题型精析02.阅读理解之推理判断题(深层推断意图推断观点态度文章出处)(原卷版)

02.推理判断题【题型总览】【题型特征】推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。【设题趋势】常以infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose等词提问。提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably,possibly等。具体的设问方式如:Whatcanweinferfromthe(first/.../last)paragraph?Wheredoesthispassageprobablyefrom?What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards...?Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?等。1.正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征:(1)“立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only,never,all,absolutely等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。2.干扰选项张冠李戴即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点无中生有这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干曲解文意即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解鱼目混珠鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义扩缩范围为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法偷梁换柱干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变【常考类型】题型1深层推断题周密逻辑分析推断隐含意义题型2意图推断题依据文体特点推断写作意图题型3观点态度题利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断题型4文章出处题根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处【题型精析】【题型1】深层推断题（隐含推断题）主要考查以下几个方面:(1)细节推断题,即根据文章特定细节进行推断;(2)综合推断题,即根据全段,甚至全篇,结合多处信息推断文章寓意或深层意义;(3)逻辑推断题,即严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选)Continueddevelopmentsinmunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.31.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningtheereader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,wanttosay,bymentioningtheereader第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Continueddevelopmentsinmunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.(第四段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可以推知,作者提到电子阅读器说明,这显示了人们认为信息技术的发展一度使得印刷书籍过时了,但是现在的情况却正好相反,故选__A__。

【技巧提示】抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理判断。细节类推理判断题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理。整合全文(段)信息进行推测。抓住了关键信息,以事实为依据,在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳答案。【题型2】意图推断题文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意,而写作意图则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想。在高考中既可能考查全文的写作意图,又可能考查某处细节或某一段落的写作意图。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·B篇节选)Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouselikefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.HealsodesignedanecomachinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoselfrepair.”26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TopareJohn’sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,purpose,mentioningFuzhou第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouselikefacilitythattreatedsewagefrom1,600homesinSouthBurlington.HealsodesignedanecomachinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.(第五段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第五段通过举两个例子,即SouthBurlington和中国的福州,来说明John的生态机器在现实生活中有着实际的运用。故选__B__。

【技巧提示】利用文体特点突破意图推断【题型3】观点态度题文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有:·Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...?·Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...?·Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards/to...?【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇节选)Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful. D.Approving.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:author’sattitude,Navajas’studies第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性,仍存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)进一步辨别:作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。

【技巧提示】注意作者或文中人物的措辞。态度倾向推理判断题,文章作者或文中人物对事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语。牢记有关作者情感态度的词语,注意文中表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子,结合平时积累的知识来进行合理的推断,得出正确答案。【题型4】文章出处题推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手;确定读者对象要根据文章主题和文章措辞来判断。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选)ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld...Inthis“bookofbooks”,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures...28.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:Where,thetext,takenfrom第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld...(第一段)Inthis“bookofbooks”,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures...(第二段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提到ReadingArt:ArtforBookLovers,thebook和第二段中的Inthis“bookofbooks”等信息均说明,本文选自对一本有关阅读艺术的书的介绍,故选__A__。

【技巧提示】确定题干中的关键信息。写作意图、文章出处类推理判断题要先锁定题干中的关键信息,把文章的内容与题干中的关键信息结合起来做出正确的判断。了解语言特色。要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说等文章的语言特色,特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解,根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座,快速选出最佳答案。【突破技巧】1.理解通篇大意,把握写作意图(1)做推理判断题时,考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解,从总体上把握文章的主题,善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子。(2)考生应对文章的引申含义进行分析,整合与题目相关的信息,综合起来去把握写作意图,确定最佳答案。2.关注特定措辞,推断作者态度(1)作者的态度倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。(2)作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。(3)在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。3.利用语境褒贬,进行逻辑推断(1)几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图。(2)考生在阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子,掌握文章主旨大意,了解人物的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断。4.抓住有效信息,逆向或正向推理(1)逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反,它是由结论出发,去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据。(2)做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理,从而推断出这句话的深层含义。5.结合已知常识,进行逻辑推理阅读理解命题通常源于材料,又略高于材料,但一般不会偏离所给材料。但有时命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题。如果考生不知道这一常识,这样的命题就很难处理。【题型精练】1WhenIfirstheardabouttheimprov(即兴表演)classes,Iwastorn.Asanintrovert,Ifearedgettingonstageandimprovisinginfrontofstrangers.However,IknewIwantedtoworkasasciencemunicatorafterfinishingmyPh.D.,soitseemedliketheperfectopportunitytoimprovemyspeakingabilityandgainconfidencethinkingonmyfeet.Duringourfirstclass,welearnedacoreconceptofimprov:“yes,and.”Itmeansthat,asimprovisers,weacceptwhatfellowperformerssay.Ifsomeonesaysthatrhinos(犀牛)arelibrarians,forexample,thenrhinosarelibrarians.Wedonotquestionthelogic;wesay“yes”andcontinuewiththesceneasifnohimiswrong.Igotatasteofhowdifficultthatwaswhenactingoutmyfirstscene.Myclassmateturnedtomeandsaid,“Momisgoingtobesomad.”Madaboutwhat?Mymindspunoutideas,andmyinnercriticshotthemalldown.Webrokethecar?No,that’stooeasy.Wefailedatest?No,youdon’twantyourclassmatesthinkingyou’restupidonthefirstday.Ifinallylandedonananswer:“Yes,we’regoingtobelatefordinner.”Thesceneproceededfromthere,andweeventuallyfinishedastwosisterswholosttheirwayonahikingtrail.Thefirstfewsceneswerehard,butasweeksturnedintomonths,Ibecamemorefortablethinkingonmyfeetandevenstartedtoenjoyourclasses.Ineversilencedmyinnercriticentirely,butovertime,Ididn’tpolicemywordswithquitesomucheffort.Ialsobecamebetteratlistening,relatingtomyconversationpartners,andmunicatingclearlyinthemoment.Thattrainingproveduseful6monthsago,whenmyexperimentsgeneratedunreasonabledata.Earlyoningraduateschool,Iwouldgetstuckwhenthishappened;myinnercriticwouldassumeIhadmadeamistake.Butthen,afterembracingthe“yes,and”concept,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Ikeptexploringthedataandendedupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatwasn’tbehavingasexpected.IfIhadn’tacceptedthepossibilitythattheresultswerereal,IwouldhavemissedoutonthemostexcitingfindingofmyPh.D.sofar.Allscientistscanbenefitfromthislesson.Ifthedatasayrhinosarelibrarians,thenit’sworthinvestigatingwhetherrhinosare,infact,librarians.Ourjobasscientistsisn’ttogeneratedatathatsupportapreconceived(预想的)story.Ourjobistosay“yes,and.”1.Whydidtheauthortaketheimprovclasses?A.Toimproveherlogicalmind. B.TofinishherPh.D.assignment.C.Todevelophermunicationskills. D.Topursueherinterestinperformance.2.Howdidtheauthorfeelduringthefirstscene?A.Conflicted. B.Bored. C.Discouraged. D.Embarrassed.3.Accordingtotheauthor,inherexperiments,“yes,and”helpedher______.A.acceptfailures B.makeanewdiscoveryC.makeupforamistake D.correctunreasonabledata4.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Theunknowncanbeaninspiration. B.Theunexpectedcanberewarding,C.Theunfortunatecanbeachance. D.Theunusualcanbedecisive.2ChinaStateRailwayGrouphasrecentlyimplementedanewscheduleforfreighttrainservicesbetweenChinaandEurope,withtheaimofensuringmorestabletransporttimes,improvingefficiency,andboostingtradebetweenAsiaandEurope.Theenhancedscheduleincludesfivescheduledweeklyfreighttrainservicesoperatingalongspecificroutes,enablingaccuratedeterminationoftransporttimesbetweencities.Forexample,onWednesdaysandSaturdays,afreighttraindepartsfromXi’an,China,toDuisburg,Germany,andreturnstoXi’anonTuesdays.Similarly,onSaturdays,afreighttrainleavesChengdu,China,forLodz,Poland,withthereturnjourneydepartingeveryThursday.UnlikeregularChinaEuropefreighttrains,thenewservicefeaturesfixedcarriages,routes,shifts,andsetschedulesforallsectionsoftheroutes,whichensuresbettercontroloveroperationtimesandimprovedefficiency.Thisenhancedschedulehasreducedtraveltimebyabout30percentonaverageparedtootherChinaEuropefreighttrains,providingcustomerswithquickerdeliveryofgoods.Moreover,withfixedschedulesandimprovedefficiency,thenewserviceenhancesservicequality,ensuringmorereliableandtimelytransportation.Stabletransporttimesofferedbytheenhancedschedulesupportthestabilityofglobalindustrialandsupplychains,facilitatingsmootherinternationaltrade.Lookingahead,ChinaStateRailwayGroupplanstodevelopmorerouteswithsetschedulestofurtherimprovethequalityofChinaEuropefreighttrainservices,strengtheningtheroleoffreighttrainsasareliablealternativetoseaandairshippingandsupportingthesmoothoperationofinternationalindustrialsupplychains.Inconclusion,theenhancedscheduleofChinaEuropefreighttrainsrepresentsasignificantstepforwardinimprovingefficiencyandreliabilityininternationalfreighttransportation,contributingtothestabilityandprosperityofglobaltrade.5.Accordingtothepassage,howmanydaysdoesittakeforafreighttraintotravelfromXi’antoDuisburgandreturn?A.Fourdays.B.Fivedays.C.Sixdays.D.Sevendays.6.WhatmeasuresdidChinaStateRailwayGrouptaketoimprovetheefficiencyandservicequalityofChinaEuropefreighttrains?A.Reducingthefrequencyoftraindepartures.B.Regularlyadjustingtransportroutes.C.Implementingfixedcarriages,routes,andschedules.D.Increasingthespeedoffreighttrains.7.WhatmightbethefutureplanofChinaStateRailwayGroupregardingfreighttrainservices?A.Toreducethenumberofroutes.B.Toincreasethespeedoftrains.C.Toexpandservicestomorecountries.D.Toreplaceseaandairshippingpletely.3Theproblemoffoodbornemetalcontamination(污染)hastakenonnewurgency,thanksinparttoa2021USCongressionalReportdetailinghighlevelsofmetalsfoundinbabyfoodpulledoffgroceryshelves.Morerecently,highlevelsoflead(铅)werediscoveredinchildren’sfruitpureepouches.Now,twonewstudiesprovideinformationonthecorrelationbetweenexposuretoheavymetalsinfoodandtheriskofcancersandotherserioushealthrisks.Foodcropscanabsorbheavymetalsfromcontaminatedsoil,air,andwater.Asaresult,tracesofdangerousheavymetals—lead,arsenic(砷)andcadmium(镉)—arefoundinmonfoodsfromriceandcerealstonutsandvegetables.FeliciaWu,MichiganStateUniversityfoodscientist,isleadingseveralinvestigationstogainabetterunderstandingofthehealthrisksofheavymetalexposure.Inthestudies,Wuandhercolleague,gathereddataonthedietaryintakeofeachmetalfromvarioussourcessuchasfoodandwatersamplesandexistingstudiesandreports.Theresearchersanalysandthedatatodeterminethestrengthoftheassociationbetweendietaryexposureandbadhealtheffects.Bothcancerandnoncancerhealtheffectswereconsidered.Leadisapoisonousmetalmonlyfoundinoldpaint,waterpipes,andcontaminatedsoil.Foodsourcesofleadincluderootvegetableslikebeets.Inthestudy,leadshowedmoderate(中度的)tohighriskscoresforcausinglung,kidney,bladder,stomach,andbraincancers.Italsoshowedmoderatetohighscoresfornoncancerrisks.Theirinitialestimatessuggestthateveryyear,morethan6,000additionalcasesofbladderandlungcancersandover7,000casesofskincancerscanbeattributed(归因于)totheconsumptionofinorganicarsenicintheUnitedStates.Theresearchersalsofoundthatcertainfoodproductscanbeassociatedwithhighercancerriskthanothers.Theseincluderice,wheat,andleafygreenvegetables.8.Whatdothenewstudiesfocuson?A.Foodsafetyandchildren’shealth.B.Foodcropsandmetalcontamination.C.Heavymetalsanditsdangerextent.D.Metalcontaminationinfoodandhealthrisks.9.Whydoheavymetalsexistinfood?A.Foodcropsneedmetaltogrowwell.B.Heavymetalsareaddedbyproducers.C.Theycanhelpwithscientificresearch.D.Foodcropsgrowupinpollutedconditions.10.HowdidWuandhercolleagueconducttheirstudies?A.Bydoingsurveysonline.B.Byanalyzingdata.C.Byperformingexperiments.D.Byreferringtoprevioustextbooks.11.WhichcanbestdescribeWu’sfindings?A.Dramatic. B.Alarming.C.Confusing. D.Awesome.4IfyouwalkaroundHuntingtonBeach,California,youmayspotawomanholdingfiveleashes(绳套)withonehandandpullingawagon(马车)withtheother.Acloserlookwillshowshehassevendogswithher—andnoneofthemarewalkingonallfourlegs.HernameisDebbiePearl,andallofherdogshavedisabilitiesandusewheelchairsorprostheticlimbs(义肢).ThereisnodoubtPearlisadoglover—shetrainsthemformoviesandsaidshehasalwayshad“quiteafew”ofherowndogsathome.In2005,shecreatedanonprofitcalledDreamFetchers,whichhelpsrescuedogsfromthestreets.Aspartoftheorganization’smission,membersofPearl’spersonalpackworkastherapy(治疗)dogs.Aboutnineyearsago,sheadoptedherfirstdogwithadisability,FastEddie.Hehadaspinalinjuryandwasleftonthestreet.Now,herunsaroundusingawheelchair.“Eddiewasdefinitelymyinspirationforadoptingotherdisableddogs,”Pearlsaid.“Hewassofulloflife.Heneverletanythingslowhimdown.Imean,hetrulywasunstoppable.”Aboutonceaweek,shegathersuphercrewandtakesthemtohospitals,schoolsortheEasterSeals—anonprofitthathelpsadultswithdisabilities.“Ilookfordogsthathavebeenthroughtraumatic(创伤的)events,buttheyhavethisamazinggiftofforgiveness,”Pearlsaid.“Andthat’sapowerfulthingforalotofpeople,becausetheycanseethecourage,theresilience(韧性)thatthesedogshave.Andallofminehavebeenthroughtheworst—andthey’veeoutshining.”Shesaysallherdogsareherebecausethey’vegottenasecondchanceatlife.Andforothersurvivorsofabuse,orthosewithdisabilities,thatcanbeapowerfulthingtosee.12.Whatcanweknowaboutthesevendogs?A.Theywalkonalltheirfourlegs.B.Theyarephysicallychallenged.C.Theyarefamousinmanymovies.D.Theyaretrainedtohelpeachother.13.WhatdoesDreamFetchersdo?A.Savehomelessdogs.B.Traintherapydogs.C.Provideleashesfordogs.D.Offertreatmenttoadults.14.WhatcontributedtoPearl’sadoptingmoredisableddogs?A.Herloveofdogs.B.Theneedsofanonprofit.C.Herwishtorescuedogs.D.Eddie’sunstoppablespirit.15.WhatdoPearl’sdogsshowtothosereceivingtherapy?A.Loveandhelpconnectingeachother.B.Powerandrelianceseenineverydaylife.C.Strengthandcouragefacingsufferings.D.Approachesandwisdomdealingwithtrouble.5Whilescientistshavemanyideas,thereisnosingleexplanationforwhyhumansyawn.Still,thereisonethingexpertsknowaboutyawns—theyseemtobeinfectious!Haveyouevercaughtayawnfromsomeoneelse?Mostpeoplehave.Accordingtoonepreviousstudy,apersonissixtimesmorelikelytoyawnafterseeingsomeoneelsedoso.Expertshavedonemanystudiesintowhyyawnsseemtopassfrompersontoperson.Asaresult,expertshaveafewtheoriesforthereasonbehindit.Onepossibleexplanationhastodowithsomethingcalledsocialmirroring.Thisiscausedbymirrorneuronsinthebrain.Thesecellshelpthebrainnoticeusefulbehaviorofothersandthencopyit.Whenonepersonseesanotherpersonyawning,hismirrorneuronsobservetheactionandinterpretitasbeneficialbehavior.Thatmaycausehimtoyawn,too.Anotherpopulartheoryisthatyawnsareinfectiousthankstosocialrelationships.Humansareundoubtedlysocialcreatures.Theyformfriendships,startfamilies,andlivetogetheringroups.That’swhymanypeoplemirrorothers,suchassmilingwhenanotherpersondoesso.Yawningmaybejustanotherexampleofthis.Infact,researchhasshownthatpeoplearemostlikelytocatchacaseoftheyawnsfromanotherpersonifthetwoshareasocialrelationship.Theanswercouldevenbethatyawnsaren’ttrulyinfectiousatall.Instead,peoplemayyawnwhenthey’retogethersimplybecausethey’reinthesameenvironment.Expertssaymanythingsmaycauseyawning—includingtemperatureandtime.Possiblecausesmaybeexperiencedbyanyoneinthesamegeneralarea.Whatevertheexplanationis,expertsdoknowthatinfectiousyawnsaren’tlimitedtohumans.OnestudyfoundthatlionsinSouthAfricaalsocaughteachother’syawns.16.Whatkindofbehaviormaybecopiedbythemirrorneurons?A.Unimportantbutattractive. B.Usefulandbeneficial.C.Hardtounderstand. D.Easytocopy.17.Whoseyawnsarepeoplemostlikelytocopyaccordingtoparagraph3?A.Theoneswhoyawnalot. B.Theoneswhoarefriendlytothem.C.Theonescloselyconnectedwiththem. D.Theonessharingthesameinterestwiththem.18.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingaboutinthefollowingparagraph?A.Sometipsonyawninginpublic. B.Arealexplanationforinfectiousyawning.C.Otherexamplesofanimalsyawningtogether. D.Furtherstudiesofinfectiousyawninginhumans.19.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Whyyawnsareinfectious. B.Whatcausespeopletoyawn.C.Whoyawnsmorethanothers. D.Whetheryawnsareinfectious.6InMarch2018,atahighschoolinNewYork,DylanBelscherfoundanolddollaronthefloorduringanEnglishclass.Ratherthankeepingit,heturneditintohisteacher,KatieMattison.Mattison,surprisedbyhishonesty,suggestedtapingittothewhiteboardatthefrontoftheclassroom,whereshealwaysputslostthings.Maybethedollarwaslunchmoneyorbusfareforthestudentwhodroppedit.Neithertheteachernorherstudentthoughttwiceaboutthedollar.HunterRose,thenasenior,spottedthedollaronthewhiteboard.“Thereisamysterytoit,”Rosesaid.Afterclass,heaskedMattisonwhyitwasthere.Shewasstillwaitingfortheoriginalownertoclaimit,soshereplied,“Idon’tknow.”RosetookthetapefromMattison’sdeskandtapedaseconddollartotheboard.Thatgotitrolling.Thesightofthetwodollarbills,sidebyside,stimulatedsomethinginMattison’sstudents.Mattison,recognizingaphenomenoninthemaking,wrotestudents’initialsoneachbill,andshestartedtoleavethetapeonthetrayofthewhiteboard.Theeffortsnowballed.Evenwithnospecificpurpose,manystudentswantedtobepartofwhateverthiswas.JakeBraniecki,anothersenior,saideveryoneunderstoodthattheeventualplanforthedollarswouldbefor“somethinggood”andthattheirteacher“wasn’tgoingtodoanythingstupidwiththemoney”.Thestudents,amongthemselves,decidedMattisonhadsomeunspokengoal.Theyfiguredbiggerdonationscouldonlyhelpthemgettherefaster.Overweeks,donationsreached$175.76.Theoriginalownerofthelostdollarnevercameforward,leavingMattisontodecidethebestsolution.Mattisonsharedthestoryofhergodfather,Jack,whodiedofALSeightyearsprior,andhissister,Jean,whohadthesamediseasethreeyearslater.JackhadbeenmarriedtoMattison’ssister,TerryStephanHains,whoraisesmoneyfortheALSTherapyDevelopmentInstituteeachspring.MattisonaskedherstudentsifshecoulddonatethecollecteddollarsinhonorofJack,andtheyrespondedbytapingmoremoneytotheboard.Thestudents’contributionsincreasedthetotalto$321.06.Mattison,movedbytheirgenerosity,carefullytookthecashofftheboardandmadethedonationjustbeforeNationalALSAwarenessMonthinMay.20.Whatencouragedthestudentstostarttapingdollarbillstothewhiteboard?A.Theteacherannouncedacashrewardtothestudents.B.Thestudentswantedtobuysomethingfortheclassroom.C.Thesightoftwodollarssidebysideattractedthem.D.Theschoolorganizedafundraisingeventamongseniors.21.WhydidMattisonwritestudents’initialsonthedollars?A.Toawardbonuspointstostudentsbasedontheirinitials.B.Tokeeptrackoftheamountdonatedbyeachstudent.C.Aspartofasecretmessageforaclassroomgame.D.Toidentifytheoriginalownerofthelostolddollar.22.Whatwasthepurposebehindtapingmoneytothewhiteboardaccordingtothestudents?A.Tofundaschooltripfortheclass. B.Tofigureoutthemysteriousgoaloftheteacher.C.Topurchasenewsuppliesfortheclassroom. D.Itwasaschoolwideinitiativeforcharity.23.Whichisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.KatieMattison’sHeartfeltDonationtoALSAwarenessB.DylanBelscher’sHonesty:ADollar’sUnexpectedJourneyC.Students’GenerosityUnfolds:FromaLostDollartoaMeaningfulALSDonationD.ClassroomActivities:LooseningtheClassroomDollarMystery6“GiventhatsignsofAlzheimer’sdisease(老年痴呆症)starttoaccumulateinthebrainseveraldecadesbeforethediseasebegins,understandingtheconnectionbetweensleepandcognition(认知)earlierinlifeiscriticalforunderstandingtheroleofsleepproblemsasariskfactorforthedisease,”saidstudyauthorYueLeng,PhD,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco.Thestudyinvolved526peoplewithanaverageageof40.Theywerefollowedfor11years.Researcherslookedatparticipants’sleepdurationandquality.Participantsworeawristactivitymonitorforthreecontinuousdaysontwooccasionsapproximatelyoneyearaparttocalculatetheiraverages.Participantssleptforanaverageofsixhours.Participantsalsoreportedbedtimeandwakeuptimeinasleepdiaryandpletedasleepqualitysurveywithscoresrangingfrom0to21.Atotalof239peoplereportedpoorsleepwithascoregreaterthanfive.Researchersalsolookedatsleepfragmentation(碎片化),ameasureofrestlessnessduringthesleepperiodexpressedasapercentage.Thehigherthevalue,themoresleepisinterrupted.Participantsweredividedintothreegroupsbasedontheirsleepfragmentationscore.Ofthe175peoplewiththemostinterruptedsleep,44hadpoorcognitiveperformance10yearslater,paredto10ofthe176peoplewiththeleastinterruptedsleep.Afteradjustingforage,sex,race,andeducation,peoplewhohadthemostinterruptedsleephadmorethantwicethepossibilityofhavingpoorcognitiveperformancewhenparedtothosewiththeleastinterruptedsleep.Therewasnodifferenceincognitiveperformanceatmidlifeforthoseinthemiddlegroupparedtothegroupwiththeleastinterruptedsleep.However,duetothesmallsamplesize,theresearcherswereunabletofullyinvestigatepotentialraceorsexdifferences.“Moreresearchisneededtoassessthelinkbetweensleepdisturbancesandcognitionatdifferentlifestagesandtoidentifyifcriticallifeperiodsexistwhensleepismorestronglyassociatedwithcognition,”Lengsaid.24.WhatdoweknowaboutYueLeng’sstudy?A.Datacollectionwasaneasyprocess. B.ItaimedtofindacureforAlzheimer’s.C.Theresultswerefarfromsatisfactory. D.Higherscoresmeanpoorersleepquality.25.Whatcanwelearnaboutsleepfragmentationinthestudy?A.Itdidrequireoutsideintervention. B.Itincludedaseriesofmemorytests.C.Itmeasuredshortinterruptionsofsleep. D.Itdeterminedthoseparticipants’groups.26.Whatdothefindingsindicateaccordingtothetext?A.Thequalityofsleepmayaffectcognitivehealth.B.Keepingasleepdiarycanimp