考研真题：《英语一》2023年考试真题与参考答案

考研真题：《英语一》2023年考试真题与参考答案

一、完形填空

UseofEnglish

CaravanseraiswereroadsideinnsthatwerebuiltalongtheSilkRoadinareas

including

China,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.Theyweretypically_1_outsidethewallsof

acityorvillageandwereusuallyfundedbygovernmentsof_2_.

Thisword“Caravanserais"isa_3_ofthePersianword"karvan”,whichmeans

agroupoftravellersoracaravan,andseray,apalaceorenclosedbuilding.ThePerm

caravanwasusedto_4_groupsofpeoplewhotravelledtogetheracrossthe

ancientnetworkforsafetyreasons,—5—merchants,travellersorpilgrims.

Fromthe10thcenturyonwards,asmerchantandtravelroutesbecomemore

developed,the_6_oftheCaravanseraisincreasedandtheyservedasasafeplace

forpeopletorestatnight.TravellersontheSilkRoad_7—possibilityofbeingattacked

bythievesorbeing_8_toextremeconditions.Forthisreason,Caravanseraiswere

strategicallyplaced_9_theycouldbereachedinaday'straveltime.

Caravanseraisservedasaninformal_10_pointforthevariouspeoplewhotravelled

theSilkRoad._11_,thosestructuresbecameimportantcentersforculture_12_

andinteraction,withtravelerssharingtheircultures,ideasandbeliefs,_13_talking

knowledgew计hthem,greatly_14—thedevelopmentofseveralcivilizations.

i

Caravanseraiswerealsoanimportantmarketplaceforcommoditiesand_15—in

thetradeofgoodsalongtheSilkRoad._16_,itwasfrequentlythefirststop

merchantslookingtoselltheirwaresand_17_suppliesfortheirownjourneys.Itis

—18—thataround120000to15000caravanseraiswerebuiltalongtheSilkRoad,

19—onlyabout3000areknowntoremaintoday,manyofwhicharein_20.

参考答案：

1、C.located2、A.privately3、D.combination4、C.describe

5、C.suchas6sA.construction7、B.faced8、B.subjected

9、A.sothat10、D.meeting11、D.Asaresult12、C.exchange

13sC.aswellas14、B.influencing15、A.aided16、B.indeed

17sD.stockupon18、A.believed19、D.although20、A.ruins

二、阅读理解

Text1

TheweatherinTexasmayhavecooledsincetherecentextremeheat,butthe

temperaturewillbehighattheStateBoardofEducationmeetinginAustinthismonth

asofficialsdebatehowclimatechangeistaughtinTexasschools.

PatHardy,whosympathizedwithviewsoftheenergysector,isresistingtheproposed

changetosciencestandardsforpre-teenpupils.Thesewouldemphasisetheprimacy

ofhumanactivityinrecentclimatechangeandencouragediscussionofmitigation

measures.

2

MostscientistsandexpertssharplydisputeHardy'sviews."Theycasuallydismissthe

careerworkofscholarsandscientistsasjustanothermisguidedopinion.wsaysDan

Quinn,seniorcommunicationsstrategistattheTexasFreedomNetwork,anon-profit

groupthatmonitorspubliceducation,“WhatmillionsofTexaskidslearnintheir

publicschoolsisdeterminedtoooftenbythepoliticalideologyofpartisanboard

members,ratherthanfactsandsoundscholarship."

SuchdebatereflectsfiercediscussiondiscussionsacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,

asresearchers,policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreater

focusonteachingaboutthefactsofclimatechangeinschools.

AstudylastyearbytheNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupof

scientistsandteachers,lookingathowstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountry

addressclimatechangeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstatesagradeB+

orhigher.Amongthe10worstperformersweresomeofthemostpopulousstates,

includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowestgrade(F)andhasadisproportionate

influencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.

GlennBranch,thecentre'sdeputydirector,cautionsthatsettingstate-levelscience

standardsisonlyonelimitedbenchmarkinacountrythatdecentralisesdecisionsto

localschoolboards.Evenifastateisconsideredahighperformerinitsscience

standards,"thatdoesnotmeanitwillbetaught",hesays.

Anotherissueisthatwhileclimatechangeiswellintegratedintosomesubjectsand

atsomeages—suchasearthandspacesciencesinhighschools—itisnotaswell

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representedincurriculaforyoungerchildrenandinsubjectsthataremorewidely

taught,suchasbiologyandchemistry.Itisalsolessprominentinmanysocialstudies

courses.

Branchpointsoutthat,evenifagrowingnumberofofficialguidelinesandtextbooks

reflectscientificconsensusonclimatechange,unofficialeducationalmaterialsthat

conveymoreslantedperspectivesarebeingdistributedtoteachers.Theyinclude

materialssponsoredbylibertarianthink-tanksandenergyindustryassociations.

21.Inparagraph1,theweatherinTexasismentionedto

答案:C.indicatetheatmosphereattheboardmeeting

22.WhatdoesQuinnthinkofHardy?

答案:B.Shedeniesthevalueofscientificwork.

23.ThestudymentionedinParagraph5

答案:A.Climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschool

24.AccordingtoBranch,state-levelsciencestandardsintheUS

答案：C.havelimitedinfluence

25.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatclimatechangeteachinginsomeschools

答案:D.canbeswayedbyexternalforces

Text2

Communitiesthroughouttheregionhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-term

rentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Now,withrecord-highhomeprices

4

andhistoricallylowinventory,there'sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,

particularlyamongthosewhoworrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswaths

ofhousingtoflipforafortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.

InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent

housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonan

alreadystrainedmarket.ThestateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthat

would'vemade计illegalfortownstocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.

“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,soanytimeyou'retaking

thetooloutofthetoolkitforcommunitiestoaddressthis,you'repotentiallytaking

supplyoffthemarketthat'salreadyincrediblystressed/'saidNickTaylor,

executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.

WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNewHampshiretowns,"employers

arehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,andworkersarehavingahardtime

findingaplacetolive,''Taylorsaid.

However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfortourists,acrucialpartofthe

economiesinplaceslikeNantucket,CapeCod,orthetownsthatmakeupNew

Hampshire'sSeacoastandLakesRegion,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEOoftheCape

Cod&IslandsAssociationofRealtors."Alotofworkersareservicingthetourist

industry,andthetourismindustryisservicedbythosepeoplecominginshortterm,''

Castlesaid,“andso计'sacyclicaleffect/'

Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,an

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affordablehousingpolicyexpertattheUniversityofMassachusettsBoston.a\think

individualsbeingabletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ififstheir

vacationhomeanyway,and计'sjustempty,whycan1tyoumakemoneyoff计？''

Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreatelarge-scaleshort­

termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxesandregulations.u\thinkthe

questionis,shouldn'tadeveloperwho'sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitas

notahotel,betreatedandtaxedandregulatedlikeahotel?''Hornsaid.

Attheendof2018,GovernorCharlieBakersignedabilltoreininthosepotential

investor-buyers."Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestate,

mandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofa

newstatelevy/'theGlobereported.Bostontookthingsevenfurther,limitingwho

isauthorizedtorentouttheirhome,andrequiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity's

InspectionalServicesDepartment.

Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitotherstrugglingcitiesand

towns.Theonlywaytosolvetheissue,however,isbycreatingmorehousing."Ifwe

wanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalot

more.''

26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?

答案:A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.

27.ThebillmentionedintheParagraph2wasintendedto?

答案:D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.

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28.ComparedwithCastle,Tailorismorelikelytosupport?

答案:Binincreaseinaaffordablehousing

29.WhatdoesHornemphasizeinparagraph3?

答案:Cthenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.

30.Hornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis

答案:Daninadequatesolution.

Text3

Ifyou'reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstonesinsearchoftheDuchessof

Sussex'snewchildren'sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohunt

aroundabit;thesamemaybetrueofThePresident'sDaughter,thenewthrillerbyBill

ClintonandJamesPetterson.Bothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekby

PenguinRandomHouse,acompanycurrentlyinvolvedinastand-offwith

Waterstones.

Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPenguinRandomHouseconfirmedthatit

hadintroducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones"ataverysignificantlevel".Thetrade

magazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeing

toldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,displayspacesand

windows,andwere"quietlyretiringthemtotheirrelevantsections".

PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:

"WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonly

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publisherintheUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.Wearenot

boycottingPRHtitlesbutwearedoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityfor

customersremainsgooddesp计etheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wedothisgenerally

bygivingtheirtitleslessprominentpositioningw计hinourbookshops."Wearehopeful

withourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowed

tobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusyandbooksalesare

verystrong.ThesalesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018."

Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers-ashavecustomers,whomight

expectthenewtitlesfromthecountry1sbiggestpublishertobeprominently

displayedbyitsbiggestbookretailer.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,butifs

thosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrelyonWaterstonesstaffspassionforpromoting

booksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.

Itcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesofthe

proposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,Simon&Schuster-the

reductioninthenumberofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbidding

wars,loweradvances,andmoreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.Andone

wondersifPRHwouldhavebeenconfidentenoughtodealwithWaterstonesinthe

wayithasifitweren'tquitesuchabigcompany(itwasformedwiththemergerof

PenguinandRandomHousein2013)andlikelytogetbigger.

uThisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpowerandcartels.

L计eraryagenciesarege甘ingbiggertohavetheclouttonegotiatebettertermswith

8

publishers,publishersconsolidatingtodealwithAmazon,"saysLownie."The

publishingindustrytalksaboutdiversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneeds

apluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.After

all,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmall

publishers.w

Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublishers

tobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers.

31.theauthormentionstwobooksintheparagraph1topresent

答案：A.anongoingconflict

32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?

答案:C.torespondtoPRH'sbusinessmove

33.WhatmessagedidthespokesmanofWaterstonesseemtoconvey?

答案：A.theircustomersremainroyal

34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?

答案:ASalesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably

35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie'sview?

答案:DThemergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend

Text4

Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearchers

publishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunity

9

measuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceived

qualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythetitle'simpactfactor)andthenumberof

citationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersofscientistsandthereputation

oftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,

butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers.

Inrecentyears,therehavebeenseveralepisodesofscientificfraud,including

completelymade-updata,massagedordoctoredfigures,multiplepublicationsof

thesamedata,theftofcompletearticles,plagiarismoftext,andself-plagiarism.And

somescientistshavecomeupwithanotherwaytoartificiallyboostthenumberof

citationstotheirwork.

Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitation

numbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchersdevelopedanalgorithm

torecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthat

disproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsofjournalsthatciteeachother

frequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.Recently,Icame

acrossyetanotherexpressionofthispredatorybehavior:so-calledsupportservice

consultanciesthatprovidelanguageandothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthors

andtojournalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheir

articlesandthearticlesofcolleagues.Someoftheseconsultanciesarealsoactivein

organizingconferencesandcanadvisethatcitationsbeaddedtoconference

proceedings.Inthismanner,asingleeditorcandrivehundredsofcitationsinthe

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directionofhisownarticlesorthoseofcolleaguesthatmaybeinhiscircle.

Howinsidiousisthistypeofstationmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual—

actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant-wasabletouseatleast15journalsas

citationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.The

problemisrampantinScopus,whichincludesahighnumberofthenew

“international"journals.Infact,alistinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobe

targetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.

36Accordingparagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedeterminedby

答案:Bhowmanytimestheirpapersarecited

37Thesupportserviceconsultanciestendto.

答案:Caskauthorstoincludeextracitation

38thefunctionofthemilkcowtojournalsisto.

答案:Aboostcitationcountsforcertainauthors

39.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusfromthelasttwoparagraph?

答案:[B]Ithasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitation

40.Whatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulation?

答案：[D]Revealtheirmisconduct

三、新题型

ReadingPartB

A.Lastyearmarksthe150thanniversaryofaseriesofYellowstonephotographsbythe

ii

renownedlandscapephotographerWilliamHenryJackson.Hecapturedthefirst-

evershotsoficoniclandmarkssuchastheTetons,OldFaithfulandtheColorado

Rockies.

B.Twocenturiesago,theideaofpreservingnature,ratherthanexploitingit,wasa

novelonetomanyU.S.settlers.Oneoftheturningpointsinpublicsupportforland

conservationefforts—andrecognizingthemagnificenceoftheYellowstoneregion

inparticular—cameintheformofvividphotographs.

CAsaneffectiveWashingtonoperator,Haydensensedthathecouldcapitalizeon

theexpedition'sstunningvisuals.HeaskedJacksontoprintoutlargecopiesand

distributedthem,alongwithreproductionsofMoran'spaintings,toeachmember

ofCongress."Thevisualization,particularlythosephotographs,reallyhithomethat

thisissomethingthathastobeprotected,wsaysMurphy.

DThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognized

thearea'sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That;swhyHayden'sexpeditionaimed

toproduceafullerunderstandingoftheYellowstoneRiverregion,fromitshotsprings

andwaterfallstoitsvarietyoffloraandfauna.Inadditiontotheentourageof

scientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:PainterThomasMoranandphotographer

WilliamHenryJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthisastoundingnaturalbeauty

andsharingitwiththeworld.

EThejourneyofficiallybeganinOgden,Utah,onJune8,1871.Overnearlyfourmonths,

dozenofmanmadetheirwayonhorsebackintoMontanaandtraversedalongthe

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YellowstoneRiverandaroundYellowstonelake.Thatfall,theyconcludedthesurvey

infortBridger,Wyoming

FThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognized

thearea'sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That'swhyHayden'sexpeditionaimedto

produceafullerunderstandingoftheyellowstoneriverregion,fromit'shotspringsand

waterfallstoitsvarietyoffloraandfauna.Inadditiontotheentourgeofscientists,the

teamalsoincludedartists:PainterThomasMoranandphotographerJacksonwere

chargedwithcapturingthisastoundingnaturalbeautyandsharingitwiththeworld.

GThebillprovedlargelypopularandsailedthroughCongresswithlargemajoritiesin

favor.Inquicksuccession,theSenateandHousepassedlegislationprotecting

yellowstoneinearly1872.ThatMarch,PresidentUlyssesS.Grantsignedanactintolaw

thatestablishedYellowstoneastheworld'sfirstnationalpark,whilesomelocals

opposedtothedesignation,thedecisionwaslargelyaccepted-andJackson's

photosplayedakeyroleinthefighttoprotectthearea.Idon'tbelievethatthelegal

protectionwouldhavehappenedinthetimeframethatitdidwithoutthoseimages,

saysHeatherHansen,journalistandauthorofProphetsandMoguls,Rangersand

Rogues,BisonordBears:100yearsofthenationalParkService.

HPerhapsmostimportantly,theimagesprovideddocumentaryevidencethatlater

madeitswaytogovernmentofficials.Weeksaftercompletingtheexpedition,

Haydencollectedhisteam'sobservationintoanextensiverepaimedatconvincing

SenatorsandRepresentatives,alongw计hcolleaguesatgovernmentagencylikethe

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departmentofInteriorthatYellowstoneoughttobepreserved.

答案：BAFEDHCG;41.B42.F43.D44.C45.G

四、英译汉

(46)Alcanalsobeusedtoidentifythelifestyleschoicesofcustomersregardingtheir

hobbies,favoritecelebrities,andfashionstoprovideuniquecontentinmarketing

messagesputoutthroughsocialmedia.

【参考译文】人工智能还可以用来识别出消费者生活方式的选择，包括他们的爱好、最喜欢的

名人和时尚，从而通过社交媒体发布的营销信息来提供独特的内容。

(47)SomebelievethatAlisnegativelyimpactingonthemarketer'srolebyreducing

creativityandremovingjobs,buttheyareawarethatitisawayofreducingcostsand

creatingnewinformation.

【参考译文】一些人认为，人工智能通过减少创造力和工作机会对营销人员产生了负面影响,

但他们也意识到，这是一种降低成本和创造新信息的方式。

(48)Algorithmsusedtostimulatehumaninteractionsarecreatingmanyofthese

concerns,especiallyasno-oneisquitesurewhattheoutcomesofusingAltointeract

withcustomerswillbe.

【参考译文】用于刺激人际互动的算法正在引发许多此类担忧，尤其是在没有人非常确定使用

人工智能与客户互动的结果会是什么情况下。

(49)lfcustomersarenotwillingtosharedata.AIwillbestarvedofessentialinformation

andwillnotbeabletofunctione甘ectivelyoremploymachinelearningtoimproveits

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marketingcontentandcommunication.

【参考译文】如果客户不愿意分享数据，人工智能将缺乏必要的信息，无法有效地发挥作用,

也无法使用机器学习来改善其营销内容和传播。

(50)Thenon-intrusivedeliveryofthemarketingmessageinawaythatissensitiveto

theneedsoftargetcustomersisoneofthecriticalchallengestothedigitalmarketer.

【参考译文】以一种对目标客户需求敏感的方式非侵入式地传递营销信息是数字营销人员面临

的关键挑战之一。

五、小作文

小作文考查告示，主题是为教授关于校园体育活动的研究项目招募助手，给出助手工作责任和

要求，难点在于容易审题错误，要弄清楚是为研究项目招募学生，不是校园体育活动。

WritingPartA

Directions:

WriteanoticetorecruitastudentforProf.Smith'sresearchprojectoncampussports

activities.Specifythedutiesandrequirementsofthejob.

D。notsignyourownnameattheendoftheIe甘er.Use“LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)

【参考范文】

Notice

December24,2022

ProfessorSmithislookingforastudenttojoinhisresearchprogramregardingcampus

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sportsactivities.Thedutiesofthepositionrequirethatthestudentcollectsdataon

campussportsactivitiestobeanalyzedbytheresearchteam.Thisinclude