传统中国文化八大主题中英翻译-

中国传统文化TraditionalChineseCulture书法艺术TheArtofCalligraphy中国_画的含意TheSignificanceofChinesePaintings重新发现孔子RediscoverConfucius中医和西医的差异DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternMedicines戏曲的作用TheRoleofOperas中国人崇尚的颜色：黄和红China’sFavoriteColor:Yellow&Red：筷子的重要性TheImportanceofChopsticks茶的格调TheEleganceofTeaDrinking1.书法艺术TheArtofCalligraphy有批评家指出，不同的书法风格有不同的政治寓意。拿王羲之的书体来说。他的书法在他有生之年被批评为非正统的书体，然而在他去世几十年之后又被认为是正统的书体。SomecriticssuggestthatdifferentgenresofChinesecalligraphyhavedifferentpoliticalimplications.TakeWangXizhiforanexample.Hiscalligraphywasrepudiatedasunorthodoxduringhislifetimebut,onlyafewdecadesafterhisdeath,wasestablishedasanorthodoxgenre.从历史上看，中国书法和政治紧密相连。2000多年前，秦始皇建立了官方的汉字体系。新的简化文字使得书法不那么复杂了。它允许人们使用带有更多直笔的文字，因此用毛笔写起来更加容易。这种书体被称为隶书。逐渐地，其他书体也出现了，最终形成中国书法的五大书体：篆书、隶书、楷书、行书、草书。Historically,Chinesecalligraphyandpoliticswerecloselyintertwined.Over2,000yearsago,EmperorQinShihuang,establishedtheofficialChinesewritingcharacters（汉字）.Thenew,simplifiedcharactersmadewritingcalligraphylesscomplicated.Itallowedpeopletousecharacterswithmorestraightstrokes（笔戈lj）,thusmakingiteasiertowritewithbrushes毛笔）.ThiscreatedtheLigenre.Overtime,othervariationswerealsodeveloped,whicheventuallyleadtotheformationofthefivegenresinChinesecalligraphy.TheseweretheZhuan,Li,Kai,XingandCaogenres（五种书体）.中国老百姓很喜欢书法。很多人把它作为提高文化修养的一种方式。老人用书法来健身。他们觉得当聚精会神写字的时候,精气上升,身体康健。OrdinaryChinesepeoplelikecalligraphyalot.Manypeoplepracticecalligraphyasawaytoraisetheirculturalaccomplishment.Olderpeopleusecalligraphicwritingasamethodtokeepfit.Theybelievethatwhenapersonconcentratesonwritingcalligraphy,hisinnerwell-beingisstimulated.2・中国画的含意TheSignificanceofChinesePaintings中国画虽然大都有相似的主题，但是可以现场表演，非常有趣。牡丹、梅花、山川、屋舍都是中国画常见的主题。在很多重大的庆祝和纪念活动中总能看到画家的身影。It'sinterestingthatChinesepaintingscanbecreatedonthespot,eventhoughmostofthemhavesimilarsubjects.Peony（牡丹），plumblossoms（梅花），mountains,creeks（溪水）orcottages（屋舍）areverypopular.Thereareoftenpaintersatsignificantcelebratoryandcommemorativeevents.中国画的一大特点是具有教育功能。早在2000年前人物画就用来纪念英雄或鞭笞奸臣了。唐朝的大臣试图在绘画中加入儒家思想。宋朝出版一份官方的绘画指南,从而提高了人物画、山水画和器物画的作画标准。这份指南把绘画分为10种类型,涵盖了各种宗教信仰、孔孟之道和国家政权。这种分类方法从官方角度定义了绘画的价值和重要性所在。Theireducationalfunctionis,infact,auniquefeatureofChinesepainting.Humanprofileswereusedasamethodtoeitherglorifyheroesorcondemntraitors2,000yearsago.TangDynastyofficialseventriedtobringpaintingintoConfucianideology.TheCourtoftheSongDynastypublishedanofficialguidetopaintings.Thisraisedcriterianotonlyforhumanprofilesbutalsoforlandscapeandobjectpaintings.Itclassifiedpaintingsintotencategoriescoveringreligiousbeliefs,Confucianismandstatepower.Thisclassificationgaveanofficialdefinitionofthevalueandsignificanceofthepaintings.山水画旨在描绘五岳名山,而瓜果和禽鸟画用来象征或赞颂神明。这样的作画方式,通过借物喻人来传达道德观念。比如说，牡丹和孔雀代表财富，梅、兰、竹、菊代表优雅和涵养，松桕代表忠诚。Thepurposeoflandscapepaintingswastoportraythefivemountains,whilefruitandbirdswereusedtoexemplifyoreulogizetheGods.Inthiscase,thesubjectswereusedasreferencestopeopleinordertodelivermoralmessages.Forexample,peonyandpeacocks（孑L雀）脚3?玳?~wealthandfortune;plumblossoms,orchids（兰花），bamboo,andchrysanthemum（菊花）representedeleganceandaccomplishment;andpinetreesandcypressessymbolizedloyalty.艺术家通常反对实用思想。他们喜欢赋予作画主题以含义。竹子象征诚实，而松树象征永不放弃的精神。艺术家也喜欢山水画。山水画不需要很多训练，它完全取决于画者的个人性情、笔法和自身感触。大多数的现代业余绘画爱好者常作山水画。他们主要的绘画目的是休闲和自我陶醉。比较有成就的艺术家们可以有机会公开展示他们的画作。这可能就是他们绘画生涯的巅峰了。Artistsareusuallyagainstpragmatism.Theyliketogivemeaningtothesubjectstheypaint.Bamboosymbolizesintegrityandpinetreessymbolizenevergivingup.Artistsalsolikelandscapes.Itdoesn'ttakealotoftrainingtopaintlandscapes.Italldependsonthepainter'spersonalityandability,aswellashisuniquetouch.Mostoftoday'snon-professionalpaintersfollowthelandscapestyle.Theobjectiveofthesepaintersispurelyentertainmentandself-satisfaction.Themoresuccessfulartistshavetheopportunitytoexhibitatpublicfunctions.Thatisprobablytheclimaxoftheirpaintingcareers.重新发现孔子RediscoverConfucius孔子是中国古代的一位伟大的思想家、教育家、政治家，也是儒家学说的创始人。他的重要影响一直延续至今。Confuciuswasagreatphilosopher,aneducator,apolitician,aswellasthefounderofconfucianism，whichstillhasatremendousinfluenceoverpeopletoday.儒家思想似乎又风行起来了。就我所知，中国有五六百万的孩子在学习《论语》；不少企业家把儒家思想引进到企业管理中；中国政府也试图通过倡导道德、公正和廉洁的儒家思想，来解决经济调整发展带来的社会问题。儒家思想被广泛运用于中国社会。Confucianismseemstobebackinfashionagain.AboutfivetosixmillionChinesestudentsarecurrentlystudyingTheAnalectsofConfucius.SomecompaniesareusingConfucianismasamanagementtool.ThegovernmentisalsopromotingtheConfucianvaluesofethics,fairness,andhonesty.Theyseeitasawaytoaddressthesocialproblemsthathaveemergedasaresultoftheacceleratedeconomicgrowth.ConfucianismhasextensiveapplicationinChinesesociety.儒学的核心要义是：“仁、义、礼、智、信”TheessencesofConfucianismareBenevolence,Righteousness,Courtesy,WisdomandTrust儒家思想是中国传统文化的主干。孔子的哲学体系以“仁”为核心，《论语》记载着他的政治学说。儒学是一套伦理道德，强调的是为人处事的正派、人际关系的和谐以及个人对国家的责任感。在孔子看来，政治上的诚实是以人品的正直为基础的。ConfucianismisthebackboneofChineseculture.Confuciusdevelopedhisphilosophyaroundtheconceptofbenevolence.TheAnalectsofConfuciusisarecordofhispoliticalviews.Confucianismrepresentsasetofmoralprinciplesbecauseitstressesfairnessandharmonyinhumanrelationships,aswellastheindividual'ssocialresponsibilityfortheircountry.ForConfucius,politicalhonestyisbasedonindividualethicalintegrity.孔子还是个了不起的教育家，他平等对待学生，教给他们民主、开放的观念。用美国学者的话说就是：培养能够自然从容并适应环境的君子。Confuciuswasalsoanaccomplishededucator.Hetreatedhisstudentsashisequalbyteachingthemdemocraticandopen-mindedideas.InthewordsoftheAmericanscholars,Confuciuswantedtotrainhisstudentstobecomemoreunrestrainedandadaptabletoexternalinfluences.儒家学说也在世界其他地方逐渐引起了重视。这也许与中国经济的高速发展所带来的各种政治、文化，以及环境等问题的巨大挑战有关。个人主义在商品社会中的极端发展，对社会的和谐与进步构成威胁，必须寻求另一种价值观来取得平衡。而孔子的学说恰好提倡以“礼”来处理人际关系及与自然的关系，对于和谐社会的构建大有益处。ThereisalsoanincreasingawarenessofConfucianisminotherpartsoftheworld.Thismaybearesultofvariouspolitical,cultural,andenvironmentalchallengesduetoChina'sgrowingeconomicimportance.Asaresult,theriseofindividualisminthecommunityhasbecomeaseriousthreattosocialharmonyandprogress.Adifferentsetofvaluesisneededasacounterbalance.Confucianismemphasizes"courtesy"and"respect"whendealingwithpeopleornaturesoitshouldbeverybeneficialforbuildingharmonyinanysociety.正如一位学者所说，21世纪的生存问题，必须回到25个世纪之前孔子的智慧中去寻求解决的答案。AscholaroncesaidthatanswersconcerningoursurvivalcouldbefoundinthewisdomofConfucius,eventhoughhelivedmorethan25centuriesago.中西医的差异DifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternMedicines通常的中医以表里结合的方法，贯通诊疗、辩证施治。这就是为什么有人认为中医是全面的治疗方法。相反，西医依症下药。比如，如果病人觉得嗓子疼，西医会作为咽喉疾病来治，而中医则可能会把它与病人的胃部紊乱联系起来。Usually,aChinesemedicinepractitionerapproachesonthehomeandabroadperspective,emphasisitsentiretyanddialecticalimplications.Thisiswhysomepeopleviewitasaholisticmedicine.Incontrast,aWesterndoctordealstorecipewithsymptoms.Forinstance,ifsomeonehasasorethroat,aWesterndoctorwilltreateditasathroatproblemwhileaChinesedoctormaylinkittothedisorderofthepatient’sstomach.中医诊病讲究“望、闻、问、切”四法。西医则依靠症状观察和诊断证明，比如体温和其他检测结果。中医通过观察表征，比如舌苔的变化，来判断病人内脏的病情。相反，西医是基于对相应内脏的检查来判断病情的。进而通过检查体征来进一步确诊。西医采用化学药物和手术来治疗，而中医使用草药和针灸进行治疗。AChinesedoctorexaminesitspatientsbyusingmethodslikeobserving,smellingaskingandfeeling空、闻、问、切）.HisWesterncounterpartsrelyonsymptomsorevidence,likebodytemperatureandlabtests.AChinesedoctordeterminestheproblemofpatients’interiororgansthroughobservingveryexteriorsignssuchascomplexionorthetongue.AWesterndoctor,ontheotherhand,makeshisjudgmentbasedontheresultsoflabtestsontheinternalorgans.Hethenreinforcesitsjudgmentbyexaminingexteriorsymptoms.AWesterndoctoruseschemical-basedmedicinesandsurgery,butaChinesedoctorreliesonsomeherbmedicinesandacupuncture.中医一般会建议病人用西药进行急症治疗，而用中药进行调理康复治疗。从实际情况看，中医可能对于治疗一些病因不明的功能性疾病更加有效。UsuallyaChinesedoctorwillrecommendWesternmedicineforintensivetreatmentandChinesemedicinefortherecovery.Infact,Chinesemedicineisprobablymoreeffectiveintreatingsomefunctionaldiseases,whilethecauseisdifficulttodiscover.戏曲的作用Theroleofoperas在古代中国，戏曲是传播知识和道德教化的工具。戏曲多以历史事件、民间传说、古典小说为背景。戏曲宣扬的是传统价值观念和道德标准，比如惩恶扬善、忠贞不二。戏曲能够弥补教化的不足，特别是在农业社会。InthetraditionalChinesesociety,operawasusedasvehiclestospreadknowledgeandethicalteachings.Mostoperaswerebasedonhistoricalevents,folkloreorclassicalnovels.Theypromotedtraditionalvaluesandmoralprinciplessuchaspunishingtheevilandeulogizingthegood,loyaltyandkindnessanddenunciationofungraceful.Operaswereabletofillthegapsofeducationandteaching,especiallyintheagriculturalsociety.京剧是中国文化的精华。所以他成为外国友人来华的必看的项目。京剧作为传统艺术形式仍然吸引着大量的现代观众。京剧曲调舒缓、简单，有别具特色的服装和脸谱。京剧的服装明显受到明代服饰的影响：颜色多样，庄严肃穆。袖口处的甩袖在舞动时别有韵味。BeijingOperaisthecreamoftheChineseculture.Assuchithasbecomeamust-seeitemtoentertainforeigners.Asatraditionalartform,BeijingOperaremainsappealingtoalargegroupofChineseaudience.Itisveryslowandmonotonous.Itscostumesandfacialmasksaremoreattractive.IthasrealdistinctMingDynastyinfluenceonBeijingOperacostumes.Theyarecolorfulandmajestic.Twolongpiecesofwidesilkattheendofthesleevescreateagracefulfeelingduringdancing.不同的服装显示出人物社会地位的差别。尽管使用了同样的布料，皇亲贵胄的服饰上有更多的修饰，而穷人的服饰比较简单、较少装饰，这表现出他们社会等级的差异。现代的服装设计者也从京剧的服饰中汲取灵感。Differentstylesofcostumesareusedtoreflectthestatusofdifferentcharacters.Therearemoredecorationsinthecostumesofnobles,whilethoseofthepoortendtobesimpleandlesselemental,asthesamematerialsareusedforallcostumestoensurethedesiredhierarchicalpresentation.Present-daydesignersarealsoborrowingfromBeijingOperafortheirwork.脸谱反映出人物的品格。运用不同颜色来表现不同人物是一个重要手段。京剧有数千种脸谱，而每张脸谱都对应一个人物。从脸谱颜色可以辨出忠奸。一般来说，白色代表奸猾，黑色代表正义，黄色代表勇敢，蓝色和绿色代表反叛，金色和银色代表佛陀和神仙。Facialmaskscanreflectqualitiesofdifferentcharacters.Facialmasksusingdifferentcolorsareimportantwaystoportrayacharacter.Therearehundredsofdifferentfacialmaskdesignsandeachcharacterhasitsowndesign.Peoplecantellaherofromavillainbythecolorsofthemasks.Ingeneral,whiteusuallyrepresentstreachery,blackrepresentsrighteousness,yellowrepresentsbravery,blueandgreenrepresentrebelliousfighters,whilegoldandsilverrepresentBuddhismanddivinity.China’sFavoriteColors中国人似乎很喜欢红黄两色，你看，中国国旗就是由这两种颜色组成的。很多重大场合或重要书籍的装帧总会用到这两种颜色。国庆节天安门广场摆放的花坛，也是以这两种颜色作主调。Chinesepeopleseemtoliketheredandyellowcolorsalot.ThetwocolorsareusedfortheChinesenationalflag.Theyarealsothepredominantcolorsforthecoverdesignofsomeimportantbooks,aswellasinthedecorationsformajorevents,suchastheflowerdisplayinTian’anmenSquareduringtheNationalDayholidays.Yellow:中国人对色彩的好恶除了受地理、气候的影响外，也受到传统五行说的影响。从地理方面说，中国是个地域广阔的国家，北方寒冷，人们喜欢暖色；南方炎热，人们喜欢冷色。在暖色中，汉民族最崇尚黄色。这也许是因为汉民族的发源地是黄土高原，这个地域满目黄土之色。ThecolorpreferencesoftheChinesepeopleareinfluencedbythefiveelementsofmetal,wood,water,fireandearth,inadditiontogeographicallocationsandweather.Chinaisahugeandgeographicallydiversifiedcountry.Itiscoldinthenorthsopeopletherelikewarmcolors.Butitisjusttheoppositeinthesouth.Ofallthewarmcolors,theHanpeoplelikeyellowespecially.MaybebecausetheHansoriginatedintheYellowRiverPlateau,aregionwhereyellowwastheprevailingcolor.从五行说来看，金、木、水、火、土所代表的五色分别是白、青、黑、赤、黄，其中黄为主色，位在中央。在中国古代社会，黄色是皇权的象征。在两千多年前的汉代，朝廷就确立了黄色的权威地位。从隋朝起，黄色成为皇家专用的颜色。皇帝的龙袍称作黄袍；皇帝的文告用黄纸写成，称黄榜；皇帝颁发的历书用黄纸印刷，称为黄历。Asfarasthefiveelementsareconcerned,thecorrespondingcolorsarewhite,green,black,red,andyellow.Yellowisthepredominantcolorandissituatedinthecenterofthediagram.YellowwasalsothecolorrepresentingtheimperialcourtintraditionalChina.ItwasestablishedastheauthoritativecolorrepresentingtheEmperorduringtheHanDynastymorethan2000yearsago.DuringtheSuiDynasty,yellowwasofficiallydesignatedastheexclusivecolorfortheimperialfamily.ItwasusedintheEmperor’sclothes,thepaperonwhichtheEmperorpublishedhisdecrees,andthecalendarthatwasprintedbytheImperialCourt.中国人也非常喜欢红色。中国在过去一直被称为赤色国度。至今，中国人还称呼自己为“赤子”，意思是红色的后代。Chinesepeoplealsoliketheredcoloralot.Chinausedtobecalledtheredcountryinthepast.Evennow,ChinesepeopleliketoreferourselvestoChizi,meaningthereddescendant.在古代，红色表示故土和权威。唐朝的官服就是红色的。在清朝不同形状的红翎子被用在不同的官服上表示品阶。时至今日，官方文件的标题仍然用红色，所以被称为红头文件。Traditionally,redrepresentsthemotherlandandauthority.OfficialuniformsoftheTangDynastywerered.IntheQingDynasty,differentshadesofredwereusedonofficialcapstoshowdifferentranking.Evennowadays,headlinesofofficialdocumentsarestillpaintedinred.Thisiswhytheyarecalledred-headdocuments.中国老百姓也特别重视红色，因为它象征福气。比如，婚礼上要使用红色的“双福”字，新娘要穿红色嫁衣。而在西方的婚礼上，新娘穿白色的晚礼服。在春节期间，人们给孩子们派装了钱的红包表达良好祝愿。门的两侧要贴上红色的对联。即便挂在门上的门神钟馗也是红色的。Redisalsoahighly-regardedcoloramongordinarypeople,becauseitrepresentshappiness.Forexample,thecharacterDouble-Happinessusedforweddingsisred.Thebridewearsredclothes,whichisdifferentfromthewhitegownsofthewest.DuringtheChineseSpringFestival,peoplewillgiveHongbaoorredpacketswithmoneyinsidetothechildrenaswellwishes.Coupletshangingonbothsidesofthedoorsarewritteninred.EventheoutfitofZhongkui,thedoorgodwhoseportraitishungonthedoorisred.中文的红表示美好。“红颜”，指红颜色，也指漂亮的姑娘。“红”也是中国女孩子的名字中被使用最多的字。ThemeaningofRedequalsprettinessinChinese.Theexpression‘HongYan’meaningredcolorisasynonymofabeautifulgirl.RedisalsooneofthemostpopularcharacterusedinthenamesofChinesewomen.TheImportanceofChopsticks筷子的重要性在17世纪，英国商人听说中国有1亿人，打算去中国卖勺子。他想即便每个勺子只卖一个便士，他仍然可以赚一大笔钱。但是他没有成功。中国人使用筷子，不用勺子。Inthe17thcenturywhentheBritishbusinessmanheardthattherewereonehundredmillionpeopleinChina,hewasdeterminedtogothereandsellspoons.Hethoughtevenifaspoonwouldonlysellforonepenny,hewouldstillmakeafortune.Buthedidn，tsucceed.TheChinesepeopleusechopsticksnotspoons.有很多关于与西方的刀叉相当的中国筷子的起源研宄。一种理论认为，过去的中国是农业社会，主要以植物为食，筷子用起来很方便。相反，西方人以游牧为主，以肉类为食，所以刀叉很好用。还有人认为，中国的工业不发达，所以认为用木制的筷子；西方是工业社会，所以使用金属餐具。SomepeopledidsomeresearchontheoriginofChina’schopstickscomparedtotheknifeandforkinthewest.OnetheoryhasitthatChinawasanagriculturalsocietyandreliedonvegetablesforfood.Chopstickswereveryconvenienttothoseforeating.Thewesterners,ontheotherhand,werenomadsandlivedonmeat.Theknifeandforkweremorepractical.OthersbelievethatChinadidn’thavemuchindustryandthereforepeopleusechopsticksmadeofwood.Thewestwasanindustrialsociety,sotheireatingutensilsweremadeofmetal.不管为什么中国人用筷子而西方人用刀叉，这都是两者的文化差异的结果。中国文化以合为中心，强调大同与和谐。西方文化强调个人主义。在吃的方面，筷子和刀叉代表了两种不同的文化。中国人喜欢大家在同一碗中夹菜，一起吃。筷子的使用避免了有些人吃的比其他人多。这样不仅很好地保持的合众思想，也避免了个人主义行为。西方人自己用自己的餐，因此没有限制吃饭的方式。WhateverthereasonswhytheChineseusechopsticksandwesternersuseknifeandfork,itisaresultoftheirrespectivecultures.Chinesecultureisdevelopedaroundcollectivism,whichstressescommunionandharmony.Thewesterncultureemphasizesindividualism.Intermsofeatingcustoms,chopsticksandknivesandforksaretwodesperateexpressionsofthisculturaldifference.TheChineseliketohavecommunalmealswhereeverybodyeatsoutofthesamebowloffood.Chopstickswereusedinordertodiscouragepeoplefromeatingmorethanothers.Thiswasnotonlyagoodwaytopreservecollectiveness,butalsotolimitindividualism.Westernerseattheirmealsontheirown,andthere’snorestrictiononhowtoeat.而且，中国的用餐礼仪非常严格。要尊重老人。用餐时，每个人都要等老人开始吃才能动筷子。西方人就简单地说声“请自便”就开始吃了。这就缺少了中国餐桌的火热气氛。Inaddition,tablemannersareverystrictduringtheChinesemeal.Respecthastobegiventotheelderly.Eachtimeadishisserved,everyonehastowaituntiltheelderpersonstarts.Thewesternerswillsimplysay“Helpyourself，tostart.ThislacksthewarmatmospherewhichprevailsattheChinesedinner.TheEleganceofTea-Drinking茶的格调在古典小说中，如果有人大碗喝茶来解渴，会被说是“饮”，就像喂牲口喝水。有学问的人