2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题及答案详解(全套)

2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题及答案（全套）——幸福就好我亦安2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题（一）【阅读】SectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,likeplatesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people'shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey’deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity(盖弃）suggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol."Hungerisn'tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal，"Brunstromsays."Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought."Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody’sresponsetothefooditself.Ina2021study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame3S0-calorie(卡路里）milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones（荷尔蒙），dependingonwhethertheshake’slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughtthey'dconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.注意：此部份试题请在答题卡2上作答。56.Whatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodintake?A)Howweperceivethefoodweeat.C)Whenweeatourmeals.B)Whatingredientsthefoodcontains.D)Howfastweeatourmeals.57.Whatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousmeal?A)Youwouldprobablybemorepickyaboutfood.B)Youwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesamefood.C)Youwouldhaveagoodappetite.D)Youwouldnotfeelsohungry.58.Whatdowelearnfromthe2021study?A)Foodlabelsmaymisleadconsumersintheirpurchases.B)Foodlabelsmayinfluenceourbody’sresponsetofood.C)Hungerlevelsdependonone'sconsumptionofcalories.D)Peopletendtotakeinalotmorecaloriesthannecessary.59.WhatdoesBrunstromsuggestwedotocontrolourappetite?A)Trickourselvesintoeatingless.C)Concentrateonfoodwhileeating.B)Choosefoodwithfewercalories.D)Pickdishesoftherightsize.60.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A)Eatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfooddigestion.B)Psychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerlevels.C)Ourfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiologicalneeds.D)Goodeatinghabitswillcontributetoourhealth.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asasocietywemightwanttorethinkthetimeandmoneyspentoneducation,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentageofthepopulation.Ideally,bothhighschoolsandcollegescanprepareindividualsfortheever-changingrolesthatarelikelytobeexpectedofthem.Highschooldegreesofferfarlessinthewayofpreparationforworkthantheymight,orthanmanyothernationscurrentlyoffer,creatingagrowingskillsgapinoureconomy.Weencouragestudentstogoontocollegewhethertheyarepreparedornot,orhaveaclearsenseofpurposeorinterest,andnowhavethehighestcollegedropoutrateintheworld.Wemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsofhowhighschoolscanofferbettertraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofaworkethic(勤奋工作的美德）andtheintellectualskillsneededforcontinuedlearninganddevelopment.IrecommendHarvard's2021"PathwaystoProsperity"reportformoreattentiontothe"forgottenhalf"(thosewhodonotgoontocollege)andideasabouthowtoaddressthisissue.Simultaneously,theliberalartsbecomemoreimportantthanever.Inaknowledgeeconomywhereprofessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepreparingforpositionsthatmaynotevenexistyet,theskillsetneededisonethatpreparesthemforchangeandcontinuedlearning.Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingandspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareall-solidbackgroundskillsforawidevarietyofroles,andsuchtrainingismoreimportantthananyparticularmajorinaliberalartscollege.Weneedtocontinuetovaluebroadpreparationinthinkingskillsihatwillserveforalifetime.Studentsalsoneedtolearntoworkindependentlyandtomakeresponsibledecisions.Thelengtheningpathtoadulthoodappearsexacerbated(惡化）byparentalinvolvementinthecollegeyears.Giventherisinginvestmentincollegeeducation,parentalconcernisnotsurprising,butlearningwhereandwhentointervene(干涉）willhelpstudentstakemoreownershipoftheoutcomesoftheseincreasinglycostlyeducations.注意：此部份试越请在答题卡2上作答。61.Whatkindofeducationdoestheauthorthinkisideal?A)Itbenefitsthegreatmajorityofthegeneralpopulation.B)Itpreparesstudentstomeetthefutureneedsofsociety.C)Itencouragesstudentstolearnthroughouttheirlives.D)Itensuresthatstudents'expectationsaresuccessfullyfulfilled.62.Whatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithpresenthighschooleducation?A)Ignoringtheneedsofthosewhodon'tgotocollege.B)Teachingskillstobeusedrightaftergraduationonly.C)Givinglittleattentiontothosehavingdifficultylearning.D)Creatingthehighestdropoutrateinthedevelopedworld.63.Whatcharacterizesaknowledgeeconomyaccordingtothepassage?A)Peoplehavetoreceivehighereducationtoqualifyforaprofessionalposition.B)Studentsmajoringinliberalartsusuallyhavedifficultysecuringajob.C)Newpositionsareconstantlycreatedthatrequirepeopletokeeplearning.D)Collegesfindithardtoteachstudentshowtocopewiththechangingeconomy.64.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaliberalartscollegeshouldfocuson?A)Solidbackgroundknowledgeinaparticularfield.B)Practicalskillsurgentlyneededincurrentsociety.C)Basicskillsneededforchangeandlifelonglearning.D)Usefulthinkingskillsforadvancedacademicresearch.65.Whatsuggestiondocstheauthoroffertoparents?A)Rethinkingthevalueofhighereducation.B)Investingwiselyintheirchildren'seducation.C)Helpingtheirchildrenlobringtheirtalentintofullplay.D)Avoidingtoomuchinterventionintheirchildren’seducation.【答案解析】SectionCPassageOne参考译文(56)(60)最近几年来,愈来愈多的研究表明:除对能量的生理需要外,人们的食欲和食物摄取受到诸多因素的影响,包括人们的饮食环境和对眼前食物的认知。研究表明，例如,在电视机(或类似的消遣)前饮食能够同时增加饥饿感和食物的摄取量。即便是筒单的视觉信号，比如餐盘的尺寸和灯光,也被证明会对食物分量和摄取量造成影响。(60)新的研究显示人们的短时间记忆一样对食欲起作用。(57)饭后几小时,决定人们饥饿程度的不是他们已食用的食物量,而是他们用饭时眼前所见到的食物量,换言之,是他们所记得的食物量。布里斯托大学实验心理学教授JeffreyM.Brunstrom以为:这种差别表明人们之前的饮食记忆对食欲造成的影响可能超过食物的真实数量对食欲造成的影响。"饥饿程度不单单与最近所食食物的特征有关。咱们已经确认了最近饮食在记忆中的独立作用Brunstrom说,"这表明饥饿程度和食物摄取之间的关系要比咱们想象的复杂得多。"这些发现印证了初期的研究。(60)初期研究表明，人们对食物的认知有时会欺骗身体对食物作出反映.例如：（58)在2021年的一项研究中,参与者在两个不同场合食用了一样含有380卡路里的奶昔,可是按照奶昔标签上标注的是620卡路里仍是140卡路里,参与者分泌出了不同水平的与饥饿相关的荷尔蒙。而且,按照报告，当参与者以为自己食用了高卡路里的奶昔时,他们感觉更饱。这对于人们的饮食习惯意味着什么呢？虽然新发此刻让人减少饮食方面显得不切实除,可是确实能令人们熟悉到专注于食物、避免饮食时看电视或同时进行多项活动的益处。(59)Brunstrom说,所谓的"用心饮食"策略能够对抗干扰,帮忙人们控制食欲。56.【定位】由题干中的appetite和foodintake定位到首段第一句。A)【精析】事实细节题。文章开篇指出了人们的食欲和食物摄取受到诸多因素的影响，包括人们的饮食环境和对眼前食物的认知,故答案为A)。57.【定位】由题干中的remembered和previousmeal定位到第三段第二句。D)【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出,饭后几小时,决定人们饥饿程度的不是他们已食用的食物量，而是他们用饭时眼前所见到的食物量,也就是说,影响人们饥饿程度的是他们记忆中的食物量而不是胃里的食物量。由此可推断,记忆对饮食造成影响，若是记忆中上顿饭吃了很多,那么不论是不是真的吃了很多,都不会感觉太饿,故答案为D)。58.【定位】由题干中的2021study定位到第六段第二句。B)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句详细描述了2021年的一项研究。在研究中，参与者在两个不同场合食用了相同卡路里的奶昔，可是奶昔标签上别离标注了620卡路里和140卡路里,结果显示,按照标注的中路里含量,参与者分泌了不同水平的与饥饿相关的荷尔蒙，而且当食用了标注620卡路里的奶昔时,他们感觉更饱。实际上两份奶昔的卡路里含量是相同的，由于标签标注的不同,让人产生自我暗示,令人体对食物产生了不同的反映。故答案为B)。59.【定位】由题干中的controlourappetite定位到文章最后一句。C)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句指出，所谓的"用心饮食"策略能够对抗干扰,帮忙人们控制食欲。也就是Brunstrom建议咱们通过"用心饮食"策略控制饮食用心饮食"和前文中提到的"专注于食物"相照顾,故答案为C)。60.【定位】由题干中的mainidea定位到各部份主题句。如第一段的第一句、第三段的第一句、第六段的第一句和最后一句。B)【精析】主旨大意题。全文可分为三个部份,第一部份提出论点——人们的食欲和食物摄取受到包括环境和对食物的认知等诸多因素的影响。第二部分引用相关科学研究论证这些影响因素，特别指出饮食环境、对食物的记忆、食物包装上的标签对人产生的心理暗示作用影响饮食。最后一部分提出通过专注饮食来控制食欲的建议。对食物及饮食环境的认知，对食物的记忆，食物标签产生的心理暗示等都属于心理因素,统观全文,作者一直围绕心理因素对食欲的影响展开论述，故答案为B)。Passagetwo参考译文咱们的社会应该反思花费在教育上的时间和金钱,以便这些资源能使更多的人受益。(61)理想上,高中和大学都应该能培育可以适应未来角色转变的学生。(62)高中学历所提供给学生的就业准备远比预期少,或远比目前其他国家所提供的少,因此造成了经济中不新扩大的技术差距。无论学生有无做好准备,有无明确的目标或兴趣,咱们都鼓励他们继续读大学,因此产生了自前世界上最高的大学停学率。咱们可以借鉴其他国家的做法,学习高中阶段如何提供更好的培训，同时培育学生勤奋工作的美德及继续学习和发展所需的心智技术。我向大家推荐哈佛大学2021年"迈向繁荣之路"报告,来更多地关注"被遗忘的一半"(那些没上大学的人)和解决这一问题的观点。同时,人文科学比以往任何阶段都更重要。(63)在知识型经济中，职业角色迅速转变,很多大学生为之准备的职位乃至可能还不存在,他们所需的是能让他们适应转变和继续学习的技术组合。(64)学会在书面和口头陈述中很好地表达观点,知道如何寻觅信息及如何作调查研究都是为适应各种不同角色所应具有的扎实的背景技术。在文理学院,此类的培训比任何一门专业都重要。咱们需要继续重视并普遍培育将会終生受益的思维技术。学生们还需要学会独立学习,学会做出负责任的决定。由于家长在大学阶段的参与,通向成年的漫长道路看起来仿佛更长了。考虑到对大学教育不断爬升的投资,家长的担忧也不足为奇，(65)可是学会如何地进行干涉将会有助于学生享受这些日趋昂责的教育所带来的功效。答案详解61.【定位】由题干中的ideal定位到第一段第二句。B)【精析】语义理解题。定位句指出:理想上,高中和大学都应该能培育学生适应未来角色的转变。此句表明在未来社会中，人们的角色会不断发生变化,理想的教育就是能培育适应这种转变的人材，也就是说,理想的教育可以知足未来社会的需求，故答案为B)。62.【定位】由题干中的problem,highschool定位到第二段。D)【精析】事实细节题。作者在文章第二段论述了目前高中教育的问题,如提供给学生的就业准备不足,造成了经济中不断扩大的技术差距。盲目鼓励学生读大学造成了目前世界上最高的大学綴学率,故答案为D)。63.【定位】由题干中的knowledgeeconomy定位到第四段第二句。C)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到，在知识型经济中,职业角色转变迅速,很多大学生为之准备的职位乃至可能还不存在。由此可推断,知识型经济的特征是职业的迅速转变,新的职位不断地被创造,有些念书时还不存在的职位可能在毕业时出现,届时,在学校里学到的知识就远远不够了，因这人们需要持续学习来适应这些不断被创造出的新职位，故答案为C)。64.【定位】由题干中的liberalartscollege定位到第五段第一句。C)【精析】细节归纳题。文章第五段提到在文理学院,这些培训比任何一门专业都重要。"这些培训"指上文提到的"学会在口失和书面陈述中很好地表达观点，知道如何寻觅信息而且知道如何作调査研究",而这些技术培训是为了适应未来的变化，故答案为C)。65.【定位】由题干中的suggestion和parents定位到文章最后一句。【精析】细节归纳题。最后一段提到由于家长在大学阶段的参与，通向成年的漫长道路看起来好像更长了",这句话咱们可以理解为家长在大学阶段过量参与孩子的教育会影响孩子的成长。文章最后指出"学会何时何地进行干涉将会有助于学生享受这些日趋昂贵的教育所带来的功效。"也就是说，作者建议家长学会适当的参与，避免过量的干涉,这样才能使孩子更好地成长,使教育取得更大的成效,故答案为D)。

2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题(二)Part3SectionC【阅读理解】SectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Arecentglobalsurveyof2000high-net-worthindividualsfoundthat60%werenotplanningonatraditionalretirement.AmongUSparticipants,75%expectedtocontinueworkinginsomecapacityevenaftersteppingawayfromfull-timejobs."Manyofthesepeoplemadetheirwealthbydoingsomethingthey'repassionate(有激情的）about,"saysDanielEgan,headofbehavioralfinanceforBarclaysWealthAmericas."Giventhechoice,theyprefertocontinueworking."Barclayscallsthesepeople“nevertirees”.UnlikemanyAmericanscompelledintoearlyretirementbycompanyrestrictions,theaveragenevertireeoftenhasnooneforcinghishand.If106-year-oldinvestorIrvingKahn,headofhisownfamilyfirm,wantstokeepcomingtoworkeveryday,who'sgoingtostophim?Seventy-eight-year-oldSupremeCourtJusticeRuthBaderGinsburg’sjobsecurityisguaranteedintheConstitution.Itmayseemthattheseelderlypeoplearetryingtocheatdeath.Infact,theyare.Andit’sworking.HowardFriedman,aprofessoratUCRiverside,foundinhisresearchthatthosewhoworkhardestandaresuccessfulintheircareersoftenlivethelongestlives."Peoplearegenerallybeinggivenbadadvicetoslowdown,takeiteasy,stopworrying,andretiretoFlorida，"hesays.Hedescribedonestudyparticipant,stillworkingattheageof100,whowasrecentlydisappointedtoseehissonretire."We'rebeginningtoseeachangeinhowpeopleviewretirement，"saysGeorgeLeeson,co-directoroftheInstituteofPopulationAgeingatOxford.Whereonceretirementwasseenasabriefrewardafteralongstrugglethroughsomemiserablejob,itisnowakin(近似）tobeingcastaside.WhatLeesonterms"theWarrenBuffetteffect"isbecomingmorebroadlyappealingasindividualscometo"viewretirementasnotsimplybeinglinkedtoeconomicproductivitybutalsoaboutcontribution."Observersaresplitonwhetherthisisawhollygoodthing.Ontheonehand,companiesandfinancialfirmscanbenefitfromthewisdomofaresilient(坚韧的）chief.Ontheother,thenewgenerationcanfinditmoredifficulttoadvance—anargumentthattypicallyholdslittleswaytoanevertiree.注意：此部份试题请在答题卡2上作答。56.Whatdowelearnabouttheso-called“nevertirees”？A)Theyarepassionateaboutmakingafortune.B)Theyhavenochoicebuttocontinueworking.C)Theylovewhattheydoandchoosenottoretire.D)Theywillnotretireunlesstheyarecompelledto.57.WhatdoIrvingKahnandRuthBaderGinsburghaveincommon?A)Neitherofthemissubjecttoforcedretirement.B)Neitherofthemdesiresrewardfortheirwork.C)Bothclingtotheirpositionsdespiteopposition.D)Botharecapableofcopingwithheavyworkloads.58.WhatisthefindingofHowardFriedman’sresearch?A)Theharderyouwork,thebiggeryourfortunewillbe.B)Theearlieryouretire,thehealthieryouwillbe.C)Elderlypeoplehavetoslowdowntolivelonger.D)Workingatanadvancedagelengthenspeople’slife.59.Whatisthetraditionalviewofretirementaccordingtothepassage?A)Itmeansaburdentotheyoungergeneration.B)Itisasymbolofamatureandcivilizedsociety.C)Itisacompensationforone'slife-longhardwork.D)Ithelpsincreaseanation’seconomicproductivity.60.Whatdocriticssayabout"nevertirees"?A)Theyareanobstacletoacompany’sdevelopment.B)Theylackthecreativityoftheyoungergeneration.C)Theycannotworkasefficientlyastheyusedto.D)Theypreventyoungpeoplefromgettingahead.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenwetalkaboutAmericansbarelyintoadulthoodwhoaresaddledwithunbearablelevelsofdebt*theconversationisalmostalwaysaboutstudentloandebt.Butthere’sagrowingbodyofevidencesuggestingthattoday’syoungadultsarealsodrowningincredit-carddebt-andthatmanyofthemwilltakethisdebttotheirgraves.Morethan20%overspenttheirincomebymorethan$100everysinglemonth.Sincetheyhaven’tbuiltuptheircredithistoriesyet,it'sasafebetthattheseyoungadultsarepayingrelativelyhighinterestratesontheresultingcreditcarddebt.Althoughmanyyoungpeopleblame"socializing"asabarriertosavingmoney,mostofthemaren’tknockingback$20drinksintrendy(时尚的）lounges.They’restrugglingwithmuchmoredailyfinancialdemands.Toadisturbinglylargeextent,theyoungandthebrokearerelyingoncreditcardstomakeituntiltheirnextpayday.Thisobviouslyisn’tsustainableinthelongrun,andit’sgoingtoputahugedragontheirspendingpowerevenaftertheyreachtheirpeakearningyears,becausethey’llstillbepayinginterestonthatbottleoforangejuiceorboxofspaghetti(意式面条）theyboughtadecadeearlier.AnewstudyoutofOhioStateUniversityfoundthatyoungadultsareaccumulatingcreditcarddebtatamorerapidratethanotheragegroups,andthatthey'resloweratpayingitoff."Ifwhatwefoundcontinuestoholdtrue,wemayhavemoreelderlypeoplewithsubstantialfinancialproblemsinthefuture’"warnsLuciaDunn,professorofeconomicsatOhioState."Ifourfindingspersist,wemaybefacedwithafinancialcrisisamongelderlypeoplewhocan’tpayofftheircreditcards."Dunnsaysalotoftheseyoungpeoplearenevergoingtogetoutfromundertheircreditcarddebt."Manypeopleareborrowingoncreditcardssoheavilythatpayoffratesattheselevelsarenotsufficienttorecovertheircreditcarddebtbytheendoftheirlife*whichcouldhavelossimplicationsforthecreditcardissuingbanks,"注意：此部份试题请在答题卡2上作答。61.Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A)ManyyoungAmericanswillneverbeabletopayofftheirdebts.B)Creditcardsplayanincreasinglyimportantroleincollegelife.C)Creditcardsaredoingmoreharmthanstudentloans.D)TheAmericancreditcardsystemisundercriticism.62.Whydoyoungpeoplehavetopayahigherinterestontheircreditcarddebt?A)Theytendtoforgetaboutthedeadlines.B)Theyhaven'tdevelopedacredithistory.C)Theyareoftenunabletopaybackintime.D)Theyareinexperiencedinmanagingmoney.63.Whatissaidtobetheconsequenceofyoungadultsrelyingoncreditcardstomakeendsmeet?A)Itwillplaceanunnecessaryburdenonsociety.B)Itwillgivethemnomotivationtoworkhard.C)Itwillexertpsychologicalpressureonthem.D)Itwillaffecttheirfuturespendingpower.64.WhatwillhappentoyoungadultsiftheircreditcarddebtkeepsaccumulatingaccordingtoLuciaDunn?A)Theywillhavetopayanincreasinglyhigherinterestrate.B)Theymayexperienceafinancialcrisisintheiroldage.C)Theirqualityoflifewillbeaffected.D)Theircreditcardsmaybecancelled.65.WhatdoesLuciaDunnthinkmightbeariskforthecreditcardissuingbanks?A)Theygobankruptasaresultofover-lending.B)Theyloselargenumbersoftheirregularclients.C)Theirclientsleavetheirdebtsunpaidupondeath.D)Theirinterestrateshavetobereducednowandthen.【答案解析】SectionCPassageOne参考译文最近一项由2000位高净值客户参与的全世界范围的调查发现,60%的人并未打算正常退休。参与此项调查的美国人中,75%的人希望从全职工作退休以后能尽其所能继续工作。(56)"这些人当中有很多是通过去做自己感兴趣的事情来获取财富的,"美洲巴克莱财富行为财务主管DanielEgan说若是能自由选择,他们更愿意继续工作下去。"巴克莱把这些人称为"永不退休者"。与很多按照公司规定不能不提前退休的美国人不同，对"永不退休者"来讲,没人能强迫他们退休。(57)此刻106岁的投资家IrvingKahn是家族企业的老总,若是他想坚持天天到公司上班,谁会阻止他呢？《美国宪法》保证现年78岁高龄的最高法院法官RuthBaderGinsburg的工作安全。这些老年人似乎是正在尝试逃避死亡。事实确实如此,而且这也的确起到了必然的作用。(58)加州大学河滨分校的教授HowardFriedman的研究表明,工作最尽力和事业上有所成绩的人通常活得最长。"人们通常被建议要慢下来,放轻松,不要着急,然后退休去佛罗里达,这种建议其实不好，"他说。他还描述了一名受调查者.虽然100岁的高龄但仍然坚持工作,最近看到自己的儿子退休感觉很失望。牛津人口老龄化研究所主任GeorgeLeeson说咱们发现人们对待退休的态度开始发生转变。"(59)过去,人们曾以为退休是他们在某个令人痛苦的工作职位上长期奋斗后的即时奖励,而此刻人们以为退休与被遗弃类似。随着人们开始意识到"退休不单单是简单地与经济生产力相联系,而且也关乎贡献Leeson提出的-沃伦•巴菲特效应"也愈来愈流行。(60)关于这是不是完满是一件好事情,评论家们各持己见。一方面,企业和金融公司可以受益于坚韧的领导人的智慧。另一方面,下一代人要想进一步发展会加倍困难,可是这一点对于一个"永不退休者"来讲影响不大。答案详解56.【定位】由题干中的so-called"nevertirees"定位到第一段第三至五句。C)【精析】细节椎断题。由定位句可知，有些人是通过做自己感兴趣的事情来获取财富的，若是能自由选择,他们更愿意继续工作下去。巴克莱把这些人称为"永不退休者"。由此可见，永不退休者喜欢他们的工作.选择不退休,故答案为C)。57.【定位】由题干中的IrvingKahn和RuthBaderGinsburg定位到第二段第二、三句。A)【精析】细节推断题。第二段首句提到，没有人能强迫"永不退休者"退休,接着定位句指出，没有人会阻止IrvingKahn去上班,《美国宪法》保证法官RuthBaderGinsburg的工作安全。换言之，他们的一路点就是没有人强迫他们退休,故答案为A)。58.【定位】由题干中的HowardFriedman'sresearch定位到第三段第四至六句。D)【精析】细节推断题。由定位句可知，HowardFriedman的研究发现,工作最尽力和事业上有所成绩的人通常活得最长。也就是说,老年人工作能够延长寿命,故答案为D)。59.【定位】由题干中的traditionalviewofretirement定位到第四段第二句。C)【精析】事实细节题。由定位句可知,过去人们曾以为退休是他们在某个令人痛苦的工作职位上长期奋斗后的即时奖励。由此可见,传统的观点认为退休是对人们长时间尽力工作的一种补偿,故答案为C)。60.【定位】由题干中的critics定位到最后一段。D)【精析】观点态度题。定位段指出，下一代人要想进一谈发展会加倍困难,可是这一点对于一个"永不退休者"来讲影响不大。由此可见,评论家们认为"永不退休者"阻碍了下一代人的发展，故答案为D)。参考译文(61)当咱们谈论那些刚剛步入成年而义欠债累累的美同人的时候,咱们的谈话内容几乎全数是学生的贷款。可是,愈来愈多的证据显示,今天的年轻人也陷人了信用卡债务的泥潭当中很多人将会把这个债务直接带进坟墓。超过20%的人每一个月会超支100多美元。(62)因为他们尚未成立起信用记录,但可以肯定的是,这些年轻人在为产生的信用卡债务支付相对较高的利息。虽然很连年轻人责备"社交"是阻碍他们存钱的一个因素,可是他们大多数人并无在时尚的酒吧豪饮20美元的酒，而是在与更多的日常开支作斗争。(63)令人不安的是，年轻人和身无分文的人在很大程度上都依赖信用来维持生计，直到下次发工资。从久远看,这样的做法很明显不会长久,会严重影响他们的购买力，即便是赚钱最多的时候,因为他们仍然在为早在十年前买的那瓶澄汁或那盒面条支付利息。(64)俄亥俄州立大学的一项新研究发现,与其他的年龄群体相较,年轻人积累信用卡债务的速度要更快,而他们的偿还能力比较弱。俄亥俄州立大学的经济学教授LudaDunn警告说若是咱们的发现仍然被证明是正确的话,咱们未来可能会有更多的老人面临庞大的财务问题,那些不能偿还信用卡的老年人可能会面临财务危机。"(65)Dunn说,这些年轻人中的许多人永远也无法从信用卡债务中走出来。"很多人从信用卡里大量地借钱,但依照他们的偿还能力，到死也不足以偿还信用卡债务，这将潜在地致使信用卡签发银行的损失"。答案详解61.【定位】由题干中的thefirstparagraph定位到第一段。A)【精析】主旨大意题。定位段通过学生贷款引出年轻人的信用卡债务。最后一句“今天的年轻人也陷入了信用卡债务的泥潭当中……很多人将会把这个债务直接带进坟墓。”点明了文章主题。由此可见,很连年轻人永远都偿还不完他们的债务，故答案为A)。62.【定位】由题干中的payahigherinterest定位到第二段第二句。B)【精析】事实细节题。定位句明确指出因为年轻人尚未成立起信用记录,但可以肯定的是这些年轻人在为产生的信用卡债务支付相对较高的利息。"故答案为B)。63.【定位】由题干中的relyingoncreditcards定位到第四段。D)【精析】事实细节题。定位段明确指出年轻和身无分文的人在很大程度上都依赖信用卡维持生计,直到下次发工资。从久远看,这样做法很明显不会长久,会严重影响他们的购买力。"由此可见,年轻人依托信用卡维持生计将影响他们未来的购买力，故答案为D)。64.【定位】由题干中的LuciaDunn和accumulating定位到倒数第二段。B)【精析】事实细节题。定位段明确指出与其他的年龄群体相较，年轻人积累信用卡债务的速度要更快……若是咱们的发现仍然被证明是正确的话,咱们未来可能会有更多的老人面临庞大的财务问题,那些不能偿还信用卡债务的老年人可能会面临财务危机。"由此可见，若是年轻人的信用卡债务持续积累，等他们年老的时候可能会遭遇财务危机,故答案为B)。65.【定位】由题干中的creditcardissuingbanks定位到最后一段。C)【精析】事实细节题。定位段明确指出"很多人从信用卡中大量地借钱,但依照他们的偿还能力，到死也不足以偿还信用卡债务,这将潜在地致使信用卡签发银行的损失。"由此可见,Dunn以为客户到死也没偿清债务可能会对信用卡签发银行组成风险，故答案为C)。

2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题(三)Part3SectionC【阅读理解】SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedv4),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anewstudyshowsalargegendergaponeconomicpolicyamongthenation’sprofessionaleconomists,adividesimilartothegenderdividefoundinthegeneralpublic."Asagroup,wearepro-market"saysAnnMariMay,co-authorofthestudyandaUniversityofNebraskaeconomist."Butwomenaremorelikelytoacceptgovernmentregulationandinvolvementineconomicactivitythanourmalecolleagues.”“It’sverypuzzling,”saysfreemarketeconomistVeroniquedeRugyoftheMercatusCenteratGeorgeMasonUniversity."NotadaygoesbythatIdon'taskmyselfwhytherearesofewwomeneconomistsonthefreemarketside.”AnativeofFrance,deRugysupportedgovernmentintervention(干涉）earlyinherlifebutchangedhermindafterstudyingeconomics."Wewantmanyofthesamethingsasliberals—lesspoverty,morehealthcare--buthaveradicallydifferentideasonhowtoachieveit.LiberaleconomistDeanBaker,co-founderoftheCenterforEconomicPolicyandResearch,saysmaleeconomistshavebeenontheinsideoftheprofession,confirmingeachother’santi-regulationviews.Women,asoutsiders,"aremorelikelytothinkindependentlyoratleastseepeopleoutsideoftheeconomicsprofessionasformingtheirpeergroup,"hesays.Thegenderbalanceineconomicsischanging.One-thirdofeconomicsdoctorates(博士学位）nowgotowomen."Morediversityisneededatthetablewhenpublicpolicyisdiscussed,"Maysays.Economistsdoagreeonsomethings.FemaleeconomistsagreewithmenthatEuropehastoomuchregulationandthatWal-martisgoodforsociety.Maleeconomistsagreewiththeirfemalecolleaguesthatmilitaryspendingistoohigh.Thegendersaremostdivorcedfromeachotheronthequestionofequalityforwomen.Maleeconomistsoverwhelminglythinkthewagegapbetweenmenandwomenislargelytheresultofindividuals'skills,experienceandvoluntarychoices.Femaleeconomistsoverwhelminglydisagreebyamarginof4-to-l.Thebiggestdisagreement：76%ofwomensayfacultyopportunitiesineconomicsfavormen.Maleeconomistspointtheoppositeway：80%saywomenarefavoredortheprocessisneutral.注意：此部份试题请在答题卡2上作答。56.Whatisthefindingofthenewstudy?A)Thegenderdivideisabigconcernofthegeneralpublic.B)Menandwomenunderstandeconomicsquitedifferently.C)Thegapbetweenmaleandfemaleeconomistsneedstobeclosed.D)Maleandfemaleeconomistsdisagreewidelyoneconomicpolicy.57.WhatdoesAnnMariMaysayaboutfemaleeconomists?A)Theyarestronglyagainstmaledominationintheeconomicsprofession.B)Theytendtosupportgovernmentinterventionineconomicactivity.C)Theyusuallyplayanactiveroleinpublicpolicy-making.D)Theyaremostlystrongadvocatesoffreemarketeconomy.58.WhatdowelearnabouteconomistVeroniquedeRugy?A)Sherepresentsmostfemaleeconomists'standpoint.B)Shedevotesherselftoeliminatingwomen'spoverty.C)Herstudyofeconomicschangedherviewongovernment'sroleineconomicactivities.D)Heracademicbackgroundhelpedhergetintotheinnercircleoftheeconomicsprofession.59.WhatdoesAnnMariMayimplyaboutpublicpolicy-making?A)Morefemaleeconomistsshouldgetinvolved.B)Itshoulddojusticetofemaleeconomists’studies.C)Moreattentionshouldbepaidtowomen’srights.D)Itshouldaimatsustainabledevelopment.60.Onwhatissuedomaleandfemaleeconomistsdiffermost?A)Governmentregulation.C)Militaryspending.B)Jobcreation.D)Genderequality.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thenumberofpostgraduatestudentstravellingfromnon-EUcountriestostudyatUKuniversitieshasfallenforthefirsttimein16years,fuellingfearsthatthegovernment'simmigrationcrackdownisdiscouragingthousandsofthebrighteststudentsfromcontinuingtheirstudiesinBritain.JoBeall,BritishCouncildirectorofeducationandsociety,saidthefallwouldcausealarmamongUKvice-chancellors(大学行政主管）."Thesectorwasexpectingadeclineingrowth,buttheactualreductioninpostgraduatenumbersisofrealconcernasinternationalstudentsmakeupthemajorityofnumbersinmanypostgraduatecoursesandresearchteamsinscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics.”“AttractingthebrightestandmostambitiouspostgraduateandresearchstudentsiscriticaliftheUKistomaintainitsqualityreputationforresearch,"Beallsaid.Universitiesgetathirdoftheirtuition(学费）feerevenuefromnon-EUstudents.Thereisgrowingfearamongvice-chancellorsthatthisrevenue-aswellasthecultural,academicandeconomicbenefitinternationalstudentsbeing-isbeingputatrisk.TimWestlake,directorforthestudentexperienceatManchesterUniversity,saidstudentswhosefamiliesreliedonthemworkingintheUKaftertheirstudiestogainexperienceandrepaythefeeswerestartingtolookelsewhere.Lastmonththehomesecretary,TheresaMay,announcedthatembassystaffwouldinterviewmorethan100000applicantsinanattempttopreventbogus(冒充的）onesenteringthecountry.ShealsosaidimmigrantswereresponsibleforpushingupUKhouseprices.Thecommentsfollowedtheintroductionofnewlimitationsonstudents'ri