专题02 阅读理解(说明文)（解析版）

专题02阅读理解说明文1.【2024届广西柳州高中、南宁三中高三联考试题】InJapan,thenewyearbeganwithdisasterasa7.5magnitudeearthquakestrucktheNotoPeninsula(能登半岛)onthecountry’swesternedgeonMonday.Morethan2,000activefaultlines(断层线)liebeneathJapan,makingitoneofthemostearthquake-pronecountriesintheworld.Manyscientistshavelongconsideredearthquakeforecastingtobeimpossible.Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.Lastfall,researchersattheUniversityofTexasatAustinincreasedsuchhopesforearthquakepredictionwithaseven-monthtrialinChina.Inall,thealgorithm(演算法)successfullyforecast14earthquakes,eachwithinabout200milesofitsactualepicenter(震中).Meanwhile,itmissedonequakeandpredictedeightthatneverhappened.ThetrialwaspartofaninternationalA．I.-designcompetition,oneofafewsucheventsheldinrecentyearstoadvanceearthquakepredictiontechnologies.SergeyFomel,ageoscientistatUTAustinandamemberoftheresearchteam,saysinastatement.“We’renotyetclosetomakingpredictionsforanywhereintheworld,butwhatweachievedtellsusthatwhatwethoughtwasanimpossibleproblemissolvableinprinciple.”Additionally,machinelearningcouldhelpdetecthiddenpatternsindataorcollectmoredatatobetterinformearthquakeforecasting,HutchisonwritesforMITTechnologyReview.Forexample,someresearchersareshowinghowA．I.mightuserecordingsfromaspecificseismicsitetoanticipateanearthquake’smagnitude.Oneteamhasbuiltandtrainedneuralnetworkstopredictwhereaftershocksmayoccurafteraninitialstrike.Andothersareusingmachinelearningtoidentifyandextractseismicwaves—thevibrationsthatspreadthroughtheearthduringtectonicactivity(构造活动)—fromothernoisesintheground.8．What’sthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A．Toexplainaconcept. B．Tointroduceanewtopic.C．Tosupplyasummary. D．Toprovideanexample.9．Whatmadesomeresearchersoptimisticabouttheearthquakeforecasting?A．Therecentprogressintheories. B．Theuseoftraditionalmethods.C．Theincreasingnumberofearthquakes. D．Theadvancementsinartificialintelligence.10．Whatdoweknowfromthethirdparagraph?A．ThetrialwasconductedbyChinese. B．Thealgorithmwastotallysuccessful.C．A．I.showspromiseinearthquakeprediction. D．TheA．I.competitiononlyfocusedonearthquakes.11．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Japan’sVulnerabilitytoEarthquakes B．HelperinPredictingEarthquakes—A．I.C．TheImpossibilityofEarthquakePrediction D．InternationalEffortstoPredictEarthquakes【答案】8．B9．D10．C11．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了经过试验发现，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途，并给出详细的例子。8．推理判断题。根据第一段“InJapan,thenewyearbeganwithdisasterasa7.5magnitudeearthquakestrucktheNotoPeninsula(能登半岛)onthecountry’swesternedgeonMonday.Morethan2,000activefaultlines(断层线)liebeneathJapan,makingitoneofthemostearthquake-pronecountriesintheworld.(在日本，新的一年从灾难中开始，周一，该国西部边缘的诺托半岛发生了7.5级地震。日本地下有2000多条活动断层带，使其成为世界上地震最频繁的国家之一)”可推知，第一段的作用是引入一个新话题。故选B。9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.(但鉴于最近人工智能的进步，一些研究人员一直在研究这种情况是否会改变)”可知，人工智能的进步让一些研究人员对地震预报持乐观态度。故选D。10．细节理解题。根据第三段“Inall,thealgorithm(演算法)successfullyforecast14earthquakes,eachwithinabout200milesofitsactualepicenter(震中).Meanwhile,itmissedonequakeandpredictedeightthatneverhappened.(该算法总共成功预测了14次地震，每次地震都在震中200英里以内。与此同时，它错过了一次地震，并预测了8次从未发生的地震)”可知，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途。故选C。11．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Manyscientistshavelongconsideredearthquakeforecastingtobeimpossible.Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.(许多科学家一直认为地震预报是不可能的。但鉴于最近人工智能的进步，一些研究人员一直在研究这种情况是否会改变)”结合文章主要说明了经过试验发现，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途，并给出详细的例子。可知，B选项“预测地震的帮手——人工智能”最符合文章标题。故选B。2.【2024届江西省九江十校高三二联试题】Theworldneedstoinvestmoreinagriculturalknow—howtoenhancefoodproduction,reduceruralpovertyandfightclimatechange,accordingtoaconsensusreachedbyaglobalgroupoffarmingtechnologyleadersonThursday.Technologicalinnovationisthecrucialdriverfortransformingtheglobalagri-foodsystems,accordingtotheSanyaDeclarationofthe7thGlobalForumofLeadersforAgriculturalScienceandTechnology.Progressintheareaplaysacrucialroleinenhancingtheworld’sagriculturalproductioncapacity,revolutionizingagriculturalsectors,andpromotingruraldevelopment,thedeclarationsaid.Expertsattendingtheforumcalledupongovernments—especiallythoseindevelopingcountriesandpossiblyfacingurgentfoodsupplyissues—andagriculturalenterprisesworldwidetostepupfundingforagriculturalresearchandtechnologyspreading,suchasbytrainingmoretalent.Theypromisedtoworkmorecloselyinagriculturalscienceandtechnology,withtheaimofhelpingreformagri-foodsystemsandaddressingglobalchallengesrangingfromfoodinsecuritytopovertytoclimatedisasters,andhelpachievethegoalsoftheChina—proposedGlobalDevelopmentInitiative.“Effortsshouldbemadetoturnglobalagri-foodsystemstowardbeingmoreefficient,inclusive,resilientandsustainable,throughenhancinggreenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovation,climatechangeadaptation,carbonemissionreductioninagriculture,andreducingfoodlossesandwasteacrosstheentireproductionchain,”thedeclarationsaid,addingsuchexpertiseistheunderlyingpillar(台柱)forachieving“energy-efficient,emission-reducing,greenandlow-carbonsustainableagriculturaldevelopment”.ParticipantsapplaudtheChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,theforum’sorganizer,forlaunchingtheInternationalMegaScienceProjectfromGenotypetoPhenotypeInitiative,whichhelpswiththesharingofcropgeneticresourcesandofferspublicproductsandplatformsformolecularbreeding(分子育种).12．Whereshouldtheworldinvestmoreaccordingtothearticle?A．Techniquesconcerningfarming. B．Measurestocombatclimatechange.C．Researchesoffieldinvestigation. D．Solutiontothepovertyissues.13．Whatdoexpertsappealtothegovernmentstodo?A．Theyappealtotherichcountriestohelpdevelopingcountries.B．Theyappealtoallcompaniestoinvestmoreininnovation.C．Theycallongovernmentstoprovidejobsformoretalentedpeople.D．Theycallongovernmentstoinvestmoreinagriculturalresearch.14．Whichofthefollowingdisagreeswiththedeclaration?A．Globalagri-foodsystemshouldbemoreefficientandsustainable.B．Greenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovationshouldbeenhanced.C．Agri-foodsystemsshouldbeabletoadapttoclimatechange.D．Foodlossesandwasteexistmainlyinthepartoffoodproduction.15．Whatisparticipants’attitudetowardsorganizingtheforum?A．Contradictory. B．Favorable. C．Indifferent. D．Critical.【答案】12．A13．D14．D15．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了专家呼吁政府加强对农业技术的投资及相关科学论坛的举办。12．细节理解题。根据第一段“Theworldneedstoinvestmoreinagriculturalknow—howtoenhancefoodproduction,reduceruralpovertyandfightclimatechange,accordingtoaconsensusreachedbyaglobalgroupoffarmingtechnologyleadersonThursday.”（全球农业技术领袖周四达成共识，世界需要加大对农业技术的投资，以提高粮食产量、减少农村贫困和应对气候变化。）可知，世界需要加强对农业技术的投资。故选A项。13．细节理解题。根据第四段“Expertsattendingtheforumcalledupongovernments—especiallythoseindevelopingcountriesandpossiblyfacingurgentfoodsupplyissues—andagriculturalenterprisesworldwidetostepupfundingforagriculturalresearchandtechnologyspreading,suchasbytrainingmoretalent.”（参加论坛的专家呼吁各国政府——特别是那些可能面临紧急粮食供应问题的发展中国家的政府——以及世界各地的农业企业加大对农业研究和技术传播的资助，例如通过培训更多的人才。）可知，专家呼吁政府要加大对农业研究的投资。故选D项。14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“Effortsshouldbemadetoturnglobalagri-foodsystemstowardbeingmoreefficient,inclusive,resilientandsustainable,throughenhancinggreenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovation,climatechangeadaptation,carbonemissionreductioninagriculture,andreducingfoodlossesandwasteacrosstheentireproductionchain”（应该通过加强绿色农业技术创新、适应气候变化、减少农业碳排放、减少整个生产链中的粮食损失和浪费，努力使全球农业粮食系统朝着更高效、更包容、更有弹性和更可持续的方向发展。）可知，粮食损失和浪费存在于整个生产链中，故D项“粮食损失和浪费主要存在于粮食生产环节。”说法与宣言内容不符。故选D项。15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“ParticipantsapplaudtheChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,theforum’sorganizer,forlaunchingtheInternationalMegaScienceProjectfromGenotypetoPhenotypeInitiative,whichhelpswiththesharingofcropgeneticresourcesandofferspublicproductsandplatformsformolecularbreeding”（与会者对论坛组织者中国农业科学院启动“从基因型到显型”国际大型科学项目表示赞赏，该项目有助于作物遗传资源的共享，并为分子育种提供公共产品和平台。）可知，与会者对论坛持支持赞成的态度。故选B项。3.【2024届河南省开封市高三二测试题】Afallacyisanerrorinreasoningbasedonopinion,misunderstanding,orintentionalmisdirectionthatmakesanargumentinvalid.Commoncausation(因果关系)fallaciesincludethoseofoversimplificationandexaggeration,whichoccurwhenactual‘causesofaneventarereducedtothepointwhereconnectionsbetweencausesandeffectsareblurredorburied.Oversimplificationiscommon,whichmeansreducingmultiplecausestojustoneorafew.Well-intentionedwritersandspeakerscanfallintothetrapofoversimplificationifnotcareful.Onemotivationforsimplificationisthebasicadvicegiventowriters:Don’tgetstuckindetails.Intheprocess,however,awritercanleaveouttoomanydetails,evencriticalinformation.AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor,aprinciplethatstatesthatthesimplestexplanationthatfitsthedataisthepreferableone.Theproblemisthatthesimplestexplanationmightnotalwaysbetheright-one.

AwritercreatinganargumentcanassumethatbasedonOccam’sRazor,thesimplestexplanationislikelytrue,buttheymustnotassumethatisalwaysthecase.Theymustlookatallanglesandcomplexitiesofanissuebeforesettlingonthesimplestexplanation.Hereisanexampleofoversimplification:Schoolviolencehasgoneupandacademicperformancehasgonedownsincevideogamesfeaturingviolencewereintroduced.Therefore,videogameswithviolenceshouldbebanned,resultinginschoolimprovement.Thisargumentexhibitsoversimplificationbecauseitassumesproblemsinschools(increasingviolence,decreasingacademicperformancecanbeattributedtoasinglecause:thetimeyoungpeoplespendplayingvideogamesthatfeatureviolence).Variousotherfactors,includingsocialandeconomicconditionsthatmaycontributetoachild’smentalhealth,areignored.Relatedtothefallacyofoversimplificationisthefallacyofexaggeration-multiplyingacoupleofcausesintomany.12．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyfocuson?A．Thecausesofoversimplification.B．Theimpactofoversimplification.C．Thedefinitionofoversimplification.D．Thecharacteristicsofoversimplification.13．HowdowriterscommitoversimplificationwhencreatinganargumentbasedonOccam’s-Razor?A．Theyconsideranissuetobecomplicated.B．Theylookatanissuefromdifferentangles.C．Theybelievethesimplestexplanationislikelytrue.D．Theyhaveabsolutetrustinthesimplestexplanation.14．Whichofthefollowingstatementsisanexampleofoversimplification?A．Thenation’slackofmoralstandardsiscausedbymultiplefactors.B．Thelatestcurrencypolicytakesfullblameforthedecliningeconomy.C．Shewassavedbecauseofthesealbeltaswellasdoctors’timelysaving.D．Theproblemofeducationnotjustliesinteachers’failureofdoingtheirjobs.15．Whatmighttheauthordiscussintheparagraphsthatfollow?A．Waystoavoidoversimplification.B．Moreexamplesofoversimplification.C．Causesandexamplesofexaggeration.D．Thedistinctionbetweenexaggerationandoversimplification.【答案】12．A13．D14．B15．C【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了常见的因果关系谬论主要包括过于简单化和夸大的谬论，文章重点介绍了造成过于简单化谬论的原因以及具体的例子。12．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Onemotivationforsimplificationisthebasicadvicegiventowriters(过于简化的一个动机就是给作家的基本建议)”和“AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor(另一个导致过于简单话的因素就是过度使用了一种名为Oceam’sRazor的批判性思维)”可知，本段主要介绍了造成过于简单化的原因，故选A。13．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor,aprinciplethatstatesthatthesimplestexplanationthatfitsthedataisthepreferableone.(另一个导致过度简单化的因素是过去使用一种名为Oceam’sRazor的批判性思维，该原则指出，符合数据的最简单的解释就是最好的解释。)”可知，基于Oceam’sRazor，作家会认为符合数据的最简单的解释就是最好的解释，而最简单的解释不一定就是准确的，因此过度简单化的作家会一味地相信最简单的解释，故选D。14．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段对文中提到的过于简单化的例子的评判“Thisargumentexhibitsoversimplificationbecauseitassumesproblemsinschools(increasingviolence,decreasingacademicperformancecanbeattributedtoasinglecause:thetimeyoungpeoplespendplayingvideogamesthatfeatureviolence).Variousotherfactors,includingsocialandeconomicconditionsthatmaycontributetoachild’smentalhealth,areignored.(这一论点过于简单化，因为它假设学校存在问题（暴力事件的增加、学习成绩的下降可能归因于一个简单的原因：年轻人玩以暴力为特征的电子游戏的时间。）但其他因素，包括可能有助于儿童心理健康的社会和经济条件，都被忽视了。)”可知，简单化不懂得从各个角度来考虑问题，而是一味地将原因归咎在一件事情上，故B项“最近的货币政策是导致经济下滑的全部原因”就是一个典型的过于简单化的例子，故选B。15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Relatedtothefallacyofoversimplificationisthefallacyofexaggeration-multiplyingacoupleofcausesintomany.(与过于简单化的谬论相关的就是将几个原因夸大为多个原因的谬论。)”可知，文章末尾提到了与过于简单化的谬论相关的夸大谬论，且前文提到了过于简单化的原因并给出了相关的例子，故接下来也将讲述夸大谬论的原因以及具体例子，故选C。4.【2024届安徽省安庆市高三下学期二模试题】Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油烟机)fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgac(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密码)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”12．Whatisdiscussedinthefirstparagraph?A．Anapproachtocarbonremoval. B．Awaytoimprovebigextractorfans.C．Ameansofjoiningacompany. D．Amethodofdoingscientificresearch.13．WhydoesProfessorLukeMackinderfocusonoceanalgae?A．Itissecure. B．Itiseffective. C．Itissufficient. D．Itisaccessible.14．Whatcanweknowaboutthegenesofalgaefromthefourthparagraph?A．Theybringaboutgreatsideeffects. B．Theyareuselessforcarbonabsorption.C．Theyhelpincreasefoodproduction. D．Theyhavebeenputintootherplants.15．WhatisrequiredaccordingtoDaveHillyard?A．Thegovernment’spermission. B．Morescientists’participation.C．Increasingexperimentalchances. D．Theinputintotheresearch.【答案】12．A13．B14．D15．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于利用藻类去除碳的研究。12．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油烟机)fanstoremovecarbon.(没有人知道去除所有碳的最佳方法是什么，但世界各地的科学家正在开发一种新方法。瑞士公司Climeworks正在建造大型抽风机来去除碳)”可知，第一段讨论了一种去除碳的方法。故选A项。13．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.(藻类对它的吸收效率极高)”可知，卢克·麦金德教授关注海洋藻类是因为它是有效的。故选B项。14．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.(我们把这些基因植入其他植物的基因中。这是基因改造。)”可知，藻类的基因被植入到其他植物中。故选D项。15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.(这里有很多机会，但投入的资金和研究却很少。)”可知，根据DaveHillyard的说法，对研究的投入是需要的。故选D项。5.【2024届黑龙江省部分学校高三二模试题】ThestudybyUniversityofArizonaresearchers,publishedintheCreativityResearchJournal,findsthatcreativepeoplearemorelikelytofruitfullyuseidle(空闲的)timebylettingoneidealeadtoanother.“Inpsychologyandneuroscience,moststudiesonhumanthoughtseitherprompt(提示)participantstothinkinacertainwayoraskthemtoreportonthoughtstheyexperienced,butlessisknownabouthowthoughtsnaturallyariseandunfoldovertimeinunpromptedcontexts,”saidJessicaAndrews-Hanna,anassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyandseniorauthorofthepaper.“Thisiswhereourstudycomesin.”Theresearchersdividedthestudyintotwoparts.Forthefirstexperiment,theresearchersaskedeachparticipanttositaloneinaroomfor10minuteswithoutanyaccesstodigitaldevices.Intheabsenceofanyparticularprompt,theparticipantswereaskedtovoicetheirthoughtsaloudinrealtime.Therecordedfilesfrom81participantswerethentranscribed(转录)andanalyzed.Thefirstexperimentfoundthatcreativepeopleweremoreengagedintheirthoughtswhentheywereleftalonewithoutdistractions,suchascellphonesandtheInternet.“Creativepeopleratedthemselvesasbeinglessbored,evenoverthose10minutes.Theyalsospokemorewordsoverall,whichindicatedthattheirthoughtsweremorelikelytomovefreely,”saidAndrews-Hanna.Forthesecondexperiment,over2,600adultsansweredquestionsthroughasmartphoneappcalledMindWindow,developedbyAndrews-HannaandhergraduatestudentEricAndrews.Participantswhoself-identifiedasbeingcreativereportedbeinglessboredduringtheidletime.TheresearchersarecontinuingthislineofworkusingtheirMindWindowapp.Theyencouragepeopletodownloadandusetheapptohelpscientistsunderstandhowpeopleacrosstheworldthinkintheireverydaylives.“Understandingwhydifferentpeoplethinkthewaytheydomayleadtopromisinginterventionstoimprovehealthandwell-being,”saidAndrews-Hanna.8．WhatdoAndrews-Hanna’swordsinparagraph2focuson?A．Thenecessityofthestudy. B．Thevalueofformerstudies.C．Theparticipantsofthestudy. D．Theprocessofformerstudies.9．Whatdidtheparticipantsdointhefirstexperimentofthestudy?A．Theyspokeoutwhattheythought. B．Theyrecordedtheirownvoices.C．Theyrememberedsomeprompts. D．Theyfinishedanumberofreports.10．Whatdidthestudyfindaboutcreativepeople?A．Theymadebetteruseofdigitaldevices.B．Theyenjoyedidletimemorethanothers.C．Theyweremorelikelytounderstandothers.D．Theyweremorewillingtosharetheirthoughts.11．WhichwordbestdescribesMindWindowappaccordingtotheresearchers?A．Educational. B．Fashionable. C．Expensive. D．Beneficial.【答案】8．A9．A10．D11．D【导语】本文为一篇说明文，主要介绍了新的科学研究发现有创造力的人更有可能有效地利用空闲时间，而不会感觉无聊。8．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段““Inpsychologyandneuroscience,moststudiesonhumanthoughtseitherprompt(提示)participantstothinkinacertainwayoraskthemtoreportonthoughtstheyexperienced,butlessisknownabouthowthoughtsnaturallyariseandunfoldovertimeinunpromptedcontexts,”saidJessicaAndrews-Hanna,anassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyandseniorauthorofthepaper.“Thisiswhereourstudycomesin.”(“在心理学和神经科学中，大多数关于人类思想的研究要么促使参与者以某种方式思考，要么要求他们报告他们所经历的想法，但关于想法是如何在无提示的情况下自然产生和展开的，我们知之甚少，”心理学系副教授、该论文的资深作者杰西卡·安德鲁斯-汉纳说。“这就是我们研究的意义所在。”)”可知，文章第二段可知，Andrews-Hanna的话重点说明了这项研究的必要性。故选A项。9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Forthefirstexperiment,theresearchersaskedeachparticipanttositaloneinaroomfor10minuteswithoutanyaccesstodigitaldevices.Intheabsenceofanyparticularprompt,theparticipantswereaskedtovoicetheirthoughtsaloudinrealtime.(在第一个实验中，研究人员要求每个参与者单独坐在一个房间里10分钟，不接触任何数字设备。在没有任何特别提示的情况下，参与者被要求实时大声说出他们的想法)”可知，试验中第一组参与者被要求说出他们的想法。故选A项。10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Thefirstexperimentfoundthatcreativepeopleweremoreengagedintheirthoughtswhentheywereleftalonewithoutdistractions,suchascellphonesandtheInternet.“Creativepeopleratedthemselvesasbeinglessbored,evenoverthose10minutes.Theyalsospokemorewordsoverall,whichindicatedthattheirthoughtsweremorelikelytomovefreely,”saidAndrews-Hanna.(第一个实验发现，有创造力的人在没有手机和互联网等干扰的情况下更专注于思考。“有创造力的人认为自己不那么无聊，即使是在那10分钟里。总的来说，他们说的话也更多，这表明他们的思想更容易自由流动。”)”可知，有创造力的人在没有手机和互联网等干扰的情况下更专注于思考，说的话也更多，这说明更愿意分享自己的想法。故选D项。11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“TheresearchersarecontinuingthislineofworkusingtheirMindWindowapp.Theyencouragepeopletodownloadandusetheapptohelpscientistsunderstandhowpeopleacrosstheworldthinkintheireverydaylives.“Understandingwhydifferentpeoplethinkthewaytheydomayleadtopromisinginterventionstoimprovehealthandwell-being,”saidAndrews-Hanna.(研究人员正在使用他们的MindWindow应用程序继续这项工作。他们鼓励人们下载并使用这款应用程序，以帮助科学家了解世界各地的人们在日常生活中是如何思考的。安德鲁斯-汉纳说：了解为什么不同的人会有不同的想法，可能会导致有希望的干预措施，以改善健康和福祉。”)”可推知，MindWindow软件有助于研究者的研究，可得出MindWindow软件对于研究者来说是有好处的。故选D项。6.【2024届甘肃省白银市名校高三二模试题】Electricallypoweredvertical-take-off-and-landing(eVTOL)aircraft—flyingcarsareanideawhosetimehasnotquiteyetcome,butisfastapproaching.Manyfirmsareofferingvariousdesigns.Noneofthese,however,willbeJetson-likefamilyflyingcars.Pivotal,basedinSiliconValley,bycontrasthascraftedsomethingthatpeoplecanpurchaseandpilotthemselves.Helixisasingle-seatvehicle,so“flyingmotorbike”mightbemoreaccurate.Fromnextyear,manypeoplewillbeabletoorderoneforpersonaluse,thoughtheywillnotbeabletotakedeliveryuntilJune.MarcusLengfoundedPivotalin2011,andsomeback-of-the-envelopecalculationshemadesuggestedthatelectriclift-offofahuman-carryingcraft,usingmotorspoweredbythelithium-ionbatteriesoughttowork.HethusbuiltamodelandflewitinthegardenofhishouseinWarkworth,Ontario.Now,afteramelioratingit,thefirmthinksithassomethingmarketable.Theaircrafthas,nevertheless,changedlittleinitsfundamentalsovertheyears.Ithastwopairsofwingsandeightpropellers(螺旋桨),makingitslightlyresembleasquashed“H”whenseenintheskyfrombelow.Andthereisnoundercarriage.Instead,itsbellyiscurvedinawaysimilartoahumpbackwhale’s,soitrockstostabilityafterlanding.Pilot’slicenceornot,buyerswillstillneedsometrainingtoflyaHelix.Pivotalinsistsonthis.Forthesamereason,thecraft’ssoftwarewillstopthepilotdoinganythingthatdoesnotfititssafetyrules.Andif,despitethis,somethingdoesgowrong,itisfittedwithaparachute（降落伞）.TheHelix’stopspeedisarespectable100kph,butitsrangeisonly30km.Andrefuelingitisabitofapain.Fillingupfromthemainstakesfourandahalfhours,thoughaspecialhigh-powersystemsimilartothoseemployedforelectriccarscanbringthatdownto75minutes.WhileHelixstilldoesn’tcomparetotheflyingcarfromtheJetsons,itcouldbeastepforward.12．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．HelixhasbeenusedinWarkworthwidely.B．Flyingcarswon’tbeallowedforpersonaluse.C．Lengwasthefirstpersontodesignflyingcars.D．Helixisonlysuitableforonepersontodrive.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ameliorating”inparagraph3’mean?A．Testing. B．Driving. C．Improving. D．Repairing.14．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Helix’srelativedevices. B．Helix’strainingprocess.C．Helix’ssafetymeasures. D．Helix’sworkingprinciple.15．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsHelix?A．Doubtful. B．Objective. C．Indifferent. D．Cautious.【答案】12．D13．C14．C15．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家名为Pivotal的硅谷公司开发的电动垂直起降飞行器Helix，对其设计、特点、市场前景等方面进行了介绍。12．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Helixisasingle-seatvehicle,so“flyingmotorbike”mightbemoreaccurate.(Helix是一辆单座汽车，所以“会飞的摩托车”可能更准确。)”可知，Helix只适合一人驾驶。故选D。13．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“thefirmthinksithassomethingmarketable.(公司认为它有了市场)”可推测，在改进之后，公司认为它有了市场。划线单词ameliorating指的是“提高、改进”之意。选项A“Testing(测试)”；选项B“Driving(驾驶)”；选项C“Improving(改善)”；选项D“Repairing(修理)”。故选C。14．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Pilot’slicenseornot,buyerswillstillneedsometrainingtoflyaHelix.Pivotalinsistsonthis.Forthesamereason,thecraft’ssoftwarewillstopthepilotdoinganythingthatdoesnotfititssafetyrules.Andif,despitethis,somethingdoesgowrong,itisfittedwithaparachute（降落伞）.(无论是否有飞行员执照，买家仍然需要一些训练来驾驶螺旋。Pivotal坚持这一点。出于同样的原因，飞行器的软件会阻止飞行员做任何不符合安全规则的事情。尽管如此，如果出了什么问题，它还配备了降落伞。)”可知，文章第四段主要讲述的是Helix的安全措施。故选C。15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“TheHelix’stopspeedisarespectable100kph,butitsrangeisonly30km.Andrefuelingitisabitofapain.Fillingupfromthemainstakesfourandahalfhours,thoughaspecialhigh-powersystemsimilartothoseemployedforelectriccarscanbringthatdownto75minutes.WhileHelixstilldoesn’tcomparetotheflyingcarfromtheJetsons,itcouldbeastepforward.(Helix的最高时速可达100公里，但续航里程只有30公里。加油是一件很痛苦的事。从主电源加满电需要四个半小时，不过一种类似于电动汽车的特殊大功率系统可以把这个时间缩短到75分钟。虽然Helix仍然无法与《杰森一家》中的飞行汽车相比，但它可能是向前迈出的一步。)”以及全文内容可知，作者在文章中客观地介绍了Helix的设计、特点、市场前景等方面，没有表达出明显的怀疑、冷漠或谨慎的态度。相反，作者通过提供技术细节和背景信息，帮助读者更好地理解和评估这款新型飞行器。因此，可以认为作者对于Helix的态度是客观的。故选B。7.【2024届贵州省黔东南州高三下学期二模试题】AteamofphysicistsattheUniversityofEdinburgh,workingwithaninfectionandimmunityspecialist,has,viaexperimentation,validatedatheorytoexplainwhypaintdriesatthesamerateregardlessofhumidity(湿度)levels.

Generally,paintshoulddryfasteronanoutdoorfenceonadrydaythanwhenitishumidbecauseevaporation(蒸发)occursfasterwhentheairaroundaliquidsourceisdrier.Butevidencesuggeststhisisnotthecaseforpaintandsomeotherliquids.ChemistSalmonandhiscolleaguesdevelopedatheorytoexplainwhy.Theysuggesteditisbecauselargemoleculesintheliquidarepulledtothesurfaceduringevaporation,forminga“polarizationlayer”thatpreventsevaporation,andbyextension,drying.Inthisneweffort,theresearchteamworkedtotestthistheory.Theresearchersdrilledfiveholesintoashortcylinder(圆柱体)andinserted