食品安全危害英文

演讲人：日期：食品安全危害英文目录IntroductiontoFoodSafetyHazardsBiologicalHazardsinFoodChemicalHazardsinFoodPhysicalHazardsinFoodAllergicHazardsinFoodPreventingandControllingFoodSafetyHazards01IntroductiontoFoodSafetyHazardsTheseincludebacteria,viruses,parasites,fungi,andtheirtoxinsTheycancausefoodborneillsandareoftenassociatedwithimprovedhandling,storage,andpreparationoffoodThesearinesfromchemicalpollutantssuchaspests,veterinarydrugs,heavymetals,andindustrialchemicalsTheycanenterthefoodchainthroughenvironmentalpollution,agriculturalpractices,orduringfoodprocessingandmanufacturingTheserefertoforeignobjectsinfoodsuchasglass,metalfragments,stones,andotherdebris.TheycancauseinjuryorillnessifincurredBiologicalHazardsChemicalHazardsPhysicalHazardsDefinitionandClassificationofHazardsProtectingConsumerHealthEnsuringfoodsafetyiscriticaltopreventingfoodborneillnesses,whichcanrangefrommilltograveandevenlifethreadingMaintainingPublicTrustArobustfoodsafetysystemhelpsmaintainpublictrustinthefoodsupplyandtheinstitutionsresponsibleforitsregulationPromotingTradeandEconomicDevelopmentSafeandhigh-qualityfoodproductsareessentialfordomesticandinternationaltrade,contributingtoeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentImportanceofFoodSafetyNationalRegulatoryBodiesManycountrieshavededicatedagenciesresponsibleforfoodsafetyregulation,suchastheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)intheUnitedStatesortheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority(EFSA)inEuropeInternationalStandardsandGuidelinesOrganizationsliketheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andtheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)provideinternationalstandardsandguidelinesforfoodsafetyRegulatoryFrameworkandStandardsFoodSafetyManagementSystemsThesesystems,suchasHazardAnalysisandCriticalControlPoints(HACCP),aredesignedtoidentify,evaluate,andcontrolhazardsthroughoutthefoodsupplychainTheyinvolveregularmonitoringandverificationtoensurecompliancewithsafetystandardsRegulatoryFrameworkandStandards02BiologicalHazardsinFoodBackgroundContaminationFoodhandlerscanintroducemicroorganismstofoodproductsthroughpoorpersonalhygieneorhandlingpracticesContaminationfromhandlersThiscanoccurduringharvesting,processing,storage,andtransportationoffoodproductsMicrobialcontaminationfromtheenvironmentTransferofmicroorganismsfromonefoodproducttoanother,bothduetoimprovehandlingorstorageCrosscoordinationNorovirusAhighcontrastvirusthatcancausegastroenteritisandisoftenassociatedwithfoodborneoutbreaksViralhepatitisVirusessuchashepatitisAcancontainfoodandcauseillnesswhenconsultedRotavirusAcommoncauseofdiarrheaamongfansandyoungchildren,RotaviruscanalsocontainfoodandwaterViralContaminationAparallelfoundinundercookedmeansthatcancausetoxoplasia,aseriesinfectionthatcanleadtobirthdefectsandotherhealthproblemsToxoplasmagondiiThisparallelisfoundinraworundercookedmeatandcancausetrichinosis,adiseasecharacterizedbymusclepainandweaknessTrichinellaspiralisAnematodeparasitethatcancontainfishandseafood,causinganisakiasis,agastrointestinalillnessAnisakissimpleParasiticContaminationFlatoxinsProducedbycancermoldsthatgrowonfoodsuchascorn,peanuts,andcottonseed,aflatoxinsarehighlytoxicandcancauseliverdamageandcancerOchratoxinsThesemycotoxinsareproducedbyseveralspecificationsofAspergillusandPenicilliummoldsandcancontainavarietyoffoodsincludingCereals,coffee,andwineOchratoxinshavebeenlinkedtokidneydamageandcancerMycotoxinContaminationPatulinProducedbycertificatespecificationsofPenicilliummolds,patulincommonlycontainsapplesandappleproductsItcancausegastrointestinalstressandhasbeenlinkedtocancerinanimalstudiesFumonsinsProducedbyFusariummoldsthatgrowoncornandothergrains,Fumonsinscancauseequilibriumleukencephalomalia(aneurologicaldiseaseinhorses)andhavebeenlinkedtocancerinlaboratoryanimalsInhumans,fumonisinexposurehasbeenassociatedwithanincreasedriskofesophagealcancerinsomestudiesMycotoxinContamination03ChemicalHazardsinFoodPesticideResides01Pesticidesarewidelyusedinagriculturetoprotectcropsfrompests,diseases,andweeds02However,theiroverlaporimprovementcanleadtoresiduesremainingonorinthefoodweeat03Theseresidualscanbeharshtohumanhealth,causingarangeofacuteandchroniceffects04Tominimizepesticideresidues,itisimportanttowashfruitsandvegetablesthoroughlyandchooseorganicproductwhenpossibleHeavymetalssuchaslead,mercury,cadmium,andacutecancontainfoodthroughenvironmentalpollutionConsumingfoodcoordinatedwithheavymetalscanleadtoserioushealthproblems,includingorganicdamageandneurologicaleffectsToreducetheriskofheavymetalcontamination,itisimportanttomonitorenvironmentalpollutionlevelsandensurethatfoodisgrowninsafeconditionsThesemetalscanaccumulateinthesoilandwaterusedforirrigation,eventuallyenteringthefoodchainHeavyMetalContamination01However,someadditivescanbeharmfultohumanhealthifconsumedinexcessForexample,preservativessuchasnitratesandnitratescanformcardiaccompoundsinthebodyItisimportanttoreadfoodlabelscarefullyandchooseproductswithminimaladditivestoreducetheriskofexposureFoodadditivesaresubstancesaddedtofoodtoenhanceitsflavor,color,texture,orshelflife020304FoodAdditivesandReservations输入标题02010403NaturallyOccurringToxicCompoundsSomefoodsnaturallycontaintoxiccompoundsthatcanbeharshtohumanhealthifconsumedinlargequantitiesAdditionally,propercookingandpreparationtechniquescanhelpreducetheriskoffoodpoisoningfromnaturallyoccurringtoxinsToavoidthesehazards,itisimportanttobeawareofwhichfoodsmaycontainnaturallyoccurringtoxinsandtoconsulttheminmodelingForexample,certificatetypesoffishcancontainhighlevelsofmercury,whilesomeplantscontaintoxinsthatcancausefoodpoisoning04PhysicalHazardsinFoodGlassandPlasticBrokenglassorplasticpiecescancontainfood,especiallyiftheyarenotproperlyremovedduringproductionStonesandSoilNaturalpollutantslikestonesandsoilcanbepresentinrawingredients,posingariskifnotremovedbeforeprocessingMetalFragmentsPiecesofmetal,suchaswireornails,canaccuratelyfindtheirwayintofoodduringprocessingForeignObjectsinFoodLeakingPackages01Damagedpackagingcanallowcontainerstoenterthefood,suchasbacteriaorchemicalsTornorFunctionedPackaging02IfpackagingisTornorFunctioned,itcannolongerprotectthefoodfromexternalhazardsIncorrectLabeling03IncorrectormissinglabelscanleadtoconsumerfusionandpotentialhazardsifthefoodcontainsallergensorotherimportantinformationisnotdisclosedDamagedorDefectivePackagingPropertyTemperatureControlStoringfoodatthecorrecttemperatureiscriticaltopreventthegrowthofhazardousbacteriaExcessiveexposuretolightormoisturecancausefoodtospillorbecomecontainedTopreventcrosscontamination,rawandcookedfoodsshouldbestoredandhandledseparatelyRegularcleaningandsanitizingofsurfacesandequipmentusedinfoodprocessingandstoragecanhelpreducetheriskofcontaminationLightandMoistureControlSeparateRawandCookedFoodsCleanandSanitizesurfacesImproveStorageandHandling05AllergicHazardsinFood010405060302PeanutsandTreeNuts:ThesearecommoncausesofsevereandlifethreadingacutereactionsMilk:Manypeopleareallergictoproteinsfoundincow'smilkEggs:EggallergysaretypicallycausedbyproteinsintheeggwhiteoryolksFishandShelfish:TheseallergysareoftenaliveandcanbecausedbymultiplereactionsWheat:WheatalloysaretypicallycausedbyareactiontooneormoreoftheproteinsfoundinwheatSo:SoallthesearecausedbyareactiontotheproteinsfoundinsoybeansCommonFoodAllergensInmanycounties,foodmanufacturersarerequiredtoclearlylabelanyingredientsthatareknowntocausealloysThisincludeslistingthespecificallergenintheimportantlistand/orprovidingawarningstatementonthepackagingForprepackagedfoods,manufacturersmustprovidealistofallingredients,includinganypotentialallergensInrestaurants,customersshouldbeinformedaboutanypotentialappealsinthedishestheyorderLabelingRequirementsforAllergensCrossconflictoccurrenceswhenallergensaretransferredfromonefoodtoanotherTopreventthis,foodmanufacturersandhandlersmustfollowstricthygieneandhandlingproceduresThisincludesusingdedicatedequipmentandutensilsforallergenfreefood,aswellasthoroughlycleaningandcleaningallsurfacesandequipmentthatmayhavecomeintocontactwithallergensAdditionally,employeesshouldbetrainedontheimportanceofallergencontrolandhowtoproperlyhandleandst