacademytodecidewhichwordswereproperandwhichwerenot.Fortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice.JohannGutenbergSpacecapsule51/80Whysocomplicated?中午午餐/饭早上早餐/饭羊羊肉猪猪肉牛牛肉noonlunchmorningbreakfastSheep/goat/rammuttonpig/boar/sowporkOx/cow/bullbeef晚上晚餐/饭afternoonSupper/dinnerWhatcanweinferaboutthefeaturesofChineseandEnglish?Anymoreexamples?Rocket,火箭，火+箭Computer,计算机,计算+机，电脑，电+脑52/80CommunicationsrevolutionCommunicationsvs.communication1.Good

isvitalingroupwork.2.Iwilltakeacourseinimprovingmy

skills.3.Modern

areenablingmorepeopletoworkfromhome.4.Radiowasthepilot'sonlymeansof

.5.Wireless

.6.

satellite7.Bankof.

theprocessbywhichpeopleexchangeinformationorexpresstheirthoughtsandfeelingsways

ofsendinginformation,especiallyusingradio,telephone,orcomputersroads,railwaysetcthatareusedfortravellingandsendinggoodscommunicationcommunicationcommunicationscommunicationcommunicationscommunicationscommunications53/80springthewealthofnewthinkingthatsprangfromtheEuropeanRenaissance.ThefirstshootssprangupinEngland.1.tomovesuddenlyandquickly2.tosuddenlyappearorstarttoexist3.tobecausedbysomethingorstartfromsomethingTomsprangoutofbedandrandownstairs.Alotofsmallbusinessessprangintoexistenceduringthe1980s.Fast-foodrestaurantsarespringingupallovertown.Allthemistakeswemadespringfromcarelessness.Asanoun?Anyrelation?54/80thermometerthermometerThermo+meterThermo=heatThermosThermodynamicsThermonuclearThermoplasticThermoelectricityMeter=measuringinstrumentSpeedometerWatermeterGasmeterLightmeterElectricitymeter55/80televisiontele+visionTele=fromfarawayTelecommunicationTelegraphTelegramTelephoneTelescopeVision=lookVisionVisibleVisualSuperviseReviseVisit56/80CyberspaceCyber+spaceCyber-=ontheInternetoracomputerCyberworldCyberlandCybercitizenCybershopperCybercrimeCybersicknessCybercityCybereconomyCyberholic57/80putintopracticestarttousesomethingandseeifitiseffective+idea,plan,knowledgeputintoaction/effectHavingdelayedseveraltimes,wemustputthisplanintopracticenow.这让他有机会把自己想法付诸实践。Itgavehimthechancetoputhisideasintopractice.58/80FortunatelyFortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice.Whatcanweinferfromthissentenceabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsEnglish?59/80Part7Thattoleranceforchangealsorepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.DanishscholarOttoJespersen

wrotein1905,“TheEnglishlanguagewouldnothavebeenwhatitisiftheEnglishhadnotbeenforcenturiesgreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandifeverybodyhadnotbeenfreetostrikeoutnewpathsforhimself.”Ilikethatidea.ConsiderthatthesameculturalsoilproducingtheEnglishlanguagealsonourishedthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandrightsofmaninthemodernworld.Thefirstshoots

sprangupinEngland,andtheygrewstrongerinAmerica.TheEnglish-speakingpeopleshavedefeatedalleffortstobuildfencesaroundtheirlanguage.Indeed,theEnglishlanguageisnotthespecialpreserveofgrammarians,languagepolice,teachers,writersortheintellectual

elite.Englishis,andalwayshasbeen,thetongueofthecommonman.M60/80OttoJespersenDanishlinguistandgrammarian（1860–1943）internationalauxiliarylanguage(WorldLanguage) “TheEnglishlanguagewouldnothavebeenwhatitisiftheEnglishhadnotbeenforcenturiesgreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandifeverybodyhadnotbeenfreetostrikeoutnewpathsforhimself”TranslatethesentencePayattentiontothesentencestructureandtheunderlinedterms.1.假如没有数百年来英国人对每个个体自由尊重，假如不是每个人都能够自由探索新道路，英语不会成为今天英语。2.假如数百年来英国人不尊重每个个体自由，假如人们不能自由探索新道路，英语不会成为今天英语。3.正因为数百年来英国人一直尊重每个个体自由，因为每个人都能够自由探索新道路，英语才成为今天样子。4.英语之所以能成为今天英语，是因为数百年来英国人一直尊重每个个体自由，因为每个人都能够自由探索新道路。5.正因为数百年来英国人一直尊重每个个体自由，因为每个人都能够自由探索新道路，英语才能拥有今天地位。Whichversiondoyouprefer?Why?61/80RhetoricConsiderthatthesameculturalsoilproducingtheEnglishlanguagealsonourishedthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandrightsofmaninthemodernworld.ThefirstshootssprangupinEngland,andtheygrewstrongerinAmerica.TheEnglish-speakingpeopleshavedefeatedalleffortstobuildfencesaroundtheirlanguage.What’srhetoricaldeviceusedhere?Howmanymetaphorscanyoufind?SoilProduce,nourishShootssprangupGrowstrongBuildfencesPlant