Unit3EnvironmentalProtection重点词汇详解语法重点句式知识清单-高中英语人教版选择性

新人教选择性必修三Unit3EnvironmentalProtection重点词汇详解+语法+重点句式知识清单PartoneWordsandPhrases单元重点词汇讲解一词多义1.release

vt.&n.排放；释放；发布①Firefighterstooktwohoursto

release

thedriverfromthewreckage.(vt.释放)②Undertheagreement，releases

ofcancercausingchemicalswillbecutbyabout80percent.(n.排放)③Heis

releasing

analbumoflovesongs.(vt.发布)2.seize

vt.抓住；夺取；控制①“Leigh，”hesaid，seizing

myarmtoholdmeback.

(vt.抓住)②Troopshave

seized

theairportandrailwayterminals[vt.(铁路枢纽).夺取]③UNofficialssaytwomilitaryobserverswere

seizedbytheKhmerRougeyesterday.(vt.控制)词汇讲解1.starvevi.&vt.(使)挨饿；饿死Thenewjobdoesn'tpayasmuchbutwewon'tstarve!新工作的工资不多，不过我们不至于挨饿！Anumberoftheprisonerswesawarestarving.我们看到的一些囚犯快要饿死了。[造句]如果你再浪费粮食，我就让你挨饿。Ifyouwasteanyfoodagain，Iwillstarveyou.[知识拓展]starvetodeath饿死starvefor...渴望；急需→starvedadj.感到很饿的bestarvedtodeath被饿死bestarvedof/for...极需；缺乏→starvationn.挨饿；饿死dieofstarvation饿死→starvingadj.饥饿的；挨饿的[小片段助记]Mr.Whiteearnsonlyalittlewage，sohestarvesforajobwithbetterpay.Yousee，noonelikestostarvetodeath.2.referto...查阅，参考；涉及，关于；提到，谈起，指的是；提交Ipromisednottorefertothematteragain.我答应过不再提这事了。Pleaserefertotherighthandcolumnofpage200ofthisdictionary.请参看这本词典第二百页右面一栏。[造句]那句话与她无关。Thatremarkdoesnotrefertoher.→

referencen.

提到;谈及;参考;查询;查阅forreference作参考keepitforreference备作参考inreferencetothatincident关于那件事withoutreferenceto...不管,不论,与…无关3.betrappedin被困在……中Ifthebuswastrappedinthesnow，therewasvirtuallynowaytoevacuatethosefourkids.如果公共汽车被困在暴风雪中，那么几乎没有方法使这四个孩子撤离。Hewastrappedinanunhappymarriage.他陷入不幸的婚姻之中。[造句]她被困在燃烧着的房子里了。Shewastrappedintheburninghouse.[小片段助记]Thehuntersetatrapwhichwasusedtotraptheanimalintomovingintothetrap.Butthelittleboyfellintothetrapbyaccident.4.resultin...导致；造成Foodallergiescanresultinanenormousvarietyofdifferentsymptoms.食物过敏会引发很多不同的症状。Thesepoliciesresultedinmanyelderlypeoplefeelinghappy.这些政策使得许多老人感到幸福。[造句]

当你有信心的去做某事，就会成功。Whenyoudosomethingwithfaith，itwillresultinsuccess.[知识拓展]resultfrom...由……引起，由……产生Successresultsfromhardwork.成功来自努力的工作。Hisillnessresultedfrombadfood.他的病是由于吃了变质的食物所致。asaresult

因此asaresultof...由于...Hewasill.

Asaresult，hewaslateforclass.＝Asaresultof

hisillness，hewaslateforclass.5.restrictvt.限制；限定；束缚Havingsmallchildrentendstorestrictyourfreedom.有年幼的孩子往往会限制你的自由。Thelongskirtrestrictedhermovements.长裙妨碍了她的行动。[造句]不要限制她的适当的活动。Don'trestrictherproperactivities.[知识拓展]restrict...to...把……限制在……berestrictedto...

限于restrictsb./oneselftodoingsth.约束……干……Irestrictmyselftoonecupofcoffeeaday.Werestrictthenumberofstudentsperclassto10.→restrictionn.限制规定；限制法规；控制withoutrestriction毫无限制

Theparkisopentothepublicwithoutrestriction．→restrictiveadj.限制(性)的；约束(性)的6.seizevt.抓住；夺取；控制Shetriedtoseizethegunfromhim.她试图抢夺他的枪。Thearmyhasseizedcontrolofthecountry.军队已经控制全国。[造句]这是我们要明智把握的一个共同机遇。Thisisajointopportunitythatwearewisetoseize.7.submitvt.&vi.提交；呈递；屈服；顺从；认为pletedprojectsmustbesubmittedby10March.完成的方案必须在3月10日前提交上来。ButIcannotsubmit，Icanbeemyownmaster.但我并不会屈服的，我会成为自己的主人的。[造句]被告律师认为这一证据不可采纳。Counselforthedefencesubmittedthattheevidencewasinadmissible.[小片段助记]Thegeneralhadtosubmittheagreementtotheenemies.Thatistosay，hesubmittedtothem.[知识拓展]submitoneselfto...甘受……；服从……

submit...to...向……提交……→submissionn.提交的文件；屈服；服从8.besensitiveto...对……敏感Ilearnedthatafishisakindofcoldbloodedanimalandthereforeisverysensitivetowatertemperature.→sensibleadj.明智的；意识到的besensibleof...意识到……；认识到……Ifyouarenotsensibleofthedangersofyourposition,youwillsufferalotsoonerorlater.→sensen.感觉；见识；意义；理智vt.感觉到makesense讲得通；有道理makesenseof...理解；弄懂inasense在某种意义上innosense决不(置于句首句子用倒装)Innosensecantheissuebesaidtoberesolved.9.endup＋adj./v.ing最后/最终……endupas...最终成为或变成……endupwith...以……结束(后接表示具体事物的名词)endupin...以……结束(后接表示抽象概念的名词)endupwith...后接表示具体事物的名词，该名词是事情发展的最后一部分；endupin...后接表示抽象概念的名词，该名词是指事情发展的结果。ParttwoGrammar直接引语与间接引语引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（DirectSpeech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（IndirectSpeech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。一、直接引语变间接引语A．陈述句的间接引语直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say,tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。Theforeigneraidtome,IlikeBeijingverymuch.那老外告诉我：我很喜欢北京。→TheforeignertoldmethatheshelikedBeijingverymuch.那老外告诉我说他（她）很喜欢北京。Shesaid,Weareveryfondofsports.她说：我们都喜欢体育运动。→Shesaidthattheywereveryfondofsports.她说他（她）们都喜欢体运动。I'llgooverthegrammarlessononceagain,hesaid.他说：我将把语法课再复习一遍。→Hesaidhewouldgooverthegrammarlessononceagain.他说他将要把语法课再复习一遍。（that可省略）B．疑问句的间接引语1．一般疑问句和反意疑问句一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if或whether，其主句动词常用ask,wonder,wanttoknow,didn'tknow等。句末不用问号。Myteacheraskedme,DoyoulikeAmericancountrymusic我老师问我：你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗？→MyteacheraskedmeifwhetherIlikedAmericancountrymusic.我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。Youhaven'tbeentoBeijing,haveyouaskedhe.他问：你没去过北，是吗？→HeaskedmeifwhetherIhadbeentoBeijing.他问我是否去过北京。2．否定的一般疑问句和选择问句如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whether�or连接。Shesaid,Don'tyouknowmytelephonenumber她说：你难道不知道我的号码吗？→SheaskedmewhetherIknewhertelephonenumberornot.她问我是知道她的号码。DoyoulikethisoneorthatoneTomasked.汤姆问：你是喜欢这个还是那个？→TomaskedmewhetherIlikedthisoneorthatone.汤姆问我是喜欢这个还是那个。3．特殊疑问句间接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask。Heasked,Howdoyoulikeit他问：你觉得怎样？→HeaskedmehowIlikedit.他问我觉得它怎样。Sheaskedme,What'sthematterwithyou她问我：你怎么啦？→Sheaskedmewhatwasthematterwithme.她问我我怎么啦。Howmanybooksdoyouhavesheasked.她问：你有多少本书？→SheaskedmehowmanybooksIhad.她问我有多少本。4.其它英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问，而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。这种疑问句变为间接引语时，往往采用其他的形式。①．suggestdoingShallweallgotothefilmtonightsaidMichael.迈克尔说：我们今晚都去看电影，好吗？→Michaelsuggestedgoingtothefilmtonight.迈克尔建议今晚都去看电影。Whatabouthavingadrinkheasked.他问：喝杯怎么样？Hesuggestedhavingadrink.他建议喝一杯。②．advisesbtodoWhydon'tyougohikingaskedJames.詹姆士问：你为什么不徒步旅行？Jamesadvisedmetogohiking.詹姆士建议我去徒步旅行。③.offertodoHesaid,Wouldyoulikemetoposttheletter他说：你要我寄信吗？Heofferedtoosttheletter.他主动提出寄信。④．asksbtodoWillyoupleasebringyourreferencebookheretomorrowshesaidtome.她对我说：劳驾你明天把你的参考书带来好吗？→Sheaskedmetotakemyreferencebooktherethenextday.她让我第二天把我的参考书带去。C．祈使句的间接引语1．直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell,ask,order,mand,request等词，句中please去掉。Shesaidtome,Pleasehavearest.她对我说：请休息一下。→Sheaskedmetohavearest.她要求我休息一下。Don'tallansweratonce,shesaidtothepupils.她对学生说：大家不要齐声回答。→Shetoldthepupilsnottoanswerallatonce.她叫学生不要齐声回答。2．带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest+ing形式或suggest+that从句来表示其相应的意思。Let'sgoforawalk,saidthegirl.那姑娘说，让我们去散散步吧。→Thegirlsuggestedgoingforawalk.这女孩建议去散散步。Theteachersai,LetLilytidytheclassroom.老师说：让莉莉整理教室。→TheteachersuggestedthatLilyshouldtidytheclassroom.老师建议让莉莉整理教室。D．感叹句的间接引语1．直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时，多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。Whatacleverboyyouare!myteachersaidtohim.老师对他说，你是个聪明的孩子啊！→Myteachertoldhimwhatacleverboyhewas.老师对他说他是一个多聪明的孩子啊。→Myteachertoldhimthathewasaverycleverboy.老师说他是一个非常聪明的孩子。Hesaid,Howwellyoulook!他说：你看起来气色多好啊！→HesaidhowwellIlooked.他说我看起来是气色多好啊。→HesaidthatIookedverywell.他说我看起来气色很好。2．有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。Help!hecried.他喊到：救命啊！→Hecalledforhelp.他大声呼救。Whatterribleweatheritis!hesaid.他说：多么糟糕的天气！→Heplainedabouttheterribleweather.他抱怨这糟糕的天气。HappyChrismas!hesaid.他说：圣诞快乐！HewishedmeahappyChristmas.他祝我圣诞快乐。二、间接引语中的词语变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。A．时态的变化1．时态的变化①现在时间推移到过去时间直接引语中的时态一般现在时现在完成时现在进行时现在完成进行时间接引语中的时态一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去完成进行时Theoldmansaid,Ihavelivedinthisstreetsince1960.→Theoldmansaidthathehadlivedinthatstreetsince1960.那老人说他自从196年起就住在那条街上了。Hesaid,Isitraining

→Heaskedifitwasraining.他问是不是正在下雨。②过去时间推移到过去的过去直接引语中的时态一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时间接引语中的时态过去完成时过去完成时（不变）过去完成进行时或不变Shesaidtome,Iwrotealettertomyparentsthreedaysago.→Shetoldmethatshehadwrittenalettertoherparentsthreedaysbefore.她告诉我她三天前已给她母亲写了一封信。Whatwereyoudoingatsevenp.m.yesterdayheasked

→HeaskedmewhatIwasdoingatsevenp.m.thedaybefore.他问我前一天晚上七点在干什么。③将来时间推移到过去将来时间直接引语中的时态一般将来时Is/am/aregoingtodoIs/am/aretodo间接引语中的时态过去将来时Was/weregoingtodoWas/weretodoHesaid,Weshallgetreadybyeighto'clock.

→Hesaidthattheyouldgetreadybyeighto'clock.他说他们将在8点前准备好。Wearetomeetattheschoolgate,shesaidtome.

→Shtoldmethattheyweretomeetattheschoolgate.她告诉我他们约定在校门口见面。④间接引语中保持原来时态不变

在下列情况下，间接引语中的谓语动词时态可以保持不变。a.主句为现在时或将来时，间接引语的时态保持不变。Hethinks,Shewillbebackinamonth.

→Hethinksshewillbebackinamonth.他想她将在一个月后回来。Hesays,Ihaveacceptedherinvitation.

→Hesayshehasacceptedherinvitation.他说他已接受了她的邀请。比较：间接引语中的谓语动词时态对比。Sarahsaidtome,Ihavetwobrothers.

莎莎对我说：“我有两个弟弟。”Sarahtoldmethatshehastwobrothers.

莎莎告诉我说她有两个弟弟。（说话才认为这情况是真实的）Sarahtoldmethatshehadtwobrothers.

莎拉告诉我说她有两个弟弟。（说话者对此没有什么把握）b.间接引语表示的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、客观事实、格言等。Thegeographyteachersaidtothestudents,Theearthmovesroundthesun.→Thgeographyteachertoldthestudentsthattheearthmovesroundthesun.老师告诉学生地球围绕太阳转。Hesaid,Everydoghashisday.

→Hesaidthateverydoghashisday.他说是人皆有出头日。c.间接引语中动词表示的动作说话时仍在进行或状态仍然存在，时态可保持不变。Hesaid,Thewindowisbrokn.

→Hesaidthatthewindowisbroken.他说玻璃窗碎了。JustnowBrownsaid,Mysonisilltoday.

→Browntoldmejustnowthathissonisilltoday.布朗刚才告诉我说，他儿子今天病了。d.间接引语中有明确的过去时间状语，仍可用一般过去时，不必改为过去完成时。Thegirlsaid,Iwasbornin1978.

→Thegirlsaidthatshewasbornin1978.那女孩说她生于1978年。Shesaid,Myteacherwasbusyyesterday.→Shesaidthatherteacherwasbusyyesterday.她说她老师昨天很忙。2．情态动词的变化情态动词在间接引语中都可以改为过去式，must表示必、推测、禁止等意思时，可不变；表示必须时可不变，也可用hadto或wouldhaveto。Theseniorsaid,Allmenmustdie.

→Theseniorsaidthatallmenmustdie.那老者说人总是要死的。Shesaid,Imustgotoseethedoctortomorrowafternoon.→Shesaidshemustwouldhavetogotoseethedoctorthenextafternoon.她说第二天下午她一定得去看医生。Hesaidtome,Weusedtogothereeveryyear.

→Hetoldmethattheyusedtoehereeveryyear.他对我说他们过去每年都来这里。（usedto在间接引语中不变）B．代词的变化1．人称代词的变化①当主句的主语是第一人称时，引语中的人称代词不变。Isaid,Youdidquitewellintheexamyesterday.

→Isaidthatyouhaddonequitewellintheexamthedaybefore.我说你那天考得不错。②直接引语中主语是第一人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称与主句中的主语的人称一致。HesaidtoTom,I'lldomybesttocatchupwithothers.→HetoldTomthathewoulddohisbesttocatchupwithothers.

他告诉汤姆他将尽他所能赶上其他人。③直接引语中主语是第二人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称和主句的宾语相一致。Hesaidtoher,Wheredidyouputtheglasses

→Heaskedherwhereshehadputtheglasses.他问她，她把杯子放哪儿了。提示：如果主句中无宾语，应根据语境或想象，自添适当的宾语；如果直接引语中有呼语，则将其改为间接引语的宾语。Motherasked,Wherehaveyoubeen

→MoheraskedmewhereIhadbeen.母亲问我去哪儿了。Whyareyoulateagain,Johntheteacherasked.→TheteacheraskedJohnwhyhewaslateagain.老师问约翰为什么他又迟到。④直接引语中主语是第三人称时，在改为间接引语时不发生变化。HesaidtoTom,Shecanhelpthem.

→HetoldTomthatshecouldhelpthem.他告诉汤姆她能够帮助他们。2．物主代词的变化Youshouldnotoverlookyourfault,Mumsaidtome.→MumtoldmethatIshouldnotoverlookmyfault.妈妈对我说我不应该忽略我的缺点。Thetwoboyssaid,Wehavelosturdog.

→Thetwoboyssaidtheyhadlosttheirdog.这两个男孩说他们的狗丢了。3．指示代词的变化直接引语中的指示代词thisthese间接引语中的指示代词thatthoseShesaid,ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.→ShesaidthatthatwathehouseinwhichLuXunhadoncelived.她说那是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。Iboughttheseflowersforyou,Janesaid.

Janesaidthatshehadboughtthoseflowersforme.简说那些花是她为我买的。Igrowthesetomatoesmyself,hesaid.

→Heaidthathegrewthosetomatoeshimself.他说那些胡萝卜是他自己种的。C．时间和地点状语的变化1．时间状语的变化Hesaid,Ispoketothemyesterday.

→Hesaidthathhadspokentothemthedaybefore.他说他前一天跟他们讲过话了。Thestudentsaid,Wehavelearnedabout3,000Englishwordssofar.

→

Thestudentsaidthattheyhadlearnedabout3,000Englishwordsbythen.那学生说到那时为止他们已学会了3,000个英语单词。2．地点状语的变化当直接引语变间引语时，地点状语here通常变为there。但如果说话人所在地点就是引述人所地点，那么仍然使用here.ehere,please,hesaid.

→Heaskedmetoehere.他叫我到这里来。（引述人地点不变）→Heaskedmetogothere.他叫我到那里去。（引述人地点发生变化）Heresheburstoutintoafloodoftears,hesaidtome.

→Hetoldmethatshehadburstoutintoafloodoftearsthere.他告诉我说，谈到那个地方她就放声大哭了起来。Partthreesentence重点句式1.Thereislittledoubtthat...[教材原句P26]ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer.毫无疑问，地球正变得越来越暖和。句式分析：Thereislittle/nodoubtthat...毫无疑问……；doubt后面用that引导同位语从句；当doubt用于否定句和疑问句时，后面的从句用that引导；用于肯定句时，后面的从句用whether引导。[例1]Thereisnodoubtthatitwasastrangeandin